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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第3期11卷 717-726页

作者： LI Guang-lu PANG Xiao-ming College of Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University Tianshui soil and water conservation experiment station of YRCC

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-term cultivation and water erosion on the soil organic carbon （OC） in particle-size fractions. The study site is located at Nihegou watershed in the Southern Loess Plateau, China. The soil at this site is loess with loose and silty structure, and contains macropores. The results showed that the OC concentrations in sediments and in the particle-size fractions of sediments were higher than those in soils and in the particle-size fractions of soils. The OC concentration was highest in the clay particles and was lowest in the sand particles. Clay particles possessed higher OC enrichment ability than silt and sand particles. The proportions of OC in the silt fractions of soil and sediment were the highest （mean value of 53.87% and 58.48%, respectively）, and the total proportion of OC in the clay and silt fractions accounted for 96% and 98% of the total OC in the soil and sediment, respectively. The loss of OC was highest in silt particles, with an average value of 0.16 Mg ha^-1 y^-1, and was lowest in the sand （0.003 Mg ha^-1 y^-l）. This result suggests that the fine particle-size fraction in the removed sediment may be an important indicator to assess soil OC losses.

关键词： soil organic carbon Loess Plateau Enrichment ratio water erosion Particle fraction

Impacts of precipitation variation and soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau Gully Region, China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 2028-2041页

作者： XIA Lu SONG Xiao-yu FU Na MENG Chun-fang LI Huai-you LI Yao-lin State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an 710048 China Xinxiang Hydrology and water Resources Survey Bureau Xinxiang 453000 China xifeng Scientific experiment station of soil and water conservation Yellow River conservancy committee Xifeng 745000 China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced a lengthy drought and severe soil *** in precipitation and land use largely determine the dynamics of runoff and sediment yield in this region. Trend and mutation analyses were performed on hydrological data(1981–2012) from the Yanwachuan watershed in the Loess Plateau Gully Region to study the evolution characteristics of runoff and sediment yield. A time-series contrasting method also was used to evaluate the effects of precipitation and soil and water conservation(SWC) on runoff and sediment yield. Annual sediment yield declined markedly from 1981 to 2012 although there was no significant change in annual precipitation and annual runoff. Change points of annual runoff and annual sediment yield occurred in 1996 and 1997,respectively. Compared with that in the baseline period(1981–1996), annual runoff and annual sediment yield in the change period(1997–2012)decreased by 17.0% and 76.0%, respectively, but annual precipitation increased by 6.3%. Runoff decreased in the flood season and normal season, but increased in the dry season, while sediment yield significantly declined in the whole study period. The SWC measures contributed significantly to the reduction of annual runoff(137.9%) and annual sediment yield(135%) and were more important than precipitation. Biological measures(forestland and grassland) accounted for 61.04% of total runoff reduction, while engineering measures(terraces and dams) accounted for 102.84% of total sediment yield reduction. Furthermore, SWC measures had positive ecological effects. This study provides a scientific basis for soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau.

关键词： Quantitative impact Trend analysis Evolution characteristics Runoff and sediment yield Rainfall Land use change

Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, China

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2009年第3期24卷 352-364页

作者： Huaxing BI1, Bin LIU2, Jie WU3, Lei YUN3, Zhihan CHEN2 and Zhewei CUI31 Prof. in hydrology, College of soil and water conservation, Box 67, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China, 2 Researcher in hydrology, xifeng station of soil and water conservation, xifeng, Gansu Province, China 3 Graduate Assis., College of soil and water conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China [a] Prof. in hydrology College of soil and water conservation Box 67 Beijing Forestry University 35 Qinghua East Road Haidian District Beijing 100083 China [b] Researcher in hydrology xifeng station of soil and water conservation xifeng Gansu Province China [c] Graduate Assis. College of soil and water conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation programs implemented in China-which have improved the ecological environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields. The arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in China because of a shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the xifeng soil and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment and its paired catchments (Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou catchment) as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature, streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that precipitation had a negative trend (downward trend), whereas air temperature showed a positive trend (upward trend) from the past to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in precipitation, air temperature did not contain any "jumping points." The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment, i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to 2008. An increase in forested land (from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to 2008) and a reduction of bare land (from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954 to 2008) accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However, the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison of streamflow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced streamflow by 49.63% (or 6.5 mm) each year.

