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Visual rating and the use of image analysis for assessing canopy density in a pecan provenance collection during leaf fall

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林业研究:英文版 2023年第6期34卷 1843-1854页

作者： Cristina Pisani Clive H.Bock Jennifer Randall United States Department of Agriculture−Agricultural Research service (USDA-ARS)Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station(SEFTNRS)ByronGA 31008USA Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed ScienceNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNM 88003USA

A collection representing the native range of pecan was planted at the US DA-ARS Southeastern fruit and Tree Nut Research station,Byron,*** collection(867 trees)is a valuable genetic resource for characterizing important horticultural *** density during leaf fall is important as the seasonal canopy dynamics provides insights to environmental cues and breeding potential of *** ability of visual raters to estimate canopy density on a subset of the provenance collection(76 trees)as an indicator of leaf shed during autumn along with image analysis values was *** canopy density using the image analysis software was less compared to visual estimates(11.9%vs 18.4%,respectively).At higher canopy densities,the raters overestimated foliage density,but overall agreement between raters and measured values was good(ρc=0.849 to 0.915),and inter-rater reliability was high(R^(2)=0.910 to 0.953).The provenance from Missouri(MOL),the northernmost provenance,had the lowest canopy density in November,and results show that the higher the latitude of the provenance,the lower the canopy *** on regression,the source provenance latitude explained 0.609 of the variation using image analysis,and0.551 to 0.640 when based on the rater estimates of canopy *** assessment of pecan canopy density due to late season leaf fall for comparing pecan genotypes provides accurate and reliable estimates and could be used in future studies of the whole provenance collection.

关键词： Carya illinoinensis Accuracy Reliability Canopy Foliage density Leaf area density Leaf area index

High basal defense gene expression determines sorghum resistance to the whorl-feeding insect southwestern corn borer

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Insect Science 2013年第3期20卷 307-317页

作者： Wei-Ning Cheng Jia-Xin Lei William L. Rooney Tong-Xian Liu Keyan Zhu-Salzman Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau Ministry of Agriculture Northwest A&F Uni- versity Yangling Shaanxi China Department of Entomology Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Vegetable & fruit Improvement Center Texas A&M University College Station Texas United States

Southwestern corn borer （SWCB, Diatraea grandiosella） and fall armyworm （FAW, Spodopterafrugiperda） are major pests of sorghum in the southern United States. Host plant resistance is a desirable means for reducing plant damage and yield losses from both insects. In this study, we evaluated 12 sorghum lines for whorl-stage resistance to leaf-feeding SWCB and FAW in greenhouse and laboratory bioassays. Differential plant responses were detected against the two insects. Among 12 lines tested, CM1821, Della and PI196583 were resistant to both insects, while BTx2752 was largely susceptible. Line R.09110 was resistant to SWCB, but susceptible to FAW, whereas Redbine-60 was suscep- tible to SWCB, but not to FAW. In addition, we quantified various chemical components in the plants and determined their association with insect resistance. Tannin and chloro- phyll in leaves did not show any significant correlation with resistance to either insects, but contents of soluble protein in general were negatively correlated with resistance to both insects. Endogenous soluble sugar and dhurrin were only positively correlated with resistance to SWCB, but not with FAW resistance. To gain some molecular insight into resistance mechanism of sorghum to SWCB, we performed qPCR reactions for key genes encoding enzymes involved in dhurrin and jasmonic acid （JA） biosynthesis on selected resistant or susceptible lines. Although these genes were rapidly and strongly induced by insect feeding in all lines, the observed resistance is likely explained by higher constitutive dhurrin contents in some resistant lines and higher basal JA biosynthesis in others. Our results suggest that sorghum utilizes multiple strategies to defend itself against SWCB.

关键词： Diatraea grandiosella host plant resistance resistance mechanism sorghum,Spodoptera frugiperda

Primary evaluation of mating disruption for control of diamondback moth(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) in cabbage

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Primary evaluation of mating disruption for control of diamo...

Small RNAs, emerging regulators critical for the development of horticultural traits

5th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests

作者： WU Qing-Jun XIONG Li-Gang ZHU Guo-Ren MA Yong-Jun LI Yu-Jiang Institute of Vegetables and Flowers.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences yanqing County Plant Protection station Beijing Xiangkanghe Agricultural Ecology Co. Ltd.

