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The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第5期7卷 706-715页

作者： XIONG Chuanhe YANG Degang HUO Jinwei ZHAO Yannan xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of chinese academy of sciences

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated：（1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the be

关键词： energy consumption economic growth the decoupling relationship analysis low-carbon economy Kazakhstan

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Urban Water Resource Utilization Efficiency in China

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chinese Geographical Science 2015年第6期25卷 684-697页

作者： SHI Tiange ZHANG Xiaolei DU Hongru SHI Hui xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of chinese academy of sciences

The efficient use of water resources directly affects environmental, social, and economic development; therefore, it has a significant impact on urban populations. A slacks-based measure for data envelopment analysis （SBM-DEA） has been widely used in energy efficiency and environmental efficiency analyses in recent years. Based on this model, data from 316 cities were examined and a category method was employed involving three different sorting techniques to empirically evaluate the efficiency of urban water re- source utilization in China between 2000 and 2012. The overall efficiency （OE） of urban water resource utilization in China was initially low, but has improved over the past decade. The scale efficiency （SE） was higher than the pure technological efficiency （PTE）; PTE is a major determining factor of OE, and has had an increasingly significant effect. The efficiency of water resource utilization varied ac- cording to the region, urban scale, and economic function. The OE score for the eastern China was higher than for the rest of the region, and the OE score for the western China was higher than for the central China. The OE score for urban water resource utilization has improved with urban expansion, except in the case of small cities. The SE showed an inverted U-shaped＇ trend with increasing urban expansion. The OE of urban water utilization in comprehensive functional cities was greater than in economic specialization cities, and was greater in heavy industry specialization cities than in other specialization cities. This study contributes to the field of urban water resource management by examining variations in efficiency with urban ~ezle

关键词： urban water resource utilization efficiency urban scale undesirable outputs a slacks-based measure for data envelopmentanalysis (SBM-DEA) China

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Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions

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Journal of Arid Land 2010年第2期2卷 144-150页

作者： Jilili Abuduwaili xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

In many arid and semiarid regions,saline playas represent a significant source of unconsoli-dated sediments available for aeolian transport,and severe saline dust storms occur frequently due to human *** this study,saline dust storms are reviewed systematically from the aspects of con-cept,general characteristics,conditions of occurrence,distribution and ecological *** researches showed that saline dust storms are a kind of chemical dust storm originating in dry lake beds in arid and semiarid regions;large areas of unconsolidated saline playa sediments and frequent strong winds are the basic factors to saline dust storm occurrence;there are differentiation characteristics in deposition flux and chemical composition with wind-blown distance during saline dust storm diffusion;and saline dust storm diffusion to some extent increases glacier melt and results in soil salinization in arid *** under-standing of saline dust storms is important to guide disaster prevention and ecological rehabilitation.

关键词： saline dust storm dried-up lakebed playa wind erosion ecological impact

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Biomass carbon stocks and their changes in northern China's grasslands during 1982-2006

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Science China(Life sciences) 2010年第7期53卷 841-850页

作者： Anwar MOHAMMAT xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

Grassland covers approximately one-third of the area of China and plays an important role in the global terrestrial carbon(C) ***,little is known about biomass C stocks and dynamics in these *** 2001-2005,we conducted five consecutive field sampling campaigns to investigate above-and below-ground biomass for northern China's *** measurements obtained from 341 sampling sites,together with a NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index) time series dataset over 1982-2006,we examined changes in biomass C stock during the past 25 *** results showed that biomass C stock in northern China's grasslands was estimated at 557.5 Tg C(1 Tg=1012 g),with a mean density of 39.5 g C m-2 for above-ground biomass and 244.6 g C m-2 for below-ground *** increasing rate of 0.2 Tg C yr-1 has been observed over the past 25 years,but grassland biomass has not experienced a significant change since the late *** rainfall(January-July) was the dominant factor driving temporal dynamics in biomass C stock;however,the responses of grassland biomass to climate variables differed among various grassland *** in arid grasslands(i.e.,desert steppe and typical steppe) was significantly associated with precipitation,while biomass in humid grasslands(i.e.,alpine meadow) was positively correlated with mean January-July *** results suggest that different grassland ecosystems in China may show diverse responses to future climate changes.