关键词： Surface water hydrology Climate variability/change Forests Land use/land cover change Loess Plateau of China

Effect of microrelief features of tillage methods under different rainfall intensities on runoff and soil erosion in slopes

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International soil and water conservation Research 2024年第2期12卷 351-364页

作者： Xinkai Zhao Xiaoyu Song Lanjun Li Danyang Wang Pengfei Meng Huaiyou Li State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an710048ShaanxiChina Beijing Guanting Reservoir Management Office Huailai075441ZhangjiakouChina xifeng experiment station of soil and water conservation Yellow River Conservancy CommitteeQingyang745000GansuChina

Tillage methods play a crucial role in controlling rainwater partitioning and soil *** study utilized rainfall simulation experiments to investigate the impact of four tillage methods(manual digging(MD),manual hoeing(MH),traditional ploughing(TP),and ridged ploughing(RP))on runoff and soil erosion at the plot *** smooth slope(SS)was used as a *** intensities of 30,60,90,and 120 mm h−1 were *** study revealed that tillage altered rainwater distribution into depression storage,infiltration,and *** reduces runoff and increases *** four tillage methods(30–73%)increased the proportion of rainwater converted to infiltration to varying degrees compared to the SS(22–53%).Microrelief features influenced the role of tillage methods in soil *** roughness and depression storage accounted for 79%of the variation in sediment *** four tillage methods reduced runoff by 2.1–64.7%and sediment yield by 2.5–77.2%.Moreover,increased rainfall intensity weakens the ability of tillage to control soil *** rainfall intensity increased to 120 mm h−1,there was no significant difference in runoff yield among RP,TP,MH,and ***,assessing the effectiveness of tillage in reducing soil erosion should consider changes in rainfall ***,the cover management(C)factor of the RUSLE was used to assess the effects of different tillage methods on soil ***,the C factor values for tilled slopes are in the order MH>TP>RP>MD with a range of 0.23–*** the surface roughness increases,the C factor tends to decrease,and the two are exponential functions(R2=0.86).These studies contribute to our understanding of how different tillage methods impact runoff and soil erosion in sloped farmland and provide guidance for selecting appropriate local manual tillage methods.

关键词： Simulated rainfall Tillage methods Microrelief features Runoff soil erosion

Effects of simulated submerged and rigid vegetation and grain roughness on hydraulic resistance to simulated overland flow

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 2042-2052页

作者： YANG Ping-ping ZHANG Hui-lan MA Chao Beijing Engineering Research Center of soil and water conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China Jinyun Forest Ecosystem Research station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

Better understanding of the role of vegetation and soil on hydraulic resistance of overland flow requires quantitative partition of their interaction. In this paper, a total of 144 hydraulic flume experiments were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of overland flow. Results show that hydraulic resistance is negatively correlated with Reynolds number on non-simulated vegetated slopes, while positively on vegetated slopes. The law of composite resistance agrees with the dominant resistance, depending on simulated vegetation stem,surface roughness, and discharge. Surface roughness has greater influence on overland flow resistance than vegetation stem when unit discharge is lower than the low-limited critical discharge, while vegetation has a more obvious influence when unit discharge is higher than the upper-limited critical discharge. Combined effects of simulated vegetation and surface roughness are unequal to the sum of the individual effects through t-test, implying the limitation of using linear superposition principle in calculating overland flow resistances under combined effect of roughness elements.

