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Risk of predation: a critical force driving habitat quality perception and foraging behavior of granivorous birds in a Nigerian forest reserve

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Avian Research 2019年第3期10卷 285-293页

作者： Umarfarooq A.Abdulwahab Samuel Temidayo Osinubi Jacinta Abalaka A.P.Leventis Ornithological Research institute University of JosJosPlateau StateNigeria Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center Utah State UniversityLoganUT 84322-5210USA fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology University of Cape TownRondeboschCape TownSouth Africa

Background:Understanding the factors that influence the foraging behavior and perception of habitat quality by animals has long been the focus in ecology. Due to the direct effect resource acquisition has on an individual's fitness and species' survival, predation risk is considered widely to be a major driver of foraging decision. The objectives of this study were to investigate how predation risk is perceived by granivorous bird species with respect to different habitat and microhabitat types, time of day and food types in Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria, with a view to direct future conservation planning. Methods: For 3 months, we conducted field experiments to measure giving-up densities (GUD, the amount of food left behind in artificial patches after birds cease to forage in it) and how it differs with habitat types, microhabitats, times of day, and food types. General linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs) were fitted to investigate the differences in GUD with respect to the aforementioned variables. Model selection was done based on the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Results: There was no significant difference in GUDs across habitats. However, there was a significant difference in GUDs between microhabitats. Higher food remnants were recorded in the open than in cover microhabitats, as birds exploited food patches in the cover more. Time of day influenced foraging behavior in the birds. They foraged more in the morning than afternoon across all three habitats except for the gallery forest where birds foraged less in the morning. Higher GUDs were recorded in open than cover microhabitats both in the morning and the afternoon. Birds had a preference for rice, millet, and groundnut respectively. Conclusion:The differences in GUDs were very indicative of differences in foraging behavior and perception of resource availability in response to perceived predation risk. Therefore, this study suggests that the understanding of foraging decisions can be a veritable

关键词： Food availability Foraging behavior Giving-up density Habitat quality Predation risk

Antipredatory call behavior of lapwing species in an Afrotropical environment

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Avian Research 2023年第4期14卷 630-639页

作者： Fatima R.James Chioma I.Okafor Samuel T.Osinubi Shiiwua A.Manu Samuel Ivande Taiwo C.Omotoriogun A.p.leventis ornithological research institute university of josp.o.box 13404josplateau statenigeria eden creation care initiative rennajj fish farm p.o.box 7173josplateau statenigeria fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology university of cape towncape townsouth africa department of zoology university of josjosplateau statenigeria biotechnology unit department of biological scienceselizade universityp.m.2.002ilara-mokinondo statenigeria natural history museum university of oslop.o.box 1172 blindern0318 oslonorway

Predation is an important source of natural selection on prey species and has resulted in adaptations such as antipredator vocal signals,which can alert others to the presence of predators and solicit cooperative *** vocal alarm signals of birds have been well studied,they are poorly known in tropical african *** address this lack of information,the antipredatory signals and responses of two lapwings(Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus and Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus)to potential predators were investigated using data collected from focal observation,distance measurements,focal recordings,and playback *** lapwing calls elicited to predators were classified as alarm or mobbing calls based on whether the calls elicited alert behavior or attack from other *** linear analysis(DLA)was used to compare the time and frequency parameters of the call types measured in Raven ***,lapwings’responses to intruders,alert and start distance,time of day,and latency,as well as the effects of flock size and distance to cover were *** 48%of all calls was correctly classified by *** best predictors of call type for the lapwings were maximum frequency and high *** alarm and mobbing calls were elicited by african Wattled Lapwings to dogs and *** calls were elicited to intruders by the Spur-winged *** distance was positively associated with start distance,and differed between morning and evening in both *** scarce information from tropical Africa,this study put in perspective vocal and antipredator behavior of lapwing species in Africa.

