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Food contamination as a pathway for lead exposure in children during the 2010–2013 lead poisoning epidemic in zamfara,Nigeria

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2018年第5期30卷 260-272页

作者： Simba Tirima Casey Bartrem Ian von Lindern Margrit von Braun Douglas Lind Shehu Mohamed Anka Aishat Abdullahi TerraGraphics International Foundation MoscowID 83843USA University of Idaho Environmental Science ProgramMoscowID 83843USA zamfara environmental sanitation agency Zamfara StateNigeria

In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put residents, especially children, at the highest risk. Principal routes of exposure were incidental ingestion and inhalation of contaminated soil and dusts. Several Nigerian and international health organizations collaborated to reduce lead exposures through environmental remediation and medical treatment. The contribution of contaminated food to total lead exposure was assessed during the environmental health response. Objectives of this investigation were to assess the influence of cultural/dietary habits on lead exposure pathways and estimate the contribution of contaminated food to children＇s blood lead levels（BLLs）. A survey of village dietary practices and staple food lead content was conducted to determine dietary composition, caloric intakes, and lead intake. Potential blood lead increments were estimated using bio-kinetic modeling techniques. Most dietary lead exposure was associated with contamination of staple cereal grains and legumes during post-harvest processing and preparation in contaminated homes. Average post-harvest and processed cereal grain lead levels were 0.32 mg/kg and 0.85 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Age-specific food lead intake ranged from 7 to 78 μg/day. Lead ingestion and absorption were likely aggravated by the dusty environment, fasting between meals, and nutritional deficiencies. Contamination of staple cereal grains by highly bioavailable pulverized ores could account for as much as 11%–34% of children＇s BLLs during the epidemic, and were a continuing source after residential soil remediation until stored grain inventories were exhausted.

关键词： Artisanal mining environmental health Lead poisoning Nigerian environmentalcontamination Dietary exposures Para-occupational exposuresChildren's health

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A prototype for on-site generation of chlorinated disinfectant for use in rural aqueducts

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Water Science and Engineering 2024年第1期17卷 33-40页

作者： Diana Marcela Cuesta Parra Felipe Correa Mahecha Andrés Felipe Rubio Pinzon Davidcamilo Ramirez Bustos Leonel Alveyro Teran Llorente Miguel Fernando Jimenez Jimenez Chemical and environmental Engineering Department Fundacion Universidad de AmericaBogota 117111Colombia Chemical Engineering Department Fundacion Universidad de AmericaBogota 117111Colombia Mecanical Engineering Department Fundacion Universidad de AmericaBogota 117111Colombia

Sodium hypochlorite has significant potential as a sanitation solution in hard-to-reach *** studies have investigated the optimal electrolysis parameters for its production with volumes greater than 1o *** study evaluated sodium hypochlorite production through electrolysis in a 22-L prototype and identified the optimal operating *** were performed using graphite electrodes with areas of 68.4 cm^(2) at the laboratory scale and 1865.0 cm^(2) at the prototype scale.A design for experiments with different operating times,chloride concentrations,and electric current intensities was *** optimal operating time,sodium chloride concentration,and current intensity at the laboratory scale were 120 min,150 g of chloride per liter,and 3 A,respectively,leading to the production of 5.02 g/L of the disinfectant with an energy efficiency of 12.21 mg of Cl_(2) per *** the prototype scale,the maximum sodium hypochlorite concentration of 3.99 g of chloride per liter was achieved with an operating time of 120 min,a sodium chloride concentration of 100 g of chloride per liter,and a current intensity of 70 A,reaching an energy efficiency of 42.56 mg of Cl_(2) per *** addition,this study evaluated the influences of the chloride concentration,current intensity,and operating time on the production of sodium hypochlorite at the two scales,and formulated the equations showing the trends of sodium hypochlorite production and energy efficiency in the electrochemical *** 22-L prototype model for production of this oxidizing substance is promising for disinfection of large volumes of water in areas that are difficult to access.

关键词： Disinfection Electrolysis Energy efficiency Optimization Sodium hypochlorite

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water: A Review of the Sources, Properties, Exposure Pathways, Bionetwork and Strategies for Remediation

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第8期10卷 137-144页

作者： I. O. Alaekwe O. Abba Department of Chemistry Federal University Gusau Zamfara State Gusau Zamfara State Department of Microbiology Federal University Gusau Zamfara State Gusau Zamfara State

