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Microphysical Insights into a Tornadic Supercell from Dual-Polarization Radar Observations in Jiangsu, China on 14 May 2021

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第2期38卷 303-320页

作者： Chao YUAN Yang BAI Pengfei SUN Hua BAI Lu XIA China meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory Foshan 528315 Institute of Atmospheric Environment China Meteorological AdministrationShenyang 110166 Panjin National Climate Observatory Panjin 124010 Yangzhou meteorological bureau of Jiangsu Province Yangzhou 225100 Yichun meteorological bureau of Heilongjiang Province Yichun 153000

Tornadoes are incredibly powerful and destructive natural events,yet the microphysical characteristics of the parent storm and its effects on tornadogenesis remain *** study analyzed polarization radar data of a tornadic supercell that occurred in Jiangsu Province of China on 14 May 2021,in comparison with another tornadic supercell and two non-tornadic supercells that occurred in the same region in *** two tornadic supercells exhibited lower differential reflectivity(ZDR)in the hook echo region compared with the non-tornadic supercells,indicating smaller median drop sizes.A distinct increase in ZDR from the melting of frozen hydrometeors,observed between2.5-and 4.0-km altitude in the non-tornadic storms,was absent in the tornadic *** non-tornadic supercells also displayed substantially higher specific differential phase(KDP)below the melting level,likely aroused from enhanced melting and *** findings suggest fundamental microphysical contrasts between tornadic and nontornadic ***,tornadic supercells have smaller droplets and may reduce melting in hook ***,greater separation between the ZDR arc and the KDP foot was observed during *** vertical gradient of KDP related to the cooling pool strength of the hook echo,regulating rear-flank downdraft *** the limited number of cases investigated,the findings of this study indicate that monitoring ZDR,KDP,and drop size distribution trends could assist with tornado prediction and warnings.

关键词： tornado polarimetric radar supercell hook echo drop size distribution

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An Analysis of the Low Moving Speed of Landfalling Typhoon In-Fa in 2021

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2024年第1期30卷 51-60页

作者：郑丽娜吕新刚李瑞 Jinan meteorological bureau of Shandong Province Jinan 250102 China

The movement speed of Typhoon In-Fa(2021)was notably slow,at 10 km h-1or less,for over 20 hours following its landfall in Zhejiang,China,in contrast to other typhoons that have made *** study examines the factors contributing to the slow movement of Typhoon In-Fa,including the steering flow,diabatic heating,vertical wind shear(VWS),and surface synoptic situation,by comparing it with Typhoons Yagi(2018)and Rumbia(2018)which followed similar *** findings reveal that the movement speed of Typhoons Yagi and Rumbia is most closely associated with their respective 500 h Pa environmental winds,with a steering flow of 10^(-12)m s^(-1).In contrast,Typhoon InFa’s movement speed is most strongly correlated with the 850 h Pa environmental wind field,with a steering flow speed of only 2 m s^(-1).Furthermore,as Typhoon In-Fa moves northwest after landfall,its intensity is slightly greater than that of Typhoons Yagi and Rumbia,and the pressure gradient in front of Typhoon In-Fa is notably smaller,leading to its slow ***,the precipitation distribution of Typhoon In-Fa differs from that of the other two typhoons,resulting in a weak asymmetry of wavenumber-1 diabatic heating,which indirectly affects its movement *** analysis indicates that VWS can alter the typhoon’s structure,weaken its intensity,and ultimately impact its movement.

关键词： landfalling typhoon steering flow diabatic heating VWS

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Comparative Analysis of Energy Characteristics of Two Southwest Vortices in Sichuan Under Similar Circulation Backgrounds

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2024年第2期30卷 168-179页

作者：周春花张驹肖红茹 Sichuan meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center Chengdu 610072 China Chengdu meteorological bureau Chengdu 610072 China Sichuan meteorological Observatory Chengdu 610072 China

Based on ERA5 reanalysis data,the present study analyzed the thermal energy development mechanism and kinetic energy conversion characteristics of two extreme rainstorm processes in relation to the shallow southwest vortex in the warm-sector during a“rain-generated vortex”process and the deep southwest vortex in a“vortex-generated rain”*** findings were as follows:(1)During the extreme rainstorm on August 11,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·11”process),intense surface heating and a high-energy unstable environment were *** mesoscale convergence system triggered convection to produce heavy rainfall,and the release of latent condensation heat generated by the rainfall promoted the formation of a southwest *** significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy preceded the increase(decrease)in *** contrast,the extreme rainstorm on August 16,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·16”process)involved the generation of southwest vortex in a low-energy and highhumidity *** dynamic uplift of the southwest vortex triggered rainfall,and the release of condensation latent heat from rainfall further strengthened the development of the southwest *** significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy exhibited a delayed progression compared to the increase(decrease)in vorticity.(2)The heating effect around the southwest vortex region was non-uniform,and the heating intensity varied in different *** the“8·11”process,the heating effect was the strongest in the initial stage,but weakened during the vortex's *** the contrary,the heating effect was initially weak in the“8·16”process,and intensified during the development stage.(3)The available potential energy of the“8·11”process significantly increased in kinetic energy converted from rotational and divergent winds through baroclinic action,and the divergent wind energy continued to convert into rotatio