关键词： Acoustic Alarm calls Lapwings Mobbing calls Vocal signals

Sources and significance of variation in basal,summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds

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Current Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 741-758页

作者： Andrew E. MCKECHNIE David L. SWANSON DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy fitzpatrick institute Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Department of Biology University of South Dakota

The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior,ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates (e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output)present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and lifehistory in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate (BMR; minimum normothermicmetabolic rate), summit metabolic rate (M_(sum); maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate), and maximal metabolic rate (MMR;maximal exercise metabolic rate)], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between thesemetabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits tometabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionaryfactors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generallyupregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or underconditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, M_(sum) and MMR in some, but not allstudies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic powerproduction, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMRand field metabolic rate (or daily energy expenditure) in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subjectto behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understandingof avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of: (1) the functional and mechanistic links betwe

关键词：最大代谢率鸟类基础代谢率高输出功率基底进化历史电力生产能量消耗

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanosensors for in vivo detection of nucleic acid targets in a large animal model

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Nano Research 2018年第8期11卷 4005-4016页

作者： Hsin-Neng Wang Janna K. Register Andrew M. Fales Naveen Gandra Eugenia H. Cho Alina Boico Gregory M. Palmer Bruce Klitzman Tuan Vo-Dinh Departments of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham NC27708 USA fitzpatrick institute for Photonics Duke University Durham NC27708 USA Medical Center Duke University Durham NC27710 USA Deportments of Chemistry Duke University Durham NC27708 USA Hsin-Neng Wang Janna K. Register and Andrew M. Fales contributed equally to this work.

Although nanotechnology has led to important advances in in vitro diagnostics, the development of nanosensors for in vivo detection remains very challenging. Here, we demonstrated the proof-of-principle of in vivo detection of nudeic acid targets using a promising type of surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） nanosensor implanted in the skin of a large animal model （pig）. The in vivo nanosensor used in this study involves the ＂inverse molecular sentinel＂ detection scheme using plasmonics-active nanostars, which have tunable absorption bands in the near infrared region of the ＂tissue optical window＂, rendering them efficient as an optical sensing platform for in vivo optical detection. Ex vivo measurements were also performed using human skin grafts to demonstrate the detection of SERS nanosensors through tissue. In this stud, a new core--shell nanorattle probe with Raman reporters trapped between the core and shell was utilized as an internal standard system for self-calibration. These results illustrate the usefulness and translational potential of the SERS nanosensor for in vivo biosensing.

关键词： nanosensor nanoprobes plasmonics nanostar surface-enhanced Ramanscattering (SERS) in vivo sensing

Breeding habitat selection in a colonial cooperative breeder: the role of individual experience and conspecific cues

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Breeding habitat selection in a colonial cooperative breeder...

Nitric oxide regulation of plant metabolism

23rd International Ornithological Congress

作者： Rita Covas Mark D.Anderson Percy fitzpatrick institute University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa Northern Cape Nature Conservation Service Private Bag X6102 Kimberley 8300 South Africa

＜正＞ Recent studies have showed that several colonial and territorial species use their own breeding success and that of conspecifics as cues to select breeding habitat. In this study, we test the applicability of this habitat selection model on a species with a complex social structure and marked life-history variation, the sociable weaver （Philetairus socius）. These birds are colonial, cooperative breeders that inhabit the unpredictable regions of the

关键词： coloniality cooperative breeding dispersal habitat selection sociable weaver

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Molecular Plant 2022年第2期15卷 228-242页

作者： Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta Vemula Chandra Kaladhar Teresa B.fitzpatrick Alisdair R.Fernie Ian Max Møller Gary J.Loake National institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiDelhi 110067 India Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva 1211 Switzerland Max-Planck-institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Mühlenberg 1Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus UniversityForsøgsvej 14200 SlagelseDenmark institute of Molecular Plant Sciences School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH93BFUK

Nitric oxide(NO)has emerged as an important signal molecule in plants,having myriad roles in plant *** addition,NO also orchestrates both biotic and abiotic stress responses,during which intensive cellular metabolic reprogramming *** to these responses is the location of NO biosynthetic and scavenging pathways in diverse cellular compartments,enabling plants to effectively organize signal transduction *** regulates plant metabolism and,in turn,metabolic pathways reciprocally regu-late NO accumulation and ***,these diverse cellular processes are inextricably *** re-view addresses the numerous redox pathways,located in the various subcellular compartments that pro-duce NO,in addition to the mechanisms underpinning NO *** focus on how this molecular dance is integrated into the metabolic state of the *** this context,a reciprocal relationship be-tween NO accumulation and metabolite production is often *** also showcase cellular pathways,including those associated with nitrate reduction,that provide evidence for this integration of NO function and ***,we discuss the potential importance of the biochemical reactions governing NO levels in determining plant responses to a changing environment.

