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Recent Advances in Artificial Sensory Neurons:Biological Fundamentals,Devices,Applications,and Challenges

Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第3期17卷 168-216页

作者： Shuai Zhong Lirou Su Mingkun Xu Desmond Loke Bin Yu Yishu Zhang Rong Zhao Guangdong institute of Intelligence Science and Technology HengqinZhuhai 519031People’s Republic of China College of Integrated Circuits Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 3112000People’s Republic of China ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological innovation center Hangzhou 310027People’s Republic of China Department of Science Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore 487372Singapore Department of Precision Instruments Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China center for Brain‑Inspired Computing research Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China IDG/McGovern institute for Brain research Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China

Spike-based neural networks,which use spikes or action potentialsto represent information,have gained a lot of attention because of their high energyefficiency and low power *** fully leverage its advantages,convertingthe external analog signals to spikes is an essential *** including analog-to-digital converters or ring oscillators,and sensorssuffer from high power and area *** efforts are devoted to constructingartificial sensory neurons based on emerging devices inspired by the biologicalsensory *** can simultaneously perform sensing and spike conversion,overcoming the deficiencies of traditional sensory *** review summarizesand benchmarks the recent progress of artificial sensory *** starts with thepresentation of various mechanisms of biological signal transduction,followed bythe systematic introduction of the emerging devices employed for artificial ***,the implementations with different perceptual capabilitiesare briefly outlined and the key metrics and potential applications are also ***,we highlight the challenges and perspectives for the future development of artificial sensory neurons.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Emerging devices Artificial sensory neurons Spiking neural networks Neuromorphic sensing

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Three-dimensional fracture of UO2 ceramic pellets by phase field modeling

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 169-180页

作者： Wei Xiong Xuan Ye Hongzhang Cheng Xiaoming Liu institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Engineering Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Fracture is the primary failure type for the UO2ceramic pellets,which are operated under irradiation and thermal processes,and physically confined by the *** this work,by combining closely coupled physical processes of heat conduction,heat transfer,and mechanical deformation with the cohesive phase field framework,we proposed a high-precision modeling of quasistatic cracking of three-dimensional （3D） UO2ceramic fuel pellets under high temperature and *** simulation results agree well with the experimental results,indicating that the proposed method has the potential to capture 3D crack modes in the interested time ***,we studied the relation of the 3D fracture patterns of fuel pellets with the peak power *** was found that the power level plays a critical role in determining the competition between radial and circumferential cracks,as well as transverse penetrating cracks.

关键词： phase field method nuclear fuel pellet coupled thermo-mechanical model thermal fracture

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Single-cell omics: experimental workflow, data analyses and applications

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Science China Life Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 5-102页

作者： Fengying Sun Haoyan Li Dongqing Sun Shaliu Fu Lei Gu Xin Shao Qinqin Wang Xin Dong Bin Duan Feiyang Xing Jun Wu Minmin Xiao Fangqing Zhao Jing-Dong J.Han Qi Liu Xiaohui Fan Chen Li Chenfei Wang Tieliu Shi Department of Clinical Laboratory the Affiliated Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City) Pharmaceutical Informatics institute College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji university) Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic DepartmentTongji HospitalBioinformatics DepartmentSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji University Frontier Science center for Stem Cells School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji University Translational Medical center for Stem Cell Therapy and institute for Regenerative Medicine Shanghai East HospitalBioinformatics DepartmentSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji University research institute of Intelligent Computing Zhejiang Lab Shanghai research institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems center for Single-cell Omics School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaZhejiang University center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biologythe Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal University Beijing institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Peking-tsinghua center for Life Sciences Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesCenter for Quantitative Biology (CQB)Peking University Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE School of StatisticsEast China Normal University

Cells are the fundamental units of biological systems and exhibit unique development trajectories and molecular features. Our exploration of how the genomes orchestrate the formation and maintenance of each cell, and control the cellular phenotypes of various organismsis, is both captivating and intricate. Since the inception of the first single-cell RNA technology, technologies related to single-cell sequencing have experienced rapid advancements in recent years. These technologies have expanded horizontally to include single-cell genome, epigenome,proteome, and metabolome, while vertically, they have progressed to integrate multiple omics data and incorporate additional information such as spatial sc RNA-seq and CRISPR screening. Single-cell omics represent a groundbreaking advancement in the biomedical field,offering profound insights into the understanding of complex diseases, including cancers. Here, we comprehensively summarize recent advances in single-cell omics technologies, with a specific focus on the methodology section. This overview aims to guide researchers in selecting appropriate methods for single-cell sequencing and related data analysis.