Diamondback moth(DBM) is the most important insect pest in cruciferous crops in yanqing County,Beijing,where it is the major problematic insect pest which needs to be controlled during the spring *** improve integrated pest management (IPM)-friendly management options,a large-scale mating disruption trial(3.3 ha) was conducted from April to June of 2006 in cabbage producing base(yanqing County) to

关键词： DBM Lepidoptera:Plutellidae Primary evaluation of mating disruption for control of diamondback moth in cabbage

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Horticulture Research 2018年第1期5卷 285-298页

作者： Chengjie Chen Zaohai Zeng Zongrang Liu Rui Xia State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China Ministry of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China Appalachian fruit Research station Agricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureKearneysvilleWV25430USA

Small RNAs(sRNAs)have been recently recognized as key genetic and epigenetic regulators in various organisms,ranging from the modification of DNA and histone methylations to the modulation of the abundance of coding or non-coding *** plants,major regulatory sRNAs are classified as respective microRNA(miRNA)and small interfering RNA(siRNA)species,with the former primarily engaging in posttranscriptional regulation while the latter in transcriptional *** of these characterized sRNAs are involved in regulation of diverse biological programs,processes,and pathways in response to developmental cues,environmental signals/stresses,pathogen infection,and pest ***,sRNAs-mediated regulations have also been extensively investigated in horticultural plants,with many novel mechanisms unveiled,which display far more mechanistic complexity and unique regulatory features compared to those studied in model ***,we review the recent progress of sRNA research in horticultural plants,with emphasis on mechanistic aspects as well as their relevance to trait *** that major and pioneered sRNA research has been carried out in the model and other plants,we also discuss ongoing sRNA research on these *** miRNAs and phased siRNAs(phasiRNAs)are the most studied sRNA regulators,this review focuses on their biogenesis,conservation,function,and targeted genes and traits as well as the mechanistic relation between them,aiming at providing readers comprehensive information instrumental for future sRNA research in horticulture crops.

关键词： Small critical latter

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i>Mill.)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第4期4卷 922-931页

作者： Jerome Niogret Nancy D. Epsky Elena Q. Schnell Raymond J. Schnell Robert R. Heath Alan W. Meerow Paul E. Kendra Subtropical Horticulture Research station Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Miami USA Subtropical Horticulture Research station Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Miami USA.

Avocado is a commercially valuable fruit crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world. Taxonomists recognize three horticultural races of avocado, consisting of Mexican (Persea americana var. drymifolia), Guatemalan (P. americana var. guatemalensis), and West Indian (P. americana var. americana) varieties. Published research that attempted to differentiate among the horticultural races by using leaf chemistry found that sesquiterpene content was only useful for discrimination of pure Mexican from Guatemalan and West Indian, but not to distinguish between Guatemalan and West Indian races. This study presents a sampling method for analysis of sesquiterpenes from avocado leaf, branch and trunk samples. Our results indicate that sesquiterpene content from leaves and small diameter branches (2.5 cm) was highly variable;however, sesquiterpenes were much less variable within wood from larger diameter branches and trunk samples, providing information representative of avocado varietal differences. In addition to chemotaxonomic applications, information on sesquiterpene content of avocado wood is needed for identification of host-based attractants for a new avocado pest, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). This insect vectors a fungal pathogen that causes laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease that currently threatens avocado production in south Florida, USA. Females of X. glabratus identify appropriate host trees based on emissions of terpenoids, particularly α-copaene. Our results are discussed in terms of how proximo-distal distributions of sesquiterpenes may function as host-location cues by this invasive wood-boring pest.

关键词： Avocado Persea americana Sesquiterpenes α-Copaene Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborus glabratus

Gibberellic acid induced parthenocarpic‘Honeycrisp’apples(Malus domestica)exhibit reduced ovary width and lower acidity

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Horticulture Research 2019年第1期6卷 1129-1141页

作者： Kelsey D.Galimba Daniel G.Bullock Chris Dardick Zhongchi Liu Ann M.Callahan Appalachian fruit Research station Agricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture2217 Wiltshire RoadKearneysvilleWV 25430USA Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics College of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA

fruit set and development are dependent on auxin,gibberellin,and cytokinin,which cause parthenocarpic development in many species when applied *** sprays containing these hormones are used to improve apple fruit set,size,and shape,but have been implicated negatively in other aspects of fruit *** applied gibberellic acid(GA_(3)),synthetic auxin(NAA),and the auxin-transport inhibitor NPA to‘Honeycrisp’apple *** retention and size were quantified throughout development,and seed number and fruit quality parameters were measured at ***_(3)alone caused the development of seedless parthenocarpic *** maturity,GA_(3)-treated apples were narrower due to reduced ovary width,indicating that GA_(3)induced normal growth of the hypanthium,but not the ***_(3)-treated fruits were also less acidic than hand-pollinated controls,but had similar firmness,starch,and sugar *** further understand the regulation of parthenocarpy,we performed tissue-specific transcriptome analysis on GA_(3)-treated,NAA-treated,and control fruits,at 18 days after treatment and again at ***,transcriptome analysis showed GA_(3)-treated and hand-pollinated fruits were highly similar in RNA expression *** expression differences in putative cell division,cytokinin degradation,and cell wall modification genes in GA_(3)-treated ovaries correlated with the observed shape differences,while early expression differences in the acidity gene Ma1 may be responsible for the changes in *** together,our results indicate that GA_(3)triggers the development of parthenocarpic apple fruit with morphological deviations that correlate with a number of candidate gene expression differences.

