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Costs of Schizophrenia at Psychiatric Hospital of Bingerville (Ivory Coast)

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第1期14卷 1-10页

作者： Madjara Anoumatacky Anna-Corinne Bissouma Drissa Kone Laboratory of Biology and Health Department of Biosciences Félix Houphouet-Boigny University Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire National Mental Health Program Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Centre Marguerite Té-Bonlé National Institute of Public Health Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Department of Medical Sciences Félix Houphouet-Boigny University Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

Schizophrenia is classified as a priority mental disorder by the World Health Organization (WHO) and accounts for around 35% of diagnoses at the Bingerville Psychiatric Hospital (HPB). The aims of the study were to identify the cost drivers for hospitalization and to calculate the costs of managing schizophrenia in hospital, with a view to planning household expenditure on care. This pilot cross-sectional study involved 31 patients with schizophrenia who had been hospitalized in the various third-category wards at the HPB between 1st January 2019 and 31st May 2020. Sampling was accidental. The methods used to estimate costs were based on the actual costs of drugs, hospitalization and additional examinations which prices were known, and on patients’ estimations for certain expenses such as food and transport. Results: The sex ratio was 3.42, the mean age was 29.52 years. The mean length of stay was 46.19 days, and the most frequent clinical forms were paranoid schizophrenia (41.9%) and schizoaffective disorder (29%). The combination of haloperidol and chlorpromazine was the most common medications for initial treatment (67.8%) and maintenance treatment (41.9%). The average cost of hospitalization at HPB for schizophrenia was XOF 164,412 (€249.90). The average direct medical cost was XOF 105,412 (€160.226) and the average direct non-medical cost was XOF 59,000 (€89.68). The average daily cost of antipsychotic treatment was XOF 795/day (€1.2084). The high cost of drugs as a proportion of hospitalization costs suggested the need of a reflection on the simplification of prescribing practices, assistance in psychiatric emergencies and the development of other alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization in Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Schizophrenia Cost Hospitalization HPB Côte d’Ivoire

New Asymptotic Results on Fermat-Wiles Theorem

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2024年第6期14卷 421-441页

作者： Kimou Kouadio Prosper Kouakou Kouassi Vincent Tanoé François UMRI MSN Felix Houphouet-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast Nangui Abrogoua University Applied Fundamental Sciences Department Abidjan Ivory Coast UFRMI Flix Houphout-Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast

We analyse the Diophantine equation of Fermat xp yp = zp with p > 2 a prime, x, y, z positive nonzero integers. We consider the hypothetical solution (a, b, c) of previous equation. We use Fermat main divisors, Diophantine remainders of (a, b, c), an asymptotic approach based on Balzano Weierstrass Analysis Theorem as tools. We construct convergent infinite sequences and establish asymptotic results including the following surprising one. If z y = 1 then there exists a tight bound N such that, for all prime exponents p > N , we have xp yp zp.

关键词： Fermat’s Last Theorem Fermat-Wiles Theorem Kimou’s Divisors Diophantine Quotient Diophantine Remainders Balzano Weierstrass Analysis Theorem

3D reconstruction and defect pattern recognition of bonding wire based on stereo vision

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CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 2024年第2期9卷 348-364页

作者： Naigong Yu Hongzheng Li Qiao Xu Ouattara Sie Essaf Firdaous Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Computing Intelligence and Intelligent System Beijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina Engineering Research Center of Digital Community Ministry of EducationBeijingChina College of Robotic UniversitéFélix Houphouët‐BoignyAbidjanCôte d’Ivoire

Non-destructive detection of wire bonding defects in integrated circuits(IC)is critical for ensuring product quality after ***-processing-based methods do not provide a detailed evaluation of the three-dimensional defects of the bonding ***,a method of 3D reconstruction and pattern recognition of wire defects based on stereo vision,which can achieve non-destructive detection of bonding wire defects is *** contour features of bonding wires and other electronic components in the depth image is analysed to complete the 3D reconstruction of the bonding *** to filter the noisy point cloud and obtain an accurate point cloud of the bonding wire surface,a point cloud segmentation method based on spatial surface feature detection(SFD)was *** can extract more distinct features from the bonding wire surface during the point cloud segmentation ***,in the defect detection process,a directional discretisation descriptor with multiple local normal vectors is designed for defect pattern recognition of bonding *** descriptor combines local and global features of wire and can describe the spatial variation trends and structural features of *** experimental results show that the method can complete the 3D reconstruction and defect pattern recognition of bonding wires,and the average accuracy of defect recognition is 96.47%,which meets the production requirements of bonding wire defect detection.

关键词： bonding wire defect detection point cloud point cloud segmentation

An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 494-510页

作者： Maxime Seraphin Gnagne Mouhamadou Dosso Mamadou Diarra Souleymane Oumtanaga Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Research and Innovation Unit in Mathematics and Digital Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire

Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.

