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Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South china Sea——with focus on natural gas

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第10期34卷 57-70页

作者： WANG Zhenfeng SUN Zhipeng ZHANG Daojun ZHU Jitian LI Xushen HUANG Baojia GUO Minggang JIANG Rufeng zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation(CNOOC) Limited

The deepwater of the northwestern South china Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDN Basin),which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent *** this study,the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data,extensive 3D seismic survey,cores and cuttings,paleontology and geochemical indexes,proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin,identified different oil and gas systems,and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water *** basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements,such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision,Tibetan Uplift,Red River faulting and the expansion of the South china Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting,Neogene depression,and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine *** drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early *** Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source *** to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells,Lingshui,Baodao,Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials,where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were *** reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone,Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao *** them,the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed,i.e.,good coal-measure source rocks,sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan,faults connecting source rock and reservoirs,effective vertical migration,late stage aggregation and favorable structural–lithological composite *** study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this re

关键词： South china Sea deepwater natural gas petroleum system central canyon reservoir-forming conditions Qiongdongnan Basin

Analysis of physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing unconsolidated sediment samples from the ultra-deepwater area in the South china Sea

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Frontiers in Energy 2022年第3期16卷 509-520页

作者： Xin Lyu Qingping Li Yang Ge Min Ouyang Hexing Liu Qiang Fu Junlong Zhu Shouwei Zhou china national offshore oil corporation Research Institute Co.ltd. Beijing 100028China State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate Beijing100028China zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation(CNOOC)Limited Zhanjiang524057China china national offshore oil corporation(CNOOC) Beijing100021China

Marine natural gas hydrate has recently attracted global attention as a potential new clean energy source. Laboratory measurements of various physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments can provide valuable information for developing efficient and safe extraction technology of natural gas hydrates. This study presents comprehensive measurement results and analysis of drilled hydrate-bearing sediments samples recovered from Qiongdongnan Basin in the South china Sea. The results show that the gas hydrate in the core samples is mainly methane hydrate with a methane content of approximately 95%, and the other components are ethane and carbon dioxide. The saturation of the samples fluctuates from 2%–60%, the porosity is approximately 38%–43%, and the water content is approximately 30%–50%, which indicate that high water saturation means that timely drainage should be paid attention to during hydrate extraction. In addition, the median diameter of the sediment samples is mainly distributed in the range of 15 to 34 µm, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of sand production in the mining process. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is distributed in the range of 0.75 to 0.96 W/(m·K) as measured by the flat plate heat source method. The relatively low thermal conductivity of hydrates at this study site indicates that a combined approach is encouraged for natural gas production technologies. It is also found that clay flakes and fine particles are attached to the surface of large particles in large numbers. Such characteristics will lead to insufficient permeability during the production process.

关键词： natural gas hydrates physical properties analysis hydrate-bearing sediments

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Kinetics and model of gas generation of source rocks in the deepwater area, Qiongdongnan Basin

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第4期34卷 11-18页

作者： HUANG Baojia HUANG Hao WANG Zhenfeng HUANG Yiwen SUN Zhipeng zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation (CNOOC) Limited china University of Petroleum

In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation （activation energy distribution and frequency factor） of the Yacheng Formation source rocks （coal and neritic mudstones） was determined by thermal simulation experiments in the closed system and the specific KINETICS Software. The results show that the activation energy （Ea） distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 50 to 74 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 2.4×1015 s–1 for the neritic mudstone and the Ea distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 49 to 73 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 8.92×1013 s–1 for the coal. On the basis of these kinetic parameters and combined with the data of sedimentary burial and paleothermal histories, the gas generation model of the Yacheng Formation source rocks closer to geological condition was worked out, indicating its main gas generation stage at Ro （vitrinite reflectance） of 1.25%–2.8%. Meanwhile, the gas generation process of the source rocks of different structural locations （central part, southern slope and south low uplift） in the Lingshui Sag was simulated. Among them, the gas generation of the Yacheng Formation source rocks in the central part and the southern slope of the sag entered the main gas window at 10 and 5 Ma respectively and the peak gas generation in the southern slope occurred at 3 Ma. The very late peak gas generation and the relatively large gas potential indices （GPI：20×10^8–60×10^8 m^3/km^2） would provide favorable conditions for the accumulation of large natural gas reserves in the deepwater area.