关键词： single-cell sequencing genome epigenome proteomics metabolomics multimodal spatial transcriptomics CRISPR screening

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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Astronomy and Space Sciences university of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of Space Sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck institute for Extraterrestrial Physics innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Physics university of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy university of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen university Department of Physics Anhui Normal university Shanghai institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics Department tsinghua university Nevada center for Astrophysics university of Nevada Las Vegas Department of Physics and Astronomy university of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy university of Cape Town Department of Physics university of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou university Cosmic Dawn center (DAWN) Niels Bohr institute university of Copenhagen Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State university of New Jersey institute for Cosmic Ray research The university of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong university of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney institute for Astronomy School of Physics The university of Sydney Department of Astronomy Xiamen university institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal university Department of Astronomy university of Science and Technology School of Astronomy and Space Sciences university of Science and Technology of China institute of Deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan university Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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Analysis on the cation distribution of Mg_(x)Ni_(1-x)Fe_(2)O_(4)(x=0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)using Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurement

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Chinese Physics B 2023年第12期32卷 576-581页

作者：徐诗语莫家俊刘乐彬刘敏 College of Nuclear Science and Technology University of South ChinaHengyang 430074China School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 421001China zhuhai tsinghua university research institute innovation center Zhuhai 519000China

MgxNi1-xFe_(2)O_(4)(x=0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)spinel ferrite material was analyzed to determine its magnetic properties and structure.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Mössbauer spectroscopy,and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM)characterization were performed on the samples prepared using the sol-gel *** results from XRD confirmed the existence of the single-phase cubic spinel structures Fd3m,as well as the evolution of the crystalline size(D),the lattice parameter(a)and cell volume in *** Mössbauer spectra showed the distribution of cations and changes in the magnetic properties of the *** measurement revealed that the samples were room-temperature ***,the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the samples changed with the Mg^(2+)ion content x,and a maximum occured at x=*** with Mg^(2+)ions increased the transfer of Ni^(2+)ions to tetrahedral sites,thus increasing the magnetic moment difference between tetrahedral(A)and octahedral(B)***,doping NiFe_(2)O_(4) with Mg^(2+)ions can enhance its magnetic properties and enhance its saturation magnetization.

关键词： spinel structure magnetic properties ferrite Mössbauer spectra

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Effects of different dopants on switching behavior of HfO_2-based resistive random access memory

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Chinese Physics B 2014年第10期23卷 489-492页

作者：邓宁庞华吴畏 institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University innovation center for MicroNanoelectronics and Integrated System

In this study the effects of doping atoms （AI, Cu, and N） with different electro-negativities and ionic radii on resistive switching of HfO2-based resistive random access memory （RRAM） are systematically investigated. The results show that forming voltages and set voltages of A1/Cu-doped devices are reduced. Among all devices, Cu-doped device shows the narrowest device-to-device distributions of set voltage and low resistance. The effects of different dopants on switching behavior are explained with deferent types of CFs formed in HfO2 depending on dopants： oxygen vacancy （Vo） filaments for Al-doped HfO2 devices, hybrid filaments composed of oxygen vacancies and Cu atoms for Cu-doped HfO2 devices, and nitrogen/oxygen vacancy filaments for N-doped HfO2 devices. The results suggest that a metal dopant with a larger electro-negativity than host metal atom offers the best comprehensive performance.