关键词： Object-Oriented Programming Structural Development Defect Detection Software Maintenance Pre-Trained Models Features Extraction Bagging Neural Network

Faith and Belief in Autism in Cote d’Ivoire: About Judith, God’s Strange Gift

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2024年第1期13卷 1-11页

作者： Anna-Corinne Bissouma Lawrence Yapi Center Marguerite Té Bonle National Institut of Public Health Abidjan Cote d’Ivoire Psychology Department Felix Houphouet-Boigny University Abidjan Cote d’Ivoire

Faced with autism, motherhood and parenthood are turned upside down in many ways. Coping with stress and mental health problems, continuing to assume a rewarding parental role and finding suitable care are the trials and tribulations that mark out the journey of African parents. Faith and belief have been described as providing meaning and coping mechanisms in the frightening ordeal of disability. An encounter with a young girl and her parents provided an opportunity to analyse the mother’s experience and the impact of beliefs and discourses on her commitment to care. Based on this clinical story, we discuss the place of other-actors (parents and carers) and the Other-God in relation to the psychopathological dynamics of the mother.

关键词： Maternal Autism Belief Other Cote d’Ivoire

A New Proof for Congruent Number’s Problem via Pythagorician Divisors

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2024年第4期14卷 283-302页

作者： Léopold Dèkpassi Keuméan François Emmanuel Tanoé UFR Mathematics and Computer Science F&#233lix Houphou&#235t Boigny University Abidjan Cote d&#8217Ivoire

Considering Pythagorician divisors theory which leads to a new parameterization, for Pythagorician triplets ( a,b,c )∈ ℕ 3∗ , we give a new proof of the well-known problem of these particular squareless numbers n∈ ℕ ∗ , called congruent numbers, characterized by the fact that there exists a right-angled triangle with rational sides: ( A α ) 2 + ( B β ) 2 = ( C γ ) 2 , such that its area Δ= 1 2 A α B β =n;or in an equivalent way, to that of the existence of numbers U 2 , V 2 , W 2 ∈ ℚ 2∗ that are in an arithmetic progression of reason n;Problem equivalent to the existence of: ( a,b,c )∈ ℕ 3∗ prime in pairs, and f∈ ℕ ∗ , such that: ( a−b 2f ) 2 , ( c 2f ) 2 , ( a+b 2f ) 2 are in an arithmetic progression of reason n;And this problem is also equivalent to that of the existence of a non-trivial primitive integer right-angled triangle: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , such that its area Δ= 1 2 ab=n f 2 , where f∈ ℕ ∗ , and this last equation can be written as follows, when using Pythagorician divisors: (1) Δ= 1 2 ab= 2 S−1 d e ¯ ( d+ 2 S−1 e ¯ )( d+ 2 S e ¯ )=n f 2;Where ( d, e ¯ )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 2 such that gcd( d, e ¯ )=1 and S∈ ℕ ∗ , where 2 S−1 , d, e ¯ , d+ 2 S−1 e ¯ , d+ 2 S e ¯ , are pairwise prime quantities (these parameters are coming from Pythagorician divisors). When n=1 , it is the case of the famous impossible problem of the integer right-angled triangle area to be a square, solved by Fermat at his time, by his famous method of infinite descent. We propose in this article a new direct proof for the numbers n=1 (resp. n=2 ) to be non-congruent numbers, based on an particular induction method of resolution of Equation (1) (note that this method is efficient too for general case of prime numbers n=p≡a ( ( mod8 ) , gcd( a,8 )=1 ). To prove it, we use a classical proof by induction on k , that shows the non-solvability property of any of the following systems ( t=0 , corresponding to case n=1 (resp. t=1 , corresponding to case n=2 )): ( Ξ t,k ){ X 2 + 2 t ( 2 k Y ) 2 = Z 2 X 2 + 2

关键词： Prime Numbers-Diophantine Equations of Degree 2 & 4 Factorization Greater Common Divisor Pythagoras Equation Pythagorician Triplets Congruent Numbers Inductive Demonstration Method Infinite Descent BSD Conjecture

Fermat and Pythagoras Divisors for a New Explicit Proof of Fermat’s Theorem:a⁴ + b⁴ = c⁴. Part I

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2024年第4期14卷 303-319页

作者： Prosper Kouadio Kimou François Emmanuel Tanoé Kouassi Vincent Kouakou Laboratoire d’ Informatique et de Math&#233matiques appliqu&#233es Institut Polytechnique F&#233lix Houphou&#235t BOIGNY Yamoussoukro Cote d&#8217Ivoire UFR Mathé matiques et Informatique Universit&#233 F&#233lix Houphouet BOIGNY Abidjan Cote d&#8217Ivoire UFR Sciences Fondamentales Appliqué es Universit&#233 NANGUI ABROGOUA Abidjan Cote d&#8217Ivoire