关键词： southwest vortex similar circulation background diabatic heating kinetic energy spatial non-uniform heating effect

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Influence of sea-land breeze on the formation and dissipation of severe dense fog and its burst reinforcement in the Yellow Sea coastal area,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第2期67卷 432-449页

作者： Ya GAO Duanyang LIU Shuqi YAN Wenjun ZHOU Hongbin WANG Fan ZU Qin MEI Chuanxiang YI Ye SHENG Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China meteorological Administration Nanjing210041China Yancheng meteorological bureau Yancheng224000China Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing210041China Key Laboratory of Disaster Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing100086China

Based on the global reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research,the surface meteorological observation data,sounding data and satellite observation data,this paper comprehensively analyzes the evolution process and formation mechanism of a persistent severe dense fog process occurred on February 15–17,2015 in Yancheng,eastern *** the numerical simulation experiment of Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)model,we further analyze the impact of sea-land breeze on the formation and burst reinforcement of *** show that the precipitation caused by the southwesterly airflow in front of the upper-level trough and the low-pressure inverted trough are conducive to the formation of early rain fog,while the nighttime clear radiance under the control of surface cold high and the infiltration of weak cold advection are conducive to the formation and development of later radiation-advection *** WRF model simulates the fog evolution process,which is basically consistent with the actual fog area,and the simulation results are credible to a certain *** simulation results show that the establishment of sea breeze has an advection cooling effect on the near surface layer,which is conducive to the formation and development of the inversion layer on the near surface,providing stable stratification conditions for the formation and burst reinforcement of *** one hand,the strengthening of sea breeze circulation can continuously transport water vapor to the study *** the other,the occurrence of ultra-low level jet is favorable for the accumulation of low-level water *** the same time,the inversion intensity further strengthens,which is in favor of the burst reinforcement and long-term maintenance of fog.

关键词： Radiation-advection fog Sea-land breeze Atmospheric boundary layer Fog burst reinforcement WRF model

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Analysis on characteristics of extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric circulation in Northern Shanxi

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2024年第2期16卷 84-97页

作者： Xia Cai Yan Song Lin Cai Xin Su GuiHua Liang YanMing Xu Shuozhou meteorological bureau of Shanxi Province ShuozhouShanxi 036002China China meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100081China Heze University of Shandong Province HezeShandong 274000China Huafeng meteorological Media Group Beijing 100081China Shuocheng meteorological bureau ShuozhouShanxi 036002China

This article utilizes daily precipitation data from 28 national meteorological stations in northern Shanxi Province spanning from 1972 to 2020,and the US NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis and ERA5 monthly average reanalysis *** study employs techniques such as empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition,MannKendall mutation and other methods to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation index in northern Shanxi and their correlation with atmospheric *** research results show that:the absolute index,relative index,intensity index and sustained dry period index(CDD)in the continuous index appear from southwest to *** spatial distribution characteristics of the central region decrease,while the continuous wet period(CWD)decreases from the central to the east and *** three indices Rx1day,Rx5day,and CWD mutated in 1978,1975,and 1983 respectively,and other extreme precipitation indices all appeared in a sudden change from a low-value period to a high-value period occurred around *** the high-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,there is a significant negative anomaly in the height field in the mid-high latitude regions of *** Shanxi is controlled by a broad low-pressure trough in the Lake Baikal *** vapor transported via the east,west,and south routes converges in the northern Shanxi region and encounters cold air from the *** is a strong upward motion anomaly at 500 hPa in the troposphere,and the dynamic conditions of upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence lead to more summer extreme precipitation in the northern Shanxi ***,in the low-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,northern Shanxi is affected by a strong high-pressure ridge north of Lake *** is a downward motion anomaly at 500 hPa,and the northern Shanxi region lacks water *** cold and warm air cannot converge,and both the water vapor conditions

关键词： Northern Shanxi Extreme precipitation indices Spatio-temporal distribution and evolution Mutations Atmospheric circulation anomaly

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Evolution Mechanism of a Severe Squall Line Triggered by the Coupling of a Sea Breeze Front and a Gust Front