关键词： above-ground biomass alpine grasslands below-ground biomass carbon stock NDVI temperate grasslands

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Effects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin, Northwest China

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2007年第4期19卷 488-493页

作者： CHEN Ya-ning LI Wei-hong XU Chang-chun HAO Xin-ming xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China.

Based on hydrology, temperature, and precipitation data from the past 50 years, the effects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The long-term trends of the hydrological time series were detected using both parametric and nonparametric techniques. The results showed that the increasing tendency of the temperature has a 5% level of significance, and the temperature increased by nearly 1℃ over the past 50 years. The precipitation showed a significant increase in the 1980s and 1990s, and the average annual precipitation exhibited an increasing trend with a magnitude of 6.8 mm per decade. A step change occurred in both the temperature and precipitation time series around 1986. The streamflow from the headwater of the Tarim River exhibited a significant increase during the last 20 years. The increase in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow may be attributed to global climate change.

关键词： climate change temperature precipitation streamflow Tarim River

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Re-evaluating the vertical mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第6期7卷 765-777页

作者： XUE Jie LEI Jiaqiang LI Shengyu GUI Dongwei MAO Donglei ZHOU Jie State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of chinese academy of sciences

Reliable estimation of the mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment is essential for predicting sediment transport rates accurately and designing measures to cope with wind-erosion. Vertical mass-flux profiles from seventeen wind-erosion events were re-evaluated using five typical models based on observed data obtained from a smooth bare field at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China. The results showed that the exponential-function model and the logarithmic-function model exhibited the poorest fit between observed and predicted mass-flux profiles. The power-function model and the modified power-function model improved the fit to field data to an equivalent extent, while the five-parameter combined-function model with a scale constant（σ） of 0.00001 m（different from the σ value proposed by Fryear, which represented the height above which 50% of the total mass flux occurred） was verified as the best for describing the vertical aeolian sediment mass-flux profiles using goodness of fit（R2） and the Akaike Information Criterion（AIC） values to evaluate model performance. According to relationships among model parameters, the modified power model played a prominent explanatory role in describing the vertical profiles of the observed data, whereas the exponential model played a coordinating role. In addition, it was found that the vertical profiles could not be extrapolated using the five selected models or easily estimated using an efficient model without field observations by a near-surface sampler at 0 to 0.05 m.

关键词： vertical profile mass flux aeolian sediment wind erosion Taklimakan Desert

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A new parallel framework of distributed SWAT calibration

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第1期7卷 122-131页

作者： Qiang LI Xi CHEN Yi LUO ZhongHua LU YanGang WANG Supercomputing Center Chinese Academy of Sciences xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of chinese academy of sciences

With the development of large-scale hydrologic modeling, computational efficiency is becoming more and more important. Rapid modeling and analysis are needed to deal with emergency environmental disasters. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） is a popular hydrologic model, which is less applied in large-scale watershed simulation because of its sequential characteristics. For improving the computational efficiency of the SWAT model, we present a new parallel processing solution for hydrologic cycle and calibration based on MPI （Message Passing Interface）. We partitioned sub-basins during the processes based on a load balancing method Then the calibration was parallelized using a master-slave scheme, in which different input parameters were allocated to different processes to run the hydrologic cycle and compute the function value. Because of the slow convergence and local optimization of the SCE-UA （Shuffled Complex Evolution-developed by University of Arizona） algorithm in SWAT calibration, a genetic algorithm （GA） is developed to optimize the calibration step. Then by dividing the default communicator into several sub-communicators, all the hydrologic cycles were par- allelized in their own sub-communicators to achieve further acceleration. In this paper the results show speedups for the hydrologic cycle calculations, as well as in the optimized calibration step. In the case study, we tested the parallel hydrologic cycle by four processes, and got a speedup of 3.06. In the calibration section, after applying the GA optimization, with 10 cores, we got a speed increase of 8.0 in our GA parallel framework compared with the GA sequential calibration, which is much better than the original SWAT calibration. After the sub-communicators added, this process was speeded up even further. The study demonstrated that the GA parallel framework with multi-sub-communicators is an effective and efficient solution for the hydrologists in large scale hydrology simulations.