In this paper we prove in a new way, the well known result, that Fermat’s equation a4 + b4 = c4, is not solvable in ℕ , when abc≠0 . To show this result, it suffices to prove that: ( F 0 ): a 1 4 + ( 2 s b 1 ) 4 = c 1 4 , is not solvable in ℕ , (where a 1 , b 1 , c 1 ∈2ℕ+1 , pairwise primes, with necessarly 2≤s∈ℕ ). The key idea of our proof is to show that if (F0) holds, then there exist α 2 , β 2 , γ 2 ∈2ℕ+1 , such that ( F 1 ): α 2 4 + ( 2 s−1 β 2 ) 4 = γ 2 4 , holds too. From where, one conclude that it is not possible, because if we choose the quantity 2 ≤ s, as minimal in value among all the solutions of ( F 0 ) , then ( α 2 ,2 s−1 β 2 , γ 2 ) is also a solution of Fermat’s type, but with 2≤s−10) is solvable in ( a 1 ,2 s b 1 , c 1 ) , s ≥ 2 like above;afterwards, proceeding with “Pythagorician divisors”, we creat the notions of “Fermat’s b-absolute divisors”: ( d b , d ′ b ) which it uses hereafter. Then to conclude our proof, we establish the following main theorem: there is an equivalence between (i) and (ii): (i) (F0): a 1 4 + ( 2 s b 1 ) 4 = c 1 4 , is solvable in ℕ , with 2≤s∈ℕ , ( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 , coprime in pairs. (ii) ∃( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 , coprime in pairs, for wich: ∃( b ′ 2 , b 2 , b ″ 2 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 coprime in pairs, and 2≤s∈ℕ , checking b 1 = b ′ 2 b 2 b ″ 2 , and such that for notations: S=s−λ( s−1 ) , with λ∈{ 0,1 } defined by c 1 − a 1 2 ≡λ( mod2 ) , d b =gcd( 2 s b 1 , c 1 − a 1 )= 2 S b 2 and d ′ b = 2 s−S b ′ 2 = 2 s B 2 d b , where ( 2 s B 2 ) 2 =gcd( b 1 2 , c 1 2 − a 1 2 ) , the following system is checked: { c 1 − a 1 = d b 4 2 2+λ = 2 2−λ ( 2 S−1 b 2 ) 4 c 1 + a 1 = 2 1+λ d ′ b 4 = 2 1+λ ( 2 s−S b ′ 2 ) 4 c 1 2 + a 1 2 =2 b ″ 2 4;and this system implies: ( b 1−λ,2 4 ) 2 + ( 2 4s−3 b λ,2 4 ) 2 = ( b ″ 2 2 ) 2;where: ( b 1−λ,2 , b λ,2 , b ″ 2 )={ ( b ′ 2 , b 2 , b ″ 2 ) if λ=

关键词： Factorisation in ℤ Greatest Common Divisor Pythagoras Equation Pythagorician Triplets Fermat's Equations Pythagorician Divisors Fermat's Divisors Diophantine Equations of Degree 2 4-Integral Closure of ℤ in ℚ

Stability of a Delayed Stochastic Epidemic COVID-19 Model with Vaccination and with Differential Susceptibility

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第2期12卷 509-532页

作者： Modeste N’zi Boubacar Sidiki Kouyaté Ilimidi Yattara Modibo Diarra Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science University Felix Houphouet-Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Science Technic and Technologies Bamako Mali

In this paper, we treat the spread of COVID-19 using a delayed stochastic SVIRS (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered, Susceptible) epidemic model with a general incidence rate and differential susceptibility. We start with a deterministic model, then add random perturbations on the contact rate using white noise to obtain a stochastic model. We first show that the delayed stochastic differential equation that describes the model has a unique global positive solution for any positive initial value. Under the condition R0 ≤ 1, we prove the almost sure asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium of the model.

关键词： SIRS Delayed Epidemic Model Nonlinear Incidence rate Lyapunov Function Asymptotic Stability in Probability

Application of Sigma Metric Analysis to Evaluate the Performance of the Biochemistry Analytical System in a Medical Biology Laboratory in Côte d’Ivoire

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Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation 2024年第1期14卷 14-21页

作者： Koffi Akissi Joelle Kouakou Francisk Kouadio Charlotte Yeo Karna Ahiboh Hugues Hauhouot-Attoungbré Marie-Laure Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry Unit CeDReS University Hospital of Treichville Abidjan Ivory Coast Department of Biochemistry Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences University Felix Houphouet-Boigny Abidjan Ivory Coast

Introduction: The Six Sigma methodology is an opportunity for a better understanding of the performance of analytical methods and for a better adaptation of the quality control management policy of the medical biology laboratory. Using the sigma metric, this study assessed the performance of the Biochemistry analytical system of a medical biology laboratory in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: Six Sigma methodology was applied to 3 analytes (alanine aminotransferase, glucose and creatinine). Performance indicators such as measurement imprecision and bias were determined based on the results of internal and external quality controls. The sigma number was calculated using the total allowable error values proposed by Ricos et al. Results: For both control levels, ALT had a sigma number greater than 6 (7.6 for normal control and 7.9 for pathological control). However, low sigma numbers, less than or equal to 2 for creatinine (1.4 for normal control and 2 for pathological control) and less than 1 for glucose were found. Conclusion: This study revealed good analytical performance of ALT from the point of view of 6 sigma analysis. However, modifications to the overall quality control procedure for glucose and creatinine are needed to improve their analytical performance. The study should be extended to the entire laboratory’s analytes in order to modify the strategies of quality control procedures based on metric analysis for an overall improvement in analytical performance.

关键词： Six Sigma Qualities Controls Bias Imprecision Total Allowable Error