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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2022年第2期37卷 292-299页

作者：熊雷 HUANG Shaohuai ZHONG Rouchao TANG Weizhong LIU Chao 靳艳巧 co.lege of Materials Science and Engineering Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China China National R&D Center for tungsten Technology Xiamen Tungsten Co.LtdXiamen 361009China

The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of co.ventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based co.pounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate co.ted red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.co.e calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is co.tinuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.

关键词： lignin red phosphorus ABS flame retardant

Recent research and development of thick CVD tungsten co.tings for fusion application

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tungsten 2020年第1期2卷 83-93页

作者： Zhe Chen You‑Yun Lian Xiang Liu Fan Feng Bin‑You Yan Jian‑Bao Wang Yan‑Wei Lv Jiu‑Peng Song Chun‑Jia Liu Lai‑Zhong Cai Southwestern Institute of Physics Chengdu 610041China China National R&D Center for tungsten Technology Xiamen Tungsten Co.Ltd.Xiamen 361009China

As the interface closest to the edge plasma of a fusion reactor reacting deuterium(D)and tritium(T),plasma-facing material(PFM)need to withstand extreme service co.ditions with the high particle flux,high heat load,and neutrons with energy up to 14.1 MeV.tungsten(W)is the primary candidate of PFMs in future fusion reactors due to its high melting point,good thermal co.ductivity,excellent irradiation resistance,and low hydrogen/helium retention.So far,powder metallurgy is a leading route for the preparation of W-based PFM.An alternative approach co.ld be the co.ting technique,which has advantages on fabricating W PFMs and plasma-facing co.ponent(PFC)simultaneously.In the past several years,inspiring results were achieved in the preparation process and performance evaluation of the W co.ting with high purity,excellent thermal co.ductivity,and thickness at the millimeter level by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition(APCVD).No obvious grain growth and hardness decrease were observed when the annealing temperature was lower than 1500°C,indicating its good thermal stability.The as-deposited co.ting exhibited a co.parable thermal shock resistance with the co.ventional W bulk.While the polished sample showed a high crack threshold(0.33-0.44 GW·m^(−2))when exposed to edge localized mode like transient at room temperature,co.pared to the unpolished co.nterpart.Irradiation performance of the chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-W exposed to deuterium(D)plasma and fission neutron were also evaluated.Additionally,the practicality of preparation of large-scale W-based PFM by this technique is also demonstrated.This paper gives a short overview on the recent research and development status of the thick W co.ting prepared by APCVD at Xiamen Tungsten Co.,Ltd and Southwestern Institute of Physics for using as PFM and PFC in fusion devices.

关键词： tungsten co.tings Chemical vapor deposition Plasma-facing materials Plasma-facing co.ponent

Outstanding high-temperature oxidation-and wear-resistance of WC based cermets

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第24期155卷 33-46页

作者： Wentao Jiang Hao Lu Xuemei Liu Haibin Wang Dongyang Li Chao Liu Mingsheng Wang Xiaoyan Song Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Ministry of Education of China Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H5 Canada Xiamen Tungsten Co. Ltd. Xiamen 361009 China

The interaction between oxidation and frictional load can greatly deteriorate the performance of ceramic-metal co.posites.In this work,we used WC-co.cermet as a representative of ceramic-metal co.posites to study its wear failure behavior and protection effectiveness.It is found that a transition of wear mechanism from mechanical wear to oxidative wear occurs with increasing temperature.The addition of zirco.ia can significantly improve the anti-oxidation performance and load-bearing capacity of the cermet under the frictional load.This is mainly attributed to the modulation of the tribo-oxide layer co.stitutions and changes in surface morphology.The zirco.ia co.ponent facilitates the formation of a dense protective oxide layer and reduces the co.tent of brittle oxides on the worn surface.Based on the understanding of the temperature-and oxidation-induced co.positional and microstructural evolutions at the sliding co.tact surface and subsurface,a promising approach is proposed for developing ceramic-metal co.posites with high wear resistance and anti-oxidation capability.

关键词： Cermet Anti-oxidation performance Wear mechanism Zirco.ia

Development of manufacturing technology on WC-co.hardmetals

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tungsten 2019年第3期1卷 198-212页

作者： Hongbo Nie Taiquan Zhang School of Materials Science and Engineering Baise UniversityBaise 533000China China National R&D Center for tungsten Technology Xiamen Tungsten Co.LTD.Xiamen 361009China

Hardmetals are tungsten carbide(WC)-based co.posites,which are made of WC as a hard phase and transition metals such as co.Fe,or/and Ni as ductile binder matrices.Their properties can be mainly tailored through the grain sizes of the sintered carbides and the amount of metallic binder.As successful tool materials,hardmetals are widely applied in metal cutting,wear applications,chipless forming,stoneworking,wood,and plastic working.In 2017,about two-thirds of tungsten co.sumption(including recycled materials)were produced for hardmetals in the world.This paper briefly introduces the development of manufacturing technology on WC-co.hardmetals from three aspects:powder preparation,bulk densifica-tion,and performance characterization.Two special WC-co.hardmetals are also described:co.alt-enrichment zone(CEZ)hardmetals,and binderless hardmetals.Furthermore,the development prospects for manufacturing techniques of hardmetals are also presented in the end.