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2024年第2期30卷 200-210页

作者：万夫敬孙敏庞华基赵海军赵传湖 Qingdao meteorological bureau QingdaoShandong 266003 China Shanghai Central meteorological Observatory Shanghai 200030 China Linyi meteorological bureau LinyiShandong 276037 China Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System(FDOMES)and Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of ChinaQingdaoShandong 266101 China

In the present study, a severe squall line(SL) was analyzed by using intensive observational surface data and radar monitoring products. In this process, mesoscale convergence lines, such as the sea breeze front(SBF), gust front and dry line, served as the main triggering and strengthening factors. The transition from convection triggering to the formation of the initial shape was mainly affected by the convergence line of the SBF, which combined with thermal convection to form the main parts of the SL. In the later stage, the convergence line of the gust front merged with other convergence lines to form a series of strong convective cells. The SBF had good indicative significance in terms of severe convective weather warnings. The suitable conditions of heat, water vapor and vertical wind shear on the Shandong Peninsula were beneficial to the maintenance of the SL. Before SL occurrence, tropopause folding strengthened, which consequently enhanced the baroclinic property in the middle and upper troposphere. The high sensible heat flux at the surface easily produced a positive potential vorticity anomaly in the low layer, resulting in convective instability, which was conducive to the maintenance of these processes. In the system, when precipitation particles passed through the unsaturated air layer, they underwent strong evaporation, melting or sublimation, and the cooling effect formed negative buoyancy, which accelerated the sinking of the air and promoted the sustained development of the surface gale. Together with the development of lowlevel mesocyclones, the air pressure decreased rapidly, which was conducive to gale initiation.

关键词： squall line sea breeze front gust front cold pool thunderstorm gale

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Improving the Forecasts of Coastal Wind Speeds in Tianjin,China Based on the WRF Model with Machine Learning Algorithms

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 570-585页

作者： Weihang ZHANG Meng TIAN Shangfei HAI Fei WANG Xiadong AN Wanju LI Xiaodong LI Lifang SHENG College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao266100China Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology Tianjin Institute of Meteorological ScienceTianjin300074China CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing100081China Qingdao meteorological bureau Qingdao266003China

Characterized by sudden changes in strength,complex influencing factors,and significant impacts,the wind speed in the circum-Bohai Sea area is relatively challenging to *** the western side of Bohai Bay,as the economic center of the circum-Bohai Sea,Tianjin exhibits a high demand for accurate wind *** this study,three machine learning algorithms were employed and compared as post-processing methods to correct wind speed forecasts by the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)model for *** results showed that the random forest(RF)achieved better performance in improving the forecasts because it substantially reduced the model bias at a lower computing cost,while the support vector machine(SVM)performed slightly worse(especially for stronger winds),but it required an approximately 15 times longer computing *** back propagation(BP)neural network produced an average forecast significantly closer to the observed forecast but insufficiently reduced the *** regard to wind speed frequency forecasting,the RF method commendably corrected the forecasts of the frequency of moderate(force 3)wind speeds,while the BP method showed a desirable capability for correcting the forecasts of stronger(force>6)*** addition,the 10-m u and v components of wind(u_(10)and v_(10)),2-m relative humidity(RH_(2))and temperature(T_(2)),925-hPa u(u925),sea level pressure(SLP),and 500-hPa temperature(T_(500))were identified as the main factors leading to bias in wind speed forecasting by the WRF model in Tianjin,indicating the importance of local dynamical/thermodynamic processes in regulating the wind *** study demonstrates that the combination of numerical models and machine learning techniques has important implications for refined local wind forecasting.

关键词： machine learning Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)model wind speed forecasting coastal region

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Character of Convective Systems Producing Short-Term Heavy Precipitation in Central China Revealed by Kilometer and Minute Interval Observations

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 530-541页

作者： Zitong CHEN Yunying LI Zhiwei ZHANG Jing SUN Chengzhi YE Anyuan XIONG College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073China High Impact Weather Key Laboratory of China meteorological Administration Changsha410073China Unit No.92192 of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Ningbo315000China Hubei Key Research Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Institute of Heavy RainChina Meteorological AdministrationWuhan430223China Institute of meteorological Sciences of Hunan Province Hunan Meteorological BureauChangsha410118China National meteorological Information Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China