关键词： maturity width acidity

Performance evaluation of mechanical blossom thinning in trunk type pear orchard

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第4期14卷 106-112页

作者： Xiaohui Lei Xiaolan Lyu Meina Zhang Daipeng Lu Shilin Wang Youhong Chang Dexin Zhong Tianbing Shen Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Protected Agriculture Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze RiverMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjing 210014China Pubei Agricultural Machinery Technology Extension station Qinzhou 535300GuangxiChina Tianjin Agricultural Development service Center Tianjin 300061China

In order to yield a marketable product,hand fruit thinning(HFT)has become the major but costly management practice in modern pear *** kinds of new blossom thinners for pear blossom thinning were developed,which are tractor-mounted three arms blossom thinner(TTBT)and hand-held electric blossom thinner(HEBT).Four treatments for 24 trunk type‘Cuiguan’pear trees(7 years)were *** are TTBT combined with HFT,HEBT combined with HFT,hand blossom thinning(HBT)combined with HFT,and HFT *** trees were divided into 4 groups *** indexes were used to evaluate the test:flower reserve rate,fruit set rate,work efficiency and cost,fruit yield,and *** canopy was divided into the inner,middle,and outer 3 layers in the top view.20 inflorescence samples were selected for each *** tests showed:there was no obvious difference in quality between mechanical blossom thinning and HBT,and the working stability of TTBT was higher than other *** blossom thinning decreased the fruit set rate to a certain degree,but did not reduce the yield and quality of *** could save 61.35%operation time compared with HFT,and the profitable area was 5845.76 *** is suitable for large-scale sparse layer trunk-type pear *** could save 36.01%operation time compared with HFT,and the profitable area was 663.96 *** is suitable for small and medium-sized trunk-type pear *** thinning can improve the average weight of high quality fruit and brix of sugar solids.

关键词： mechanical blossom thinning pear orchard trunk type performance evaluation

Effects of Mouse Thatched on Soil Temperature, Yield and Quality in Apple Orchard

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Agricultural Biotechnology 2019年第3期8卷 153-155,158页

作者： Yanhong LI Na LI Peiping ZHANG Qiangsheng SUN Yao SUN Hongzhang WANG Soil and Fertilizer station of Yantai Agricultural Technology Extension Center Yantai 264000China Zhucheng Agricultural Technology Extension service Center Weifang 262200China

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the effect of mouse thatched on soil temperature,yield and quality in orchards.[Methods]The response of orchard soil,yield and quality to sod culture was studied by comparisons of grassing for two years,three years and clean cultivation.[Results]In April,the soil temperature in mouse thatched area was higher than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature in the three years of sward was the *** May to July,the temperature in mouse thatched area was lower than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature was lowest in the three years of *** the same time,the fruit yield and quality were *** the two years,the yield of apple increased by 12%,and the contents of sugar,soluble solids and vitamin C and the firmness of the fruit were increased,and the total acid content was decreased by planting mouse thatched.[Conclusions]Adjusting soil temperature in orchards by planting grass achieved the effects of promoting the activity of microorganisms,facilitating the growth of root system,increasing the yield and improving the quality.

关键词： Apple orchard Mouse thatched Soil temperature Yield Quality

Analysis on the migration of first-generation Mythimna separata(Walker) in China in 2013

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第7期17卷 1527-1537页

作者： ZHANG Zhi ZHANG Yun-hui WANG Jian LIU Jie TANG Qing-bo LI Xiang-rui CHENG Deng-fa ZHU Xun State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193P.R.China Beijing Plant Protection station Beijing 100029P.R.China National Agro-tech Extension and service Centre Beijing 100025P.R.China College of Plant Protection Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002P.R.China

Mythimna separata（Walker） is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale method of forecasting outbreaks, population data were collected in northern China using searchlight traps and ground light traps. A background weather pattern analysis and trajectory analysis were performed via the Weather Research and Forecast（WRF） and FLEXPART models. Our results showed that heavy migration of first-generation M. separata appeared in northern China in 2013. In yanqing District, Beijing, the cumulative number of captured adults in searchlight traps was around 250000 and the daily maximum for trapped moths was 86000. During the peak period, the majority of M. separata moths arrived after 00：00 every night. The sex ratio（female：male） at each monitoring site was greater than 1 and greatly fluctuated with population dynamics. During the migration peak, prevailing downdraft winds benefited M. separata moths to land passively. Trajectory simulation showed that immigrants were from Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces and most of them could continue to fly into the northeastern regions of China. These results provide technical support for fine-scale forecasting of the outbreak of M. separata at meso-and micro-scale.

关键词： Mythimna separata population dynamics migration trajectory