关键词： Yacheng Formation source rock gas generation kinetics gas generation model deepwater area Qiongdongnan Basin

Genesis and Characteristics of Miocene Deep-water Clastic Rocks in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins,Northern South china Sea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第1期95卷 153-166页

作者： FAN Caiwei XU Changgui XU Jie zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation ltd. ZhanjiangGuangdong 524057China School of Ocean Sciences China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

Various deep-water deposits developed in the Yinggehai Basin and Qiongdongnan Basin(Ying-Qiong Basin)in the northern South china Sea,making the two basins significantly hydrocarbon-producing areas and ideal for studying the genetic mechanism and sedimentary characteristics of deep-water clastic *** cores,image well logging,heavy mineral assemblages,and seismic data,we thoroughly studied the geometry,tectonic background,driving mechanism and source-to-sink process of deep-water deposits in the study *** results showed that:(1)there were five genetic mechanisms of deep-water clastic rock,i.e.,slides,slumps,debris flows,turbidity currents,and bottom currents.(2)The sliding deposits were distributed from the delta front to the continental slope *** slumping deposits were mainly distributed at the continental slope toe or the basin’s central area,far from the delta front The turbidity deposits were widely developed in the deep-water area,but with huge differences in *** bottom currents mainly reworked previous deposits far from the slope.(3)Slip and extension along the preexisting fault zone were the main structural factors that drive the axial channel formation at the slope foot.(4)The sand-rich gravity sediment flows in the Ying-Qiong basin were primarily caused by the direct supply of terrigenous debris into the marine environment over the slope break.

关键词： deep-water sandstone genesis Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins

CO2 geological storage into a lateral aquifer of an offshore gas field in the South china Sea： storage safety and project design

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2015年第2期9卷 286-299页

作者： Liang ZHANG Dexiang LI Justin EZEKIEL Weidong ZHANG Honggang MI Shaoran REN School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (Huadong) Qingdao 266580 China zhanjiang branch Company of china national offshore oil corporation Zhanjiang 524000 China

The DFI-1 gas South china Sea, contains thus there is great concern field, located in the western a high concentration of CO2, about the need to reduce the CO2 emissions. Many options have been considered in recent years to dispose of the CO2 separated from the natural gas stream on the Hainan Island. In this study, the feasibility of CO2 storage in the lateral saline aquifer of the DF 1-1 gas field is assessed, including aquifer selection and geological assessment, CO2 migration and storage safety, project design, and economic analysis. Six offshore aquifers have been investigated for CO2 geological storage. The lateral aquifer of the DFI-1 gas field has been selected as the best target for CO2 injection and storage because of its proven sealing ability, and the large storage capacity of the combined aquifer and hydrocarbon reservoir geological structure. The separated CO2 will be dehydrated on the Hainan Island and transported by a long- distance subsea pipeline in supercritical or liquid state to the central platform of the DFI-1 gas field for pressure adjustment. The CO2 will then be injected into the lateral aquifer via a subsea well-head through a horizontal well. Reservoir simulations suggest that the injected CO2 will migrate slowly upwards in the aquifer without disturbing the natural gas production. The scoping economic analysis shows that the unit storage cost of the project is approximately US$26-31/ton CO2 with the subsea pipe- line as the main contributor to capital expenditure （CAPEX）, and the dehydration system as the main factor of operating expenditure （OPEX）.

关键词： DFI-1 gas field C02 storage lateral salineaquifer storage safety project design

Vertical migration through faults and hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in deepwater areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第12期33卷 96-106页

作者： WANG Zhenfeng LIU Zhen CAO Shang SUN Zhipeng ZUO Qianmei WANG Yahui HE Weijun zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation (CNOOC) Limited Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum

In the Qiongdongnan Basin, faults are well *** on the drilling results, the traps controlled two or more faults are oil-rich. However, when only one fault cut through the sand body, there is no sign for hy-drocarbon accumulation in the sandstone. In terms of this phenomenon, the principle of reservoir-forming controlled by fault terrace is proposed, i.e., when the single fault activates, because of the incompressibility of pore water, the resistance of pore and the direction of buoyancy, it is impossible for hydrocarbon to ac-cumulate in sandstone. But when there are two or more faults, one of the faults acts as the spillway so the hydrocarbon could fill in the pore of sandstone through other faults. In total five gas bearing structures and four failure traps are considered, as examples to demonstrate our findings. According to this theory, it is well-advised that south steep slope zone of Baodao-Changchang Depression, south gentle slope zone of Lingshui Depression, north steep slope zone of Lingshui Depression, and north steep slope zone of Baodao Depression are the most favorable step-fault zones, which are the main exploration direction in next stage.

关键词： principle of reservoir-forming controlled by fault terrace gas bearing structures step-fault zone Qiongdongnan Basin

Paleotopographic controls on facies development in various types of braid-delta depositional systems in lacustrine basins in china

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第4期6卷 579-591页

作者： Dong Feng Hongwen Deng Zhan Zhou Xiaopeng Gao Longtao Cui School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences (Beijing) zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation ltd SINOPEC Exploration and Production Research Institute

Braid-delta depositional systems are widely developed in most continental basins in china. Research indicates that, for different types of braid delta, the facies sequence and association, which are critical to the prediction of the distribution of reservoirs, differ greatly. This study illustrates the differences in braid-delta depositional systems in terms of sedimentary characteristics, associated systems and reser- voir distributions using three typical paleodeltas in western china： the Zhenbei delta of the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, the Yuanba delta of the upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Jimsar delta of the upper Permian Wutonggou Formation in the Junggar Basin. A stratigraphic framework was established using seismic data, logs and cores by choosing stable mud sections as regional correlation markers and, topographies of these deltas were reconstructed based on the decompaction and paleobathymetric corrections. Based on both the paleotopography of these deltas and the differences of their sedimentary facies, these braided deltas can be classified into two systems： steep-gradient braid-delta-turbidite system and low-gradient braid-delta-lacustrine system. Moreover, the low-gradient braid-delta-lacustrine system can be further divided into interfingered and sharp contact sub-types according to the contact relation between the delta sands and lacustrine muds. This study shows that the paleotopography of basin margins strongly controls the accommodation as braid deltas prograde into lacustrine basins and, influences the location of the shoreline in response to changes in the lake level. Furthermore, paleotopography plays a significant role in facies and reservoir distribution which is important for petroleum exploration and development.