关键词： parallel computing hydrologic model SWAT parameter optimization calibration

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Ecological and environmental explanation of microbiotic crusts on sand dune scales in the Gurbantonggut Desert, xinjiang

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第12期15卷 1089-1095页

作者： CHEN Yaning,LI Weihong,ZHOU Zhibing and LIU Jiazhen xinjiang institute of ecology and geography,chinese academy of sciences,Urumqi 830011,China xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China

Results obtained from the field investigation and the analysis in laboratory show that many species of microbiotic crusts of lichens,mosses and algae develop extensively in the Gurbantonggut Desert,*** formation,species and distribution are closely related to the environmental conditions at the different positions of sand *** animalcule crusts develop mainly on the mobile or semi-mobile sand surface of dune tops,the alga crusts develop mainly at the upper to middle parts of dune slopes,the lichen crusts develop at middle and lower parts of dune slopes,and the moss crusts are mainly distributed at the lower part of dune slopes and the interdune *** species,thickness and developing degree of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands,and an obvious contrast between the microbiotic crusts and the different species of plant communities *** development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at the different positions of dunes are the ecological appearance and the natural selection of synthetic adaptability of the different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions,and are closely related to the ecological conditions,such as the physiochemical properties of soils and stability of topsoil texture.

关键词： microbiotic crust sand done scales environmental explanation the Gurbantonggut Desert

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Physiological Responses of Three Contrasting Plant Species to Groundwater Level Changes in an Arid Environment

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2006年第5期48卷 520-526页

作者： Li Zhuang Ya-Ning Chen xinjiang institute of ecology and geography the Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China

Plants growing on both sides of the Tarim River in western China serve as a natural barrier containing the deserts and protecting the oasis, and their growth is greatly affected by water conditions In their local habitat. We studied the physiological responses of three different types plants （i.e. Populus euphratlca Oliver, Tamarix ramosissima L., and Apocynum venetumas Linn） to changing groundwater levels by analyzing changes in chlorophyll, soluble sugar, proline （Pro）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, superoxlde dlsmutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, indoleacetic acid （IAA）, giberellic acid, abscisic acid （ABA） and cytokinin （CK）. Relationships between these physiological characteristics and groundwater levels were analyzed in order to assess the drought tolerance of the three plant species based on the values of average membership function. We found that MDA, SOD and ABA were more susceptible to changes in groundwater level, followed by POD, IAA and CK. Among the three plant species, Populus euphratica responded physiologically less to changing groundwater level than T. ramosissima and A. venetumas.

关键词： Apocynum venetumas groundwater level membership function method Populus euphratica Tamarix ramosissima Tarim River.

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Effects of Afforestation on Carbon Storage in Boyang Lake Basin,China

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chinese Geographical Science 2013年第6期23卷 647-654页

作者： WU Dan SHAO Quanqin LI Jia institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences xinjiang institute of ecology and geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

By using field survey data from the sixth forest inventory of Jiangxi Province in 2003,the biomass and carbon storage for three studied species(Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata,and Pinus elliottii)were estimated in Taihe and Xingguo counties of Boyang Lake Basin,Jiangxi Province,*** relationship between carbon density and forest age was analyzed by logistic ***-temporal dynamics of forest biomass and carbon storage in 1985–2003 were also *** results show that total stand area of the three forest species was 3.10×105ha,total biomass 22.20 Tg,vegetation carbon storage 13.07 Tg C,and average carbon density 42.36 Mg C/ha in the study area in *** storage by forest type in descending order was:***,*** and *** storage by forest age group in descending order was:middle stand,young stand,near-mature stand and mature *** storage by plantation forests was 1.89 times higher than that by natural *** density of the three species increased 8.58 Mg C/ha during the study *** carbon density of Taihe County was higher in the east and west,and lower in the *** carbon density of Xingguo County was higher in the northeast and lower in the *** general,the carbon density increased with altitude and *** projects contribute significantly to increasing stand area and carbon *** forest management may improve the carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystems.

关键词： carbon storage carbon density forest inventory data Biomass Expansion Factor Boyang Lake Basin

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