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are by-products arising from incomplete combustion. These organic chemicals substances are found almost everywhere and pose a risk to human health because of their potentially hazardous nature and bioavailability in the environment as determined by several regulatory agencies such as US environmental Protection agency (US-EPA), US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), International agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). The paper is aimed at studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. The possible sources, chemistry, risk and remediation strategies for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water have been considered. Studies have shown that exposure to PAHs at levels above the maximum contaminant level for relatively short periods will cause damage to the red blood cells leading to anaemia;suppressed immune system. Long-term exposure to Benzo(a)pyrene at levels above the maximum contaminant level has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive defects as well as cancer. US-EPA, IARC and DHHS has sets a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for benzo(a)pyrene, the most carcinogenic PAH, at 0.0002 mg/L, 0.0001 mg/L for benz(a)anthracene, 0.0002 mg/L for benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and chrysene. 0.0003 mg/L and 0.0004 mg/L have been set for dibenz(a,h)anthracene and indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene respectively. Sustained barn on smoking in public places and burning of word, use of concretes in road construction as against the traditional surfacing of roads using coal tar as well as cars running on compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can form part of the preventive strategies.

关键词： Aromatic Hydrocarbon Bionetwork Remediation Compressed Natural Gas environmental Protection

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Membrane behavior of bentonite-amended Fukakusa clay in K, Na and Ca solutions

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Journal of Central South University 2016年第12期23卷 3122-3131页

作者：唐强刘维王恒宇程蓉钱寅飞 School of Urban Rail Transportation Soochow University Suzhou 215131 China Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China environmental sanitation Administration agency Suzhou 215131 China

Bentonite has been proven to be effective in enhancing the membrane property of clay,by which landfill liners can have better barrier performance with regard to the migration of *** this work,5% sodium bentonite amended with locally available Fukakusa clay was utilized to evaluate the membrane behavior toward different kinds of ions: K,Na and *** chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient,ω,was obtained in electrolyte solution with different concentrations of 0.5,1,5,10,and 50 mmol/*** to the results,solute type and ion valence have a significant effect on membrane ***,ω continually decreased as the Na and Ca concentrations increased,which is consistent with the Gouy-Chapman *** membrane behavior toward Na was similar to that toward K,according to the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient ω.In the case of the divalent ion Ca,the membrane behavior was lower compared to monovalent ions Na and K at the same *** mechanisms of the membrane performance change were discussed with the assistance of XRD patterns,free-swelling results and SEM images.

关键词：钠基膨润土膜性能行为粘土 Ca 修改钙离子浓度阻隔性能

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The Chromosomal Effect of Birchen Dust as Determined by the Micronucleus Test

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Biomedical and environmental Sciences 1997年第4期10卷 396-401页

作者： JIANG ZHI-CHENG SU YI-LAN DENG YI-FU SUN WEI LIU WEI-CHENG WEI DAI-MING YAN JIU-YEN YAO YU-LONGn(Deprtment of Occupotional Health, Chpital University ofMedical Sciences, Beijing, 100054, China)(sanitationand Anti-ePidemic Station, tongiingcheng Fore Department of Occupational Health Capital University of Medical Sciences Beijing 100054 China sanitation and Anti-epidemic Station Dongjingcheng Forestry Agency Heilongjiang Province China Department of Health Mudanjiang Forestry Agency Heilongjiang Province China

In a wood processing factory, the measured air concentration of birchen dust was 1. 26 ±0. 41 mg/m3, and the micronucleus frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 83 workersexposed to wood dust was 1. 13 ± 2. 83%, which was significantly higher (P 0. 05 ). The micronucleus test in mice treated with waterextracts of unsteamed and unbaked birchen dust showed that the micronucleus frequencies inall treated groups were significantly higher than that of contro group (P < 0. 01 ) and therewas also a doseresponse correlation (r = 0. 96, P < 0. 0005 ). The results of steamed andbaked birchen dust extracts were significantly lower than those of the unsteamed and unbakedones at the same doses (P< 0. 001 ). This suggests that when the birchen dust is steamed atthe temperature of 100℃ for 24h or baked at the temperature of 80℃, its inducing effect inmicronucleus test could be lowered

关键词： The Chromosomal Effect of Birchen Dust as Determined by the Micronucleus Test Chen

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Migration of total chromium and chloride anion in the Rocha River used for estimating degradation of agricultural soil quality at the Thiu Rancho zone

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2020年第3期8卷 223-229页

作者： Jhim Terrazas-Salvatierra Galo Munoz-Vásquez Ana Romero-Jaldin Hydraulics Laboratory of San Simón University(UMSS) Cochabamba 2500Bolivia Water and environmental sanitation Center of San Simón University(UMSS) Cochabamba 2500Bolivia

The Rocha River is a receptor to receive wastewater from household,hospital and industry,from where contaminants are transported in the river,affecting biodiversity and the ecosystem of the *** this paper we estimated the maximum transport of total chromium and chloride anion by applying the analytical model of Ogata&Banks(1961),and the results obtained are grouped into three zones:Contaminated,transition,and *** analytical model was applied with 13 samples collected from the river piezometers installed near Rocha,where they are arranged in two lines,***-1 to RH-6 as the first line and RH-9 to RH-12 as the second *** total chromium concentrations range from 0.16 mg/L(RH-1)and 0.11 mg/L(RH-9)at the closest points to Rocha River,to 0.13 mg/L(RH-7)and 0.03 mg/L(RH-12)at the most remote points to the *** advance of the pollutants does not exceed 50 meters with respect to the axis of the Rocha River.