Accurate forecasting of heavy precipitation in central China is still a challenge,within which a key issue is our still incomplete understanding of the convective systems(CSs)responsible for such *** this study,through use of an iterative rain-cell tracking algorithm,the macroscale characteristics(scale,intensity,duration,etc.)of the CSs that produced 595 short-term heavy precipitation events in Hunan Province,central China,are quantitatively analyzed,based on radar reflectivity,echo top,and rainfall observations at 1-km and 6-min intervals in April-September of *** results show that CSs present significant seasonal and diurnal *** CSs usually cover a larger echo area with stronger convective cores and thus generate more precipitation than summer CSs,though summer CSs develop more vigorously and *** initiated at 1400-1600 local time are characterized by the strongest convection and a smaller spatiotemporal scale,causing violent and transient showers with typical areal precipitation of 0.5-1 mm km^(−2),but less total *** analyses of the relationships among the scale,intensity,duration,and total precipitation of CSs reveal that the convective intensity is linearly correlated to the spatiotemporal scale of CSs,with the duration increasing on average by 0.0372 h dBZ^(−1);the echo area is significantly correlated to the total precipitation,and the duration and rainfall amount are connected with the area expansion rate(AER)of CSs:when the AER exceeds 50%,CSs expand rapidly with increasing total precipitation,but the duration is *** findings provide a helpful reference for the forecasting of short-term heavy precipitation induced by CSs in central China.

关键词： convective system radar reflectivity factor total precipitation iterative rain-cell tracking

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Characteristics and Preliminary Causes of Tropical Cyclone Remote Precipitation over China

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第4期23卷 845-858页

作者： JIA Li REN Fumin MCBRIDE John Leonard CONG Chunhua School of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China School of Earth Science University of MelbourneMelbourne 3052Australia Research and Development Division Bureau of MeteorologyMelbourne 3052Australia Shandong meteorological bureau Jinan 250031China

In this study,the characteristics and preliminary causes of tropical cyclone remote precipitation(TRP)over China during the period from 1979 to 2020 are *** indicated that approximately 72.42%of tropical cyclones(TCs)in the Western Pacific produce TRP over *** peak months for TRP are July and *** four key regions of TRP are the adjacent areas between the Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces,the northern coast of the Bohai Sea,the coast of the Yellow Sea,and the southern coast *** typical distance between the station with TRP and the TC center ranges from 1500 to 2500 *** of these stations are situated north to 60°west of north of the *** south–west water vapor transportation on the west side of the TC is crucial to *** has a decreasing trend because of the decrease in the number of TCs that generate *** the perspective of large-scale environmental conditions,a decrease in the integrated horizontal water vapor transport in China' Mainland,the weakening of upward motion at approximately 25°–35°N,which is inconducive to convection,and an increase in low-level vertical wind shear,which is unfavorable for the development of TC in areas with high frequencies of TRP-related TCs,are the factors that result in the decreasing trend of TRP.

关键词： tropical cyclone remote precipitation characteristics causes

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Response to climate warming of winter wheat varieties bred across different eras in the North China Plain

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年

作者： Zhaoyang JIANG Shibo FANG Dong WU Xin LIU Huarong ZHAO Jie GUO Xinru ZHANG Yongchao ZHU Xuan LI Yingjie WU Dingrong WU State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences College of Resources and Environment Anhui Agricultural University Raoyang National Climate Observatory meteorological Observation Center China Meteorological Administration meteorological Data Center Shandong Meteorological Bureau

By the 2000s, the winter wheat regions in the North China Plain had undergone six major variety renewals. It is crucial to know how the winter wheat varieties bred across different eras respond to climate change, especially climate *** 2017 to 2022, we conducted a two-factor, two-level field experiment at Gucheng and Raoyang, with a temperature difference of 1°C existing between the two sites. The experiment used ten winter wheat varieties bred from the 1960s to the2000s and included both fertilization and no fertilization treatments. The experiment aimed to separate the effects of warming and fertilization on the growth and development of the winter wheat varieties, thereby revealing the differences in their responses to warming. All the winter wheat varieties across different eras had higher yields in warmer environments. By separating the effects of warming and fertilization, the rate of yield increase decreased with the breeding eras of varieties due to the impact of warming alone. However, it still increased with the eras due to the combined effects of warming and fertilization. For varieties from the 1980s and 2000s, there is a strong correlation between higher fertility and warmer climate adaptability. Warming has a yield gain effect, significantly amplifying the yield increase under fertilization for the middle and late varieties. Therefore, the average yield increase for varieties from the 2000s reached 67%in warmer environments. Warming has increased the average daily minimum temperature during the winter wheat growing season. It has significantly reduced the number of days below zero degrees Celsius, shortening the overwintering stage and thereby shortening the growth period of winter wheat. However, the effective developmental days (>0°C days) maintained a consistent level. Warming promotes the development of large tillers,increases leaf area and dry matter accumulation, and reduces the ratio of sterile spikelets. The varieties from the 2000s ha

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