关键词： Paleotopography Braid deltas Facies Basin margin Lacustrine basins

Characteristics and accumulation mechanisms of the Dongfang 13-1 high temperature and overpressured gas field in the Yinggehai Basin, the South china Sea

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Science china Earth Sciences 2014年第8期57卷 2799-2807页

作者： XIE YuHong HUANG BaoJia zhanjiang branch China National Offshore Oil Corporation China Limited

The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas res- ervoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa （pressure coefficient=l.91） and the temperature is as high as 143°C （geothermal gradient 4.36°C/100 m）, indicating that it is a typical high-temperature and overpressured gas reservoir. The natural gas is interpreted to be coal-type gas derived from the Miocene mature source rocks containing type Ⅱ2-Ⅲ kero- gens as evidenced by high dryness index of up to 0.98 and heavy carbon isotopes, i.e., the δ13C2 ranging from -30.76%o to -37.52%o and δ13C2 ranging from -25.02%o to -25.62%o. The high temperature and overpressured Miocene petroleum system is related mainly to diapir in the Yinggehai Basin and contains more pore water in the overpressured reservoirs due to under- compaction process. The experimental and calculated results show that the solubility of natural gas in formation water is as high as 10.5 m3/m3 under the temperature and pressure conditions of the Sanya Formation, indicating that at least part of the gas may migrate in the form of water-soluble phase. Meanwhile, the abundant gas source in the Basin makes it possible for the rapid saturation of natural gas in formation water and exsolution of soluble gas. Therefore, the main elements controlling formation of the Dongfang 13-1 gas pool include that （1） the diapir activities and accompanying changes in temperature and pressure accelerate the water-soluble gas exsolution and release a lot of free gas; （2） submarine fan fine sandstone in the Huangliu Formation provides good gas-water segregation and accumulation space; and （3） the overlying overpressured mud rocks act as effective caps. The accumulation mechanism reveals that the high temperatural and high pressure structure belt near the diapir structures has a good potential for large and medium-sized gas field exploration.

关键词： Dongfang 13-1 high temperature and overpressured gas field accumulation mechanism diapiric belt Yinggehai Basin

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Geochemical characteristics and their significances of rare-earth elements in deep-water well core at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第12期33卷 81-95页

作者： SUN Zhipeng ZHAI Shikui XIU Chun LIU Xinyu ZONG Tong LUO Wei LIU Xiaofeng CHEN Kui LI Na zhanjiang branch of china national offshore oil corporation (CNOOC) Limited Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology of Ministry of Education Ocean University of China

A geochemical analysis of rare-earth elements （REEs） in 97 samples collected from the core of deep-water Well LS-A located at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is conducted, with the pur-pose of revealing the changes of sedimentary source and environment in the study region since Oligocene and evaluating the response of geochemical characteristics of REEs to the tectonic evolution. In the core samples, both∑REE and∑LREE （LREE is short for light-group REEs） fluctuate in a relatively wide range, while∑HREE （HREE is short for heavy-group REEs） maintains a relatively stable level. With the stratigraphic chronology becoming newer, both∑REE and∑LREE show a gradually rising trend overall. The∑REE of the core is relatively high from the bottom of Yacheng Formation （at a well depth of 4 207 m） to the top of Ledong Formation, and the REEs show partitioning characteristics of the enrichment of LREE, the stable content of HREE, and the negative anomaly of Eu to varying degrees. Overall the geochemical characteristics of REEs are relatively approximate to those of china＇s neritic sediments and loess, with significant ＂continental ori-entation＂. The∑REE of the core is relatively low in the lower part of Yacheng Formation （at a well depth of 4 207-4 330 m）, as shown by the REEs partitioning characteristics of the depletion of LREE, the relative enrich-ment of HREE, and the positive anomaly of Eu; the geochemical characteristics of REEs are approximate to those of oceanic crust and basalt overall, indicating that the provenance is primarily composed of volcanic eruption matters. As shown by the analyses based on sequence stratigraphy and mineralogy, the provenance in study region in the early Oligocene mainly resulted from the volcanic materials of the peripheral uplift ar-eas; the continental margin materials from the north contributed only insignificantly; the provenance devel-oped to a certain extent in the late Oligocene. Since the Miocene, the provenance ha

关键词： Qiongdongnan Basin deep-water well core rare-earth elements sedimentary source andenvironment response to tectonic movement