关键词： Total chromium Chloride anion Contamination Rocha River Thiu Rancho

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Post Construction Support and Sustainability of Community Water Resources and sanitation Facilities: The Case of Eastern Region of Ghana

Post Construction Support and Sustainability of Community Wa...

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2010 Euro-Asian Winter Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility and environmental Management

作者： FAMIYEH Samuel THEODORA Adomako-Adjei Technische Universitt Bergakademie Freiberg GIMPA Business School Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration Extension Services Coordinator Community Water and sanitation agency

ISBN: (纸本)9783865735942

In recent years there has been an increasing focus on, and understanding of, the design and implementation phases of Rural Water and sanitation Projects as part of efforts to make projects more successful and work more efficiently. However, not much attention has yet been paid to the post-construction stage. The post construction support is not adequate which has negatively affected the performance of institutions put in place to ensure sustainability of the facilities. The study focuses on post construction support for sustainability of water and sanitation facilities which is gaining much prominence in the water and sanitation sub sector. The study discussed the existing situation of post construction support to water and sanitation projects and examined its effectiveness and how it can affect the sustainability of facilities.

关键词： District Backstop Community Boreholes

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Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2010年第9期22卷 1319-1326页

作者： Yuttachai Sarathai Thammarat Koottatep Antoine Morel School of Environment Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Eawag:Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science & Technology Department for Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries(Sandec)

The feasibility of using anaerobic baffled reactor （ABR） as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed. The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under different peak flow factors （PFF of 1 to 6）, superficial gas velocities （between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr） and hydraulic retention times （HRT）（24, 36 and 48 hr）. Residence time distribution （RTD） analyses were carded out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR. It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space. The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1, 2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase （26%） at PFF of 6. Superficial gas velocities did not result in more （biological） dead space. The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completely- mixed reactor when PFF increased. Superficial gas velocities did not affect mixing pattern. The effects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT （48 hr）. The tank-in-series （TIS） model （N = 4） was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system. The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under different flow patterns, introducing satisfactory hydraulic efficiency. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total suspended solids （TSS） removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%, respectively. The standard deviation of effluent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.

关键词： anaerobic baffled reactor dead space hydraulic characteristics onsite system peak flow factor

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A Longitudinal Survey for Genome-based Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage Water in Selected Lockdown Areas of Lahore City, Pakistan: A Potential Approach for Future Smart Lockdown Strategy

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Biomedical and environmental Sciences 2021年第9期34卷 729-733页

作者： Tahir Yaqub Muhammad Nawaz Muhammad Z.Shabbir Muhammad A.Ali Imran Altaf Sohail Raza Muhammad A.B.Shabbir Muhammad A.Ashraf Syed Z.Aziz Sohai l Q.Cheema Muhammad B.Shah Saira Rafique Sohail Hassan Nageen Sardar Adnan Mehmood Muhammad W.Aziz Sehar Fazal Nadir Hussain Muhammad T.Khan Muhammad M.Atique Ali Asif Muhammad Anwar Nabeel A.Awan Muhammad U.Younis Muhammad A.Bhattee Zarfishan Tahir Nadia Mukhtar Huda Sarwar Maaz S.Rana Omair Farooq Institute of Microbiology University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan Water and sanitation agency LahorePunjabPakistan Specialized Healthcare&Medical Education Department PunjabPakistan Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department PunjabPakistan Institute of Public Health LahorePakistan Farooq Hospital LahorePakistan

In 2019,the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 virus caused pneumonia-like *** disease rapidly spread globally,leading to a worldwide outbreak referred to as the COVID-19 pandemic.

关键词： globally Strategy Smart

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The Study Of The Utilization Of The Waste Landfill Methane In Ji Nan

The Study Of The Utilization Of The Waste Landfill Methane I...

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第三届国际甲烷与氧化亚氮减排技术大会

作者： Gao Fache Wang Yubo The environmental sanitation Science Research Academy in Jinan Non-harmful Disposal Factory in Jinan

This article analyzes the current situation of the utilization of the waste landfill methane both at home and *** combining real situation of the methane generation in the Non-harmful Disposal factory in Jinan,the aut... 详细信息

关键词： landfills methane utilization research

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