关键词： Hardmetal Ultrafine WC powder Ultrafine co.alt powder Extrusion press Liquid sintering co.alt-enrichment zone hardmetal Binderless hardmetal

Influence of recrystallization on tungsten divertor monoblock under high heat flux

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tungsten 2022年第3期4卷 194-202页

作者： Yu-Zhong Jin Xiang Liu You-Yun Lian Jiu-Peng Song Southwestern Institute of Physics Chengdu610225China Xiamen Tungsten Co.Ltd Xiamen361021China

Extremely high heat flux reaching 20 MW·m^(−2) can be foreseen for the future fusion reactor.Such high heat flux would induce recrystallization of tungsten(W)material,leading to significant strength loss of tungsten material and increment of ductility at high temperature,in particular when the temperature is much higher than its ductile-to-brittle transition temperature(DBTT).In this paper,an International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER)-like tungsten divertor monoblock is modeled,and benchmark has been done first to get co.sistent results with ITER.Then,the monoblock structure has been optimized in order to get a lowest possible temperature and stress during heating and co.ling phase separately co.pared to the baseline structure.Structural analysis of two kinds of states:stress-relieved tungsten and recrystallized tungsten using finite element method has been performed,aiming at finding out the recrystallization impact on the mechanical behavior of tungsten in divertor monoblock under cyclic high heat flux.Damages due to progressive deformation and time-independent fatigue lifetime of these two states of tungsten have been assessed and co.pared acco.ding to criteria The Structural Design Criteria for ITER In-vessel co.ponents.Finally,the impact of different material recrystallization temperature on mechanical behavior has been explored under stationary heat load.The result shows that after recrystallization,thermal stress of tungsten material can be released by the larger plastic deformation co.pared to the stress-relieved tungsten.However,it is easier for recrystallized tungsten to get damaged due to progressive deformation as well as fatigue under 20 MW·m^(−2) cyclic heat flux than stress-relieved tungsten because of its relatively lower yield strength and larger plastic strain,which would cause low-cycle strain fatigue.Furthermore,tungsten with lower recrystallization temperature distorts more seriously,and therefore,it can be predicted the cracks would be initiated more easily.

关键词： tungsten Finite element method Divertor High heat flux Thermal stress

Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2024年第3期33卷 374-385页

作者： Bihui Hong Wenbin Li Yiming Li Zhiwei Guo Binyou Yan Ministerial Key Laboratory of ZNDY Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Xiamen Tungsten Co. Ltd.Xiamen 361004China

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 co.per liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microsco.e(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-co.ted double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners co.ld form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.co.pared with the traditional pure co.per shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

关键词： Shaped charge Chemical vapor deposition tungsten Double-layer charge liner X-ray Penetration

Grain size effect on wear resistance of WC-co.cemented carbides under different tribological co.ditions

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2019年第11期35卷 2435-2446页

作者： Haibin Wang Mark Gee Qingfan Qiu Hannah Zhang Xuemei Liu Hongbo Nie Xiaoyan Song Zuoren Nie co.lege of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsEducation Ministry of ChinaBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China National Physical Laboratory Hampton RoadTeddingtonTW110LWUK Xiamen Tungsten Co. Ltd.Xiamen 361009China

The grain-size dependence of wear resistance of WC-co.cemented carbides(with mean WC grain sizes of 2.2μm,1.6μm,0.8μm and 0.4μm,respectively)was investigated under different tribological co.ditions.The results showed that the grain size had opposite effects on wear resistance of the cemented carbides in dry sliding wear and microabrasion tests.In the former co.dition,with decrease of WC grain size hence the increase of hardness,plastic deformation,fracture,fragmentation and oxidation were all mitigated,leading to a drastic decrease in the wear rate.In the latter co.dition,pull-out of WC grains after co.removal dominated the wear,so that the hardness of cemented carbide was not a co.e factor.As a result,the wear resistance of the cemented carbide generally showed a decreasing trend with decrease of the grain size,except for a slight increase in the ultrafine-grained cemented carbide.Single-pass scratching of the cemented carbides under various loads indicated the same failure mechanism as that in the sliding wear tests.Furthermore,the reasons for severe surface oxidation of the co.rse-grained cemented carbides were disclosed.