关键词： Hydraulic resistance Overland flow Vegetation resistance Grain resistance Flume experiment

Effect of shrub-grass vegetation coverage and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第1期36卷 29-37页

作者： Dandan Han Jingcheng Deng Chaojun Gu Xingmin Mu Peng Gao Jianjian Gao State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University Yangtze River Basin Monitoring Center station for soil and water conservation Changjiang Water Resources Commission Suide Test station of water and soil conservation Yellow River Conservancy Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources

Evaluating the benefits of sediment and runoff reduction in different vegetation types is essential for studying the mechanisms of soil and water conservation on the Loess *** experiment was conducted in shrub-grass plots with nine levels of mixed vegetation coverage from 0% to 70%,three slopes(10°,15°,and 20°) and two rainfall intensities(1.0 and 2.5 mm/min).The results showed that the vegetation coverage and slope gradient significantly affect runoff and sediment ***-grass vegetation coverage had a significant effect on the runoff start-time,runoff flow velocity,runoff rate,and soil erosion rate on *** vegetation coverage could effectively delay the runoff starttime and decrease the runoff flow ***,the effects of the slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield are opposite to those of vegetation ***-grass vegetation coverage could effectively increase runoff and sediment yield reduction benefits,while their benefits were affected by the rainfall *** the 1.0 mm/min rainfall intensity,the reduction in the sediment production rate was greater than that under the 2.5 mm/min ***,when the shrub-grass vegetation coverage exceeded 42%,the runoff reduction benefit was more obvious at higher rainfall *** cumulative sediment yield increased with increasing cumulative runoff,and the rate of increase in the cumulative runoff was greater than that of the cumulative sediment yield with increasing of shrub-grass vegetation ***,there was a power function relationship between cumulative sediment yield and cumulative runoff yield(P <0.05).Our paper is expected to provide a good reference on the ecological environment and vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau.

关键词： Simulated rainfall Shrub-grass coverage Slope Runoff and sediment yield

Sediment retention by check dams in the Hekouzhen-Longmen Section of the Yellow River

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2008年第2期23卷 159-166页

作者： Da-Chuan RAN1,2,Quan-Hua LUO3,Zu-Hao ZHOU4,Guo-Qing WANG5,and Xiao-Hua ZHANG2 1 Senior Engineer,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an 710048,China 2 Senior Engineer,Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,Zhengzhou 450003,China 3 Engineer ,xifeng soil and water conservation experimental station,Qingyang 745000,China 4 Senior Engineer,China Institute of water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China 5 Senior Engineer,Flood prevention office of YRCC,Zhengzhou 450003,China [a]Senior Engineer Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an 710048 China [b]Senior Engineer Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research Zhengzhou 450003 China [c]Engineer xifeng soil and water conservation experimental station Qingyang 745000 China [d]Senior Engineer China Institute of water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100038 China [e]Senior Engineer Flood prevention office of YRCC Zhengzhou 450003 China

Coarse sediment retention by check dams is analyzed for five typical catchments in the Hekou-Longmen section of the midstream of the Yellow River,which is an area of high coarse sediment *** catchments are the Huangfuchuan,Kuye,Wuding,Sanchuan and Qiushui River *** amount of coarse sediment retained by check dams in these areas for different periods was *** reduction due to check dams is compared with other soil conservation measures and the results show that check dams are the most effective to rapidly reduce the amount of coarse sediment entering the Yellow *** the average percentage of the drainage area with check dams for the five typical catchments reaches 3.0%,the average sediment reduction ratio can reach 60%.Therefore,to rapidly and effectively reduce the amount of sediment,especially coarse sediment,entering the Yellow River,the area percentage of check dams in the Hekou-Longmen section should be kept around 3%.The Kuye and Huangfuchuan River Basins are the preferred main catchments in which such water conservation measures are implemented.

