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Polymodal roles of transient receptor potential channels in the control of ocular function

Eye and Vision 2015年第1期2卷 53-62页

作者： Peter S reinach Weiwei Chen Stefan Mergler School of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang 325027P.R.China Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow-KlinikumKlinik für AugenheilkundeAugustenburger Platz 1D-13353 BerlinGermany

Maintenance of intracellular Ca^(2+)levels at orders of magnitude below those in the extracellular environment is a requisite for preserving cell viability.Membrane channels contribute to such control through modulating their time-dependent opening and closing behaviour.Such regulation requires Ca^(2+)to serve as a second messenger mediating receptor control of numerous life-sustaining responses.Transient receptor potential(TrP)channels signal transduce a wide variety of different sensory stimuli to induce responses modulating cellular function.These channels are non-selective cation channels with variable Ca^(2+)selectivity having extensive sequence homology.They constitute a superfamily made up of 28 different members that are subdivided into 7 different subfamilies based on differences in sequence homology.Some of these TrP channel isotypes are expressed in the eye and localized to both neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes.Their activation generates intracellular Ca^(2+)transients and other downstream-linked signalling events that affect numerous responses required for visual function.As there is an association between changes in functional TrP expression in various ocular diseases,there are efforts underway to determine if these channels can be used as drug targets to reverse declines in ocular function.We review here our current knowledge about the expression,function and regulation of TrPs in different eye tissues in health and disease.furthermore,some of the remaining hurdles are described to developing safe and efficacious TrP channel modulators for use in a clinical setting.

关键词： Transient receptor potential ion channels Calcium retina Cornea Uvea Lens

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falx Meningeoma Induced Optic Neuropathy-Clinical Manifestation and Differential Diagnosis:A Case report

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2013年第3期3卷 87-89页

作者： Skevas Christos Gorsch Isabel Carolin richard Gisbert Linke Johannes Stephan Universitatsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Klinik und Poliklinik für AugenheilkundeHamburgGermany.

Purpose: Meningiomas are the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms. Ocular symptoms vary depending on size and localisation of the tumor, which is capable of compressing critical anatomic structures. Patients and Methods: A 44-year-old immunocompetent male was admitted to our hospital for further investigation of his bilateral optic disc swelling. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed including visual field assessment (Vf), visual evoked potentials (VEP), fluorescein angiography (fLA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MrI). The patient had experienced only minor visual disturbances. Serological testing was performed. results: Serological testing showed positive IgM and IgGtiters for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and subsequent imaging (MrI) revealed a frontal falxcerebri meningioma. Conclusions: We present a case of falx meningioma with overlapping serologically active CMV in an otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individual. Detailed differential diagnostic workup in immunocompetent individuals presenting with clinically unremarkable bilateral disc swelling is recommended.

关键词： falx Meningeoma Optic Neuropathy Cytomegalovirus(CMV) Visual Disturbances fluorescein Angiography(fLA) Magnetic resonance Imaging(MrI) Visual Evoked Potentials(VEP)1.Introdu

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外伤性白内障后晶体前人工晶体植入术后的长期结果

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第6期2卷 32-33页

作者： Pavlovic S. Weinand f. 王永强(译) 不详 zentrum für augenheilkunde Friedrichstraβe 18 35385 Giessen Germany

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the late postoperative outcome and complication rate after lensectomy with primary epilenticular intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for traumatic cataract. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 11 patients who were operated on for traumatic cataract after penetrating or blunt ocular trauma between 1997 and 2002. One patient developed cataract due to a large rupture of the posterior capsule after blunt trauma. Ten patients sustained a penetrating ocular injury with (7 eyes) or without (3 eyes) intraocular foreign body (IOfB). In all patients the IOL was implanted at the beginning of the operation into the ciliary sulcus in front of the opaque lens followed by parsplana lensectomy and vitrectomy. results: Themean follow-up was 27.4 months. Eight eyes (72.7% ) achieved a final visual acuity of 0.5 or better. Major causes of limited visual acuity were central corneal scars causing irregular astigmatism. In all patients the IOL was safely and easily implanted into the ciliary sulcus. During the subsequent pars-plana lensectomy and vitrectomy as well as during the follow-up period all IOLs remained anatomically stable and well centered. In one patient PVr retinal detachment had to be treated by pars-plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade. Conclusions: Epilenticular IOL implantation followed by pars-plana lensectomy is an easy and safe method to treat traumatic cataract in the setting of penetrating ocular trauma repair. It is associated with a favorable visual outcome and a low rate of postoperative complications.