关键词： Cemented carbide Grain size Fracture Surface oxidation Grain pull-out Wear resistance

Enhancement of terbium efficiency by gallium and co.per co.doping in(Pr,Nd)-Fe-B sintered magnets

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Journal of Rare Earths 2023年第4期41卷 572-577页

作者： Qingfang Huang Qingzheng Jiang Yao Shi Sajjad Ur Rehman Xing Wei Ruoshu Wang Yongjian Zhang Deqin Xu Dakun Chen Zhenchen Zhong Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Magnetic Materials and Devices&co.lege of Rare Earth Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou 341000China Institute of Rare Earth Magnetic Material Xiamen Tungsten Co.Ltd.Xiamen 361010China Fujian Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Functional Materials Longyan 366300China Ganjiang Innovation Academy Chinese Academy of SciencesGanzhou 341000China

It is well known that Tb substitution for(Pr,Nd)in(Pr,Nd)-Fe-B based sintered magnetic materials is an effective way to increase intrinsic co.rcivity,but it is not quite clear whether the increment depends on the different matrix phases with various doping ingredient or not,which is essential to develop high quality magnets with high co.rcivity more efficiently and effectively with eco.omic co.sumption of expensive Tb and other co.tly heavy rare earths.In this paper,we investigated the efficiency of Tb substitution for magnetic property in(Pr,Nd)-Fe-B sintered permanent magnets by co.doping Ga and Cu elements.It is shown that Ga and Cu co.doping can effectively improve the efficiency of Tb substitution to increase the thermal stability and the co.rcivity.The intrinsic co.rcivity increases up to 549 and 987 kA/m respectively by 1.5 wt%and 3.0 wt%Tb substitution in Ga and Cu co.doped magnets while the intrinsic co.rcivity increases up to only 334 and 613 kA/m respectively by the same amounts of Tb substitution in non-Ga and low-Cu magnets.In other words,it demonstrates that there is about 329-366 kA/m linear equivalent enhancement of intrinsic co.rcivity by 1.0 wt%Tb substitution for(Pr,Nd)in Ga and Cu co.doped magnets.The temperature co.fficients of both intrinsic co.rcivityβand remanenceαat 20-150℃by 3.0 wt%Tb substitution for the magnets with Ga and Cu co.doping are-0.47%/K and-0.109%/K respectively,and in co.trast those values are-0.52%/K and 0.116%/K respectively for the non-Ga and low-Cu magnets.It is the principal reason for more efficient enhancement of magnetic property by Tb substitution in the Ga and Cu co.doped magnets in which Tb atoms are expelled from triple junction phases(TJPs)to penetrate into the grain boundary phases(GB phases)and thus modify the grain boundary.It is prospected that the efficiency of Tb substitution would rely on different matrix phases with various doping co.stituents.

关键词： (Pr Nd)-Fe-B magnet Magnetic properties Microstructure Efficiency of Tb substitution Ga and Cu co.doping Rare earths

High-temperature mechanical behavior of ultra-co.rse cemented carbide with grain strengthening

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第9期104卷 8-18页

作者： Huaxin Hu Xuemei Liu Jinghong Chen Hao Lu Chao Liu Haibin Wang Junhua Luan Zengbao Jiao Yong Liu Xiaoyan Song Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsMinistry of Education of ChinaBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China Xiamen Tungsten Co. Ltd.Xiamen 361009China Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongHong KongChina Department of Mechanical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

Ultra-co.rse grained cemented carbides are often used under co.ditions of co.currently applied stress and high temperature.Improvement of high-temperature mechanical performance of ultra-co.rse grained cemented carbides is highly desirable but still a big challenge.In this study,it is proposed that the hightemperature co.pression strength of ultra-co.rse cemented carbides can be enhanced by modulating hard matrix grains by activated Ta C nanoparticles,through solid solution strengthening of Ta atoms.Based on the designed experiments and microstructural characterizations co.bined with finite element simulations,the grain morphology,stress distribution and dislocation co.figuration were studied in detail for ultra-co.rse grained cemented carbides.The mechanisms of Ta dissolving in WC crystal and strengthening ultra-co.rse grains through interaction with dislocations were disclosed from the atomic scale.This study opens a new perspective to modulate hard phases of cemented carbides for improving their hightemperature performance,which will be applicable to a variety of cermet and ceramic-based co.posite materials.

关键词： Ultra-co.rse cemented carbides High-temperature co.pressive behavior Strengthening of hard-phase grains Dislocation motion

Advances in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

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Genes & Diseases 2020年第3期7卷 308-319页

作者： Weiyi Wang Chao Wei xiamen Amplly Bio-engineering co. LtdXiamenPR China

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers globally.In co.trast to the declining death rates observed for all other co.mon cancers such as breast,lung,and prostate cancers,the death rates for HCC co.tinue to increase by^2e3%per year because HCC is frequently diagnosed late and there is no curative therapy for an advanced HCC.The early diagnosis of HCC is truly a big challenge.Over the past years,the early diagnosis of HCC has relied on surveillance with ultrasonography(US)and serological assessments of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP).However,the specificity and sensitivity of US/AFP is not satisfactory enough to detect early onset HCC.Recent technological advancements offer hope for early HCC diagnosis.Herein,we review the progress made in HCC diagnostics,with a focus on emerging imaging techniques and biomarkers for early disease diagnosis.

关键词： Biomarker Early diagnosis Hepatocellular carcinoma Imaging Liquid biopsy