关键词： Sediment retention Yellow River Check dam Coarse sediment Grain size

soil moisture response to land use and topography across a semi-arid watershed: Implications for vegetation restoration on the Chinese Loess Plateau

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第1期19卷 103-120页

作者： XIA Lu BI Ru-tian SONG Xiao-yu HU Wei LYU Chun-juan XI Xu LI Huai-you College of Resources and Environment Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu 030801China State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 4704Christchurch 8140New Zealand School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering Suzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhou 215000China xifeng Scientific experiment station of soil and water conservation Yellow River Conservancy CommissionQingyang 745000China

soil moisture is a limiting factor of ecosystem development in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Characterizing the soil moisture response to its dominant controlling factors, such as land use and topography, and quantifying the soil-water carrying capacity for revegetation is of great significance for vegetation restoration in this region. In this study, soil moisture was monitored to a depth of 2 m in three land use types(native grassland, introduced grassland,and forestland), two landforms(hillslope and gully),and two slope aspects(sunny and shady) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of the Loess Plateau,Northwest China. The MIKE SHE model was then applied to simulate the soil moisture dynamics under different conditions and determine the optimal plant coverage. Results showed that the average soil moisture was higher in native grassland than in introduced grassland and Platycladus orientalis forestland for a given topographic condition;however,a high soil moisture content was found in Robinia pseudoacacia forestland, with a value that was even higher than the native grassland of a sunny slope. The divergent results in the two forestlands were likely attributed to the differences in plant coverage. Gully regions and shady slopes usually had higher soil moisture, while lower soil moisture was usually distributed on the hillslope and sunny ***, the mean absolute relative error and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of the MIKE SHE model ranged between 2.8%–7.8% and 0.550–0.902,respectively, indicating that the model could effectively simulate the soil moisture dynamics. The optimal plant coverage was thus determined for hillslope P. orientalis by the model, corresponding to a leaf area index(LAI) value of 1.92. Therefore, for sustainable revegetation on the Loess Plateau,selecting suitable land use types(natural vegetation),controlling the planting density/LAI, and selecting proper planting locations(gully and shady slope regions) should be considered by loca

关键词： soil moisture MIKE SHE Optimal plant coverage Land use Topography

Size-and leaf age-dependent effects on the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica to drought stress

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第7期13卷 744-758页

作者： WANG Chunyuan YU Minghan DING Guodong GAO Guanglei ZHANG Linlin HE Yingying LIU Wei Yanchi Research station School of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on soil and water conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China

Drought is one of the most significant natural disasters in the arid and semi-arid areas of *** or plant organs often differ in their responses to drought and other adversities at different growth *** present,little is known about the size-and leaf age-dependent differences in the mechanisms of shrub-related drought resistance in the deserts of ***,we evaluated the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica *** drought stress using a field experiment in Mu Us Sandy Land,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China in *** was manipulated by installing outdoor shelters,with four rainfall treatments applied to 12 plots(5 m×5 m).There were four rainfall levels,including a control and rainfall reductions of 30%,50%and 70%,each with three *** individual crown size as the dividing basis,we measured the responses of *** photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought at different growth stages,i.e.,large-sized(>0.5 m^(2))and small-sized(≤0.5 m^(2))*** leaves of *** were divided into old leaves and young leaves for separate *** showed that:(1)under drought stress,the transfer efficiency of light energy captured by antenna pigments to the photosystem II(PSII)reaction center decreased,and the heat dissipation capacity increased *** resist the photosynthetic system damage caused by drought,*** enhanced its free radical scavenging capacity by activating its antioxidant enzyme system;and(2)growth stage and leaf age had effects on the reaction of the photosynthetic system to *** *** plants could not withstand severe drought stress(70%rainfall reduction),whereas large *** individuals could absorb deep soil water to ensure their survival in severe drought stressed *** 30%and 50%rainfall reduction conditions,young leaves had a greater ability to resist drought than old leaves,whereas the latter were more resistant

关键词： drought stress age difference plant size photosynthesis physiological response survival strategy

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第8期13卷 1772-1781页

作者： YANG Zeng-ping ZHENG Sheng-xian NIE Jun LIAO Yu-lin XIE Jian soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scientifi c Observing and experimental station of Arable Land conservation (Hunan) Ministry of Agriculture

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.

关键词： green manure organic carbon reddish paddy soil total nitrogen water-stable aggregates