关键词：人工晶体植入术后外伤性白内障长期结果玻璃体切除晶状体摘出手术效果眼内异物随访期间晶状体摘除回顾性调查

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双眼视觉功能缺乏的患者体位对眼球旋转位的影响

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第6期2卷 30-31页

作者： Becker r. Krzizok T. Wassill H. 王永强(译) 不详 zentrum für augenheilkunde Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen Friedrichstraβe 18 35385 Giessen Germany

Purpose: Positionally induced cyclotorsion could be an important factor concerning correction of astigmatism in refractive surgery. Previous studies have shown no influence of body position on cycloposition in healthy subjectswith normal binocular vision. Methods: 10 subjects (median value of age 44.2 years) without binocular vision due to an organic eye disease or to strabismus were examined using three-dimensional videooculography (3D-VOG). This non-invasive method can record changes in the position of both eyes simultaneously in the x-,y-and z-axes. The cycloposition of the eyes was recorded first in a seated position with both eyes open (test 1),then in a supine position with the right eye closed (test 2),then in a supine position with occlusion of both eyes (test 3),and then in a supine position with both eyes open (test 4). In each of these 4 situations,the eyes were recorded for 1 minute. Cyclovergence was calculated as the difference between the right and the left eye positions. results: The range of cycloposition of the right and left eye in all 4 tests was very small. 95% confidence intervals for cycloposition of the right and left eyes and for cyclovergence: cycloposition right eye/cycloposition left eye/cyclovergence: 0.72;0.76/-0.07;0.01/0.71;0.79 (test 1),0.23;0.29/0.19;0.33/-0.81;-0.63 (test 2),-0.92;0.7/-0.51;-0.37/-0.79;-0.45 (test 3),0.14;0.52/-0.07;0.31/0.59;0.21 (test 4). There was no statistically significant difference of the cycloposition between the 4 test situations. Conclusions: The cycloposition of the eyes does not significantly change between seated and supine positions of the body,either in subjects with,or without binocular vision. This means for refractive surgery that a correction of astigmatism,to be performed in the supine position of the patient,can be based on a measurement of the axis of astigmatism obtained in the seated position.

关键词：双眼视觉患者体位视觉功能转位眼球器质性疾病仰卧位功能正常中位年龄记录时间

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斜视性弱视患者Landolt C视力及Snellen E视力差异

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第6期2卷 27-28页

作者： Becker r. Grf M. 王永强 zentrum fr augenheilkunde Justus-Liebig-Universitt GieflenFriedrichstraβ1835385 GiβenGermany Dr.

Background: Assessment of visual acuity depends on the optotypes used for measurement. The ability to recognize different optotypes differs even if their critical details appear under the same visual angle. Since optotypes are evaluated on individuals with good visual acuity and without eye disorders,differences in the lower visual acuity range cannot be excluded. In this study,visual acuity measured with the Snellen E was compared to the Landolt C acuity. Patients and Methods: 100 patients (age 8-90 years,median 60.5 years) with various eye disorders,among them 39 with amblyopia due to strabismus,and 13 healthy volunteers were tested. Charts with the Snellen E and the Landolt C (PrecisionVision) which mimic the ETDrS charts were used to assess visual acuity. Three out of 5 optotypes per line had to be correctly identified,while wrong answers were monitored. In the group of patients,the eyes with the lower visual acuity,and the right eyes of the healthy subjects,were evaluated. results: Differences between Landolt Cacuity (Lr) and Snellen Eacuity (SE) were small. The mean decimal values for Lr and SE were 0.25 and 0.29 in the entire group and 0.14 and 0.16 for the eyes with strabismus amblyopia. The mean difference between Lr and SE was 0.55 lines in the entire group and 0.55 lines for the eyes with strabismus amblyopia,with higher values of SE in both groups. The results of the other groups were similar with only small differences between Lr and SE. Conclusion: Using the charts described,there was only a slight overestimation of visual acuity by the Snellen E compared to the Landolt C,even in strabismus amblyopia. Small differences in the lower visual acuity range have to be considered.