关键词： hypoxi amitochondria metabolism nitric oxide S-nitrosylation pyridoxine reactive nitrogen species reactive oxygen species

Robots in Ecology:Welcome to the machine

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第2期2卷 49-57页

作者： David Gremillet William Puech Veronique Garcon Thierry Boulinier Yvon Le Maho Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology National Center for Scientific ResearchMontpellierFrance fitzpatrick institute DST/NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa Laboratory of Informatics Roboticsand MicroelectronicsNational Center for Scientific ResearchUniversite Montpellier IIMontpellierFrance Laboratory of Geophysics and Satellite Oceanography National Center for Scientific ResearchToulouseFrance Department of Ecology Physiology and EthologyHubert Curien InstituteNational Center for Scientific ResearchStrasbourgFrance

Robots have primarily been developed for warfare, yet they also serve peaceful purposes. Their use in ecology is in its infancy, but they may soon become essential tools in a broad variety of ecological sub-disciplines. Autonomous robots, in particular drones sent to previously inaccessible areas, have revolutionized data acquisition, not only for abiotic parameters, but also for recording the behavior of undisturbed animals and collecting biological material. Robots will also play an essential role in population ecology, as they will allow for automatic census of individuals through image processing, or via detection of animals marked electronically. These new technologies will enable automated experimentation for increasingly large sample sizes, both in the laboratory and in the field. Finally, interactive robots and cyborgs are becoming major players in modern studies of animal behavior. Such rapid progress nonetheless raises ethical, environmental, and security issues.

关键词： Animal Behavior Biodiversity Monitoring Autonomous Vehicle Drone Cyborg Population Biology Robot Ethics Robotics Network

PDX1.1-dependent biosynthesis of vitamin B6 protects roots from ammonium-induced oxidative stress

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Molecular Plant 2022年第5期15卷 820-839页

作者： Ying Liu Rodolfo A.Maniero Ricardo F.H.Giehl Michael Melzer Priscille Steensma Gabriel Krouk Teresa B.fitzpatrick Nicolaus von Wirén Molecular Plant Nutrition Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research(IPK)Corrensstrasse 306466 GaterslebenGermany Structural Cell Biology Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research(IPK)Corrensstrasse 306466 GaterslebenGermany Department of Botany and Plant Biology University of Geneva1211 GenevaSwitzerland BPMP Universitéde MontpellierCNRSINRASupAgroMontpellierFrance State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

Despite serving as a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants,ammonium causes toxicity at elevated con-centrations,inhibiting root elongation early *** previous studies have shown that ammonium-inhibited root development relates to ammonium uptake and formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in roots,it remains unclear about the mechanisms underlying the repression of root growth and how plants cope with this inhibitory effect of *** this study,we demonstrate that ammonium-induced apo-plastic acidification co-localizes with Fe precipitation and hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))accumulation along the stele of the elongation and differentiation zone in root tips,indicating Fe-dependent ROS *** screening ammonium sensitivity in T-DNA insertion lines of ammonium-responsive genes,we identified PDX1.1,which is upregulated by ammonium in the root stele and whose product catalyzes de novo biosyn-thesis of vitamin *** growth of pdx1.1 mutants is hypersensitive to ammonium,while chemical complementation or overexpression of PDX1.1 restores root *** salvage strategy requires non-phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6 that are able to quench ROS and rescue root growth from ammo-nium ***,these results suggest that PDX1.1-mediated synthesis of non-phosphorylated B6 vitamers acts as a primary strategy to protect roots from ammonium-dependent ROS formation.

关键词： ammonium nutrition apoplastic pH Fe mobilization root elongation pyridoxine ROS scavenging

A bright future for the tree shrew in neuroscience research:Summary from the inaugural Tree Shrew Users Meeting

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Zoological Research 2021年第4期42卷 478-481页

作者： Elise Savier Madineh Sedigh-Sarvestani Ralf Wimmer David fitzpatrick University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVirginia 22903-1738USA Max Planck Florida institute for Neuroscience JupiterFlorida 33458-2906USA Massachusetts institute of Technology CambridgeMassachusetts 02139-4307USA

Tree shrews(Tupaia spp.)have been used in neuroscience research since the 1960s due to their evolutionary proximity to *** use of and interest in this animal model have recently increased,in part due to the adaptation of modern neuroscience tools in this *** tools include quantitative behavioral assays,calcium imaging,optogenetics and *** facilitate the exchange and development of these new technologies and associated research findings,we organized the inaugural“Tree Shrew Users Meeting”which was held online due to the COVID-19 ***,we review this meeting and discuss the history of tree shrews as an animal model in neuroscience research and summarize the current themes being investigated using this animal,as well as future directions.

关键词： Tree Shrew Users Meeting Animal models Tupaia Neuroscience