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Longitudinal distributions of two formation pathways of biogenic gases in continental deposits: A case study from Sebei 1 gas field in the Qaidam Basin, western China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第2期50卷 221-227页

作者： SHUAI YanHua ZHANG ShuiChang ZHAO WenZhi SU AiGuo WANG HuiTong petroleum geology Research and Central Laboratory Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentBeijing 100083China

The distribution of two formation pathways of biogenic methane, acetate fermentation and reduction of CO2, has been extensively studied. In general, CO2 reduction is the dominate pathway in marine envi- ronment where acetate is relatively depleted because of SRB consuming. While in terrestrial freshwater or brackish environment, acetate fermentation is initially significant, but decreases with