关键词：斜视性弱视视力差患者健康受试者中位年龄视力表健康志愿者低视力视力结果机能障碍

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眼神经性肌强直

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第9期2卷 45-46页

作者： Koop G. Graf M. 赵军(译） zentrum für augenheilkunde Justus-Liebig-Universitat GieβenFriedrichstra?e 1835385 GieβenGermany 不详

Background:Ocular neuromyotonia is a rare ocular motility disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of one or several ocular motor muscles.In this report a typical case is presented.Patient and Methods:A 61-year-old female patient was referred with persistent diplopia despite previous surgical treatment for right 6th nerve palsy.The palsy was caused by a meningeoma of the petrous bone,which had been incompletely resected.Subsequently,the patient had received radiation therapy.Strabismological and neuroophthalmological examinations were performed.The results coincide with data collected in our department from three other patients with ocular neuromyotonia(2 cranial nerveVI,1 cranial nerve IV),over the past three years.results:The patient showed orthophoria at distance(5 m)and an exophoria of 6° at near vision.The abduction and adduction of the right eye were restricted to 40° and 35°,respectively.After several seconds of eccentric gaze to the right,the right eye remained in an abducted position of approximately 25°.The gaze to the left led to a retraction instead of an adduction of the right eye.The spasm of the lateral rectus muscle resolved after some seconds,returning to the aforementioned right eye motility.Under oral treatment with carbamazepine,initially 200 mg,later increasing to 400 mg per day,the symptoms improved significantly,did not resolve entirely,however.Conclusions:These typical findings permit the diagnosis of ocular neuromyotonia.The characteristic symptoms of ocular neuromyotonia and the typical history of a previous intracranial tumor,treated neurosurgically with adjuvant radiotherapy,lead to the hypothesis that ephaptic transmission in the cranial nerve is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in the development of ocular neuromyotonia.Hereby,efferent impulses from non-twitch motoneurons could activate neighbouring axons,and spread both peripherally and centrally.Beside other mechanisms discussed,an involvement of proprioceptive elements and their reafference is also a possible

关键词：神经性肌强直外展神经麻痹病理生理学机制肌强直症状运动神经元眼球运动异常放射治疗手术矫正

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先天性Brown综合征的手术结果

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第1期2卷 61-62页

作者： Grf M. Kloss S. Kaufmann H. 王静波 zentrum fü r augenheilkunde Justus-Liebig-Universitt Gieβen Schielbehandlung und Neuroophthalmologie Friedrichstraβe 18 35392 Gieβ en Germany

背景:有多种手术方法治疗先天性(“真性”)Brown综合征。本文评价了上斜肌肌腱后徙术的效果。患者与方法:一项回顾性研究,评价了在本科室接受手术治疗的22例先天性Brown综合征患者的资料。在第一眼位有下斜视,伴异常头位和明显内收升高... 详细信息

背景:有多种手术方法治疗先天性(“真性”)Brown综合征。本文评价了上斜肌肌腱后徙术的效果。患者与方法:一项回顾性研究,评价了在本科室接受手术治疗的22例先天性Brown综合征患者的资料。在第一眼位有下斜视,伴异常头位和明显内收升高缺陷,且当这些表现不可能自发性提高时,行上斜肌肌腱后徙术。评估斜视角(交替棱镜和遮盖试验)、单眼运动和远处固视时的异常头位。分别在术前1d、术后3个月时进行测量。13例患者术后检查了2－10年。结果:手术时,患者为4-17岁(M=7岁),15例中13例为男性,主要是右眼。[第一段]

关键词：综合征先天性手术结果手术治疗异常头位术后检查手术方法后徙术上斜肌患者

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儿童期的眼眶疾病

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第6期2卷 31-32页

作者： Sterker I. frerich B. 王永强(译) 不详 Klinik und Poliklinik für augenheilkunde Liebigstraβe 10 - 14 04103 Leipzig Germany

Background: Orbital diseases in childhood are rare and differ from orbital lesions occuring in adults. Most paediatric orbital tumours are benign,but rapid tumour growth can nevertheless threaten vision or lives. Patients: retrospectively,we analyzed data of 41 consecutive patients with orbital disease,treated in our hospital between 2000 and 2004. The data was evaluated using descriptive statistics and case reports. results: All children (from neonatals up to 16 years of age) with orbital disease were included in the study. The most common benign disease of the entire collective was an epidermal cyst (n=18),followed by orbital capillary haemangioma (n=4) in children under 3 years,and preseptal cellulitis in children older than 3 years. 5 patients were treated for malignant tumours,of which one patient under 3 years had an orbital metastasis of an abdominal neuroblastoma. Conclusion: Awareness of orbital diseases in childhood,as a rare entity,is crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment,to save the vision and lives of affected children.