关键词： RRAM conductive filament doping

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Deep brain-machine interfaces:sensing and modulating the human deep brain

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National Science Review 2022年第10期9卷 19-33页

作者： Yanan Sui Huiling Yu Chen Zhang Yue Chen Changqing Jiang Luming Li National Engineering research center of Neuromodulation Tsinghua University Precision Medicine & Healthcare research center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Tsinghua University IDG/Mc Govern institute for Brain research at tsinghua university institute of Epilepsy Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders

Different from conventional brain-machine interfaces that focus more on decoding the cerebral cortex,deep brain-machine interfaces enable interactions between external machines and deep brain *** sense and modulate deep brain neural activities,aiming at function restoration,device control and therapeutic *** this article,we provide an overview of multiple deep brain recording and stimulation techniques that can serve as deep brain-machine *** highlight two widely used interface technologies,namely deep brain stimulation and stereotactic electroencephalography,for technical trends,clinical applications and brain connectivity *** discuss the potential to develop closed-loop deep brain-machine interfaces and achieve more effective and applicable systems for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

关键词： deep brain–machine interface sensing and modulation deep brain stimulation stereotactic electroencephalography

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An energy-efficient dynamically reconfigurable cryptographic engine with improved power/EM-side-channel-attack resistance

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第4期65卷 289-290页

作者： Chenchen DENG Min ZHU Jinjiang YANG Youyu WU Jiaji HE Bohan YANG Jianfeng ZHU Shouyi YIN Shaojun WEI Leibo LIU Beijing National research center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University Wuxi Micro innovation Integrated Circuit Design Company Wuxi research institute of Applied Technology Tsinghua University institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University

Dear editor,With the prevalence of Internet of things(IoT) applications, energy efficiency is an essential feature for cryptographic engines besides the high security under resource constraints [1]. In the meanwhile, security protocols normally involve various types of cryptographic algorithms, and both protocols and cryptographic algorithms are undergoing rapid evolution [2],

关键词： reconfigurable architectures energy efficiency cryptographic accelerator flexibility side channel analysis

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Operation of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors with different structures at deep cryogenic temperature

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Science Bulletin 2019年第7期64卷 469-477页

作者： Guofang Yu Renrong Liang Xiawa Wang Jun Xu Tian-Ling Ren institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing National research center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University

In this work, the device performances of discrete and integrated SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors(HBTs) with different device structures from 300 to 4.8 K were investigated. The turn-on voltages of baseemitter and base-collector junctions increased non-linearly with temperature cooled to 4.8 K. Energy bandgap engineering was taken into account for the analytical model of the turn-on voltage versus temperature. Incomplete ionization occurred in the base-collector junction because of the low doping concentration. The trap-assisted tunneling current in the forward base current was clearly observed below20 K. The ideality factor and saturation current were shown to be temperature dependence. The ideality factor was much larger than 2 below 40 K, indicating that the current is not only contributed by drift, diffusion and recombination, but also by tunneling. The peak current gain of the discrete SiGe HBTs achieved the maximum value of 3,388 at 80 K, while that of the integrated was 546 at 140 K. The transconductance in logarithm was linearly dependent on reciprocal temperature above 50 K, but flattened below 50 *** effect was evidently observed below 77 K in the fixed base current output characteristics of the discrete SiGe HBTs, and it was not obvious for the integrated SiGe HBTs.

关键词： SiGe HBTs Quantum computing Cryogenic temperature Analytical model

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Multi-grained system integration for hybrid-paradigm brain-inspired computing

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2023年第4期66卷 272-285页

作者： Jing PEI Lei DENG Cheng MA Xue LIU Luping SHI Department of Precision Instrument Center for Brain Inspired Computing Research(CBICR) Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip Tsinghua University

Hybrid neuromorphic computing supporting the prevailing artificial neural networks and neuroscience-inspired models/algorithms offers substantial flexibility for cross-paradigm model *** is one of the most promising technologies for accelerating intelligence development, ultimately contributing to artificial general intelligence development. Recently, an increasing number of hybrid neuromorphic computing chips have been reported, but such research focuses on chip design without demonstrating systems for large-scale workloads. To this end, we construct a multi-grained system based on many Tianjic chips, presenting a large-scale system for hybrid-paradigm brain-inspired computing. With different numbers of chips and different connection topologies, we develop a Tianjic card and a Tianjic board as the infrastructure for building embedded systems and cloud servers, respectively. Extensive measurements of the communication latency, computational latency, and power consumption evidence the superior potential of Tianjic systems for exploring brain-inspired computing for artificial general intelligence.

关键词： brain-inspired computing multi-grained system integration hybrid paradigm Tianjic chip brain-inspired platform

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