关键词：眼眶疾病儿童期疾病患者良性疾病恶性肿瘤罕见疾病回顾性分析毛细血管瘤蜂窝组织炎神经母细胞

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比较个体双眼间有或无蓝光滤光片人工晶体植入术后的功能结果

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2006年第9期2卷 39-40页

作者： Mayer S. Wirbelauer C. Pham D. T. 韩静(译) 不详 Klinik für augenheilkunde Vivantes Klinikum Neukoelln Rudower Straβe 48 12351 Berlin Germany

Background:The new generation of intraocular lenses(IOL)with an additional blue light filter has a slight yellowish colour(compared to the IOLs with only a UV filter)due to its different light transmitting properties.This could have an effect on contrast sensitivity and subjective visual perception.Patients and Methods:In this intraindividual prospective comparative study including 14 cataract patients without further ocular pathology,a blue light filtering IOL(SN60AT,Alcon)was implanted in one eye and 1 month later a conventional single-piece IOL(SA60AT,Alcon)was fitted into the fellow eye.The visual acuity and the clinical findings were assessed at one day and four weeks post-operatively.Contrast sensitivity was tested under defined mesopic(6cd/m2)and high mesopic(18,8cd/m2)light conditions in the Ginsburg Box using the functional Acuity Contrast Test(f.A.C.T.).furthermore,subjective differences in the visual perception of both eyes were noted.results:The contrast sensitivity testing 1 day and 1 month postoperatively,revealed no statistically significant differences(P > 0008)between both IOL types for all spatial frequencies(1,5/3/6/12/18 cpd)and light levels.13 patients(85%)reported no differences in the colour perception of both eyes,and none had visual disturbances.Conclusion:This intraindividual comparison revealed no relevant differences concerning mesopic contrast sensitivity and the subjective visual perception after implantation of one IOL with or without a blue light filter.

关键词：人工晶体植入术后双眼视觉滤光片蓝光个体对比敏感度功能视力白内障患者

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单侧和对称性双侧获得性滑车神经麻痹患者的歪头试验

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2005年第8期1卷 59-60页

作者： af M. Krzizok T. Kaufmann H. M. Grf 杜红俊 zentrum augenheilkunde Justus-Leibig Schielbehandlung Neuroophthalmologie Friedrichstra.e 18 35385 Gie.en Germany Dr.

Background: The head-tilt phenomenon (difference between the vertical deviati ons with an ipsilateral and contralateral headtilt by 45 deg. each) occurring in patients with a superior oblique palsy has traditionally been explained by the lacking contraction of the superior oblique muscle within the synkinetic movemen t of ocular counterrolling. However, using a computer model, robinson showed that the superior oblique palsy itself causes only a relatively small head-tilt ph enomenon. Adaptive mechanisms amplifying the otolith reflex were suggested to ex plain the increase of the head-tilt phenomenon in the course of time. In order to reduce the abnormal head posture required for binocular vision, the otolith r eflex would be amplified, accepting the greater vertical deviation when the head is tilted to the paretic side [23]. Question: If the head-tilt phenomenon were solely caused by the lacking contraction of the superior oblique muscle, it sho uld be greater in bilateral than in unilateral superior oblique palsies. If an a daptive mechanism were acting to reduce the abnormal head posture, the head-til t phenomenon should not be greater, and could even be smaller in bilateral than in unilateral superior oblique palsy, because in bilateral (symmetric) trochlear nerve palsies the vertical deviation at straight gaze is already small or absen t without adaptation. Patients and Methods: We have carried out a retrospective comparison of 10 patients with bilateral symmetric superior oblique palsies and 10 patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy. In all cases, the palsy was acquired and had been present for at least 1 year. results: The patients with bi lateral superior oblique palsy had a head-tilt phenomenon ranging from 0 to 7 d egrees (median, 2 deg.). The patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy had a head-tilt phenomenon between 2 and 13 degrees (median, 8 deg.). The differen ce was significant (p=0.0117). Conclusions: The head-tilt phenomenon is smaller in long-standing bilateral symmetric superior

关键词：歪头试验神经麻痹上斜肌麻痹头位偏斜迷路紧张反射垂直性代偿机制机体适应性协同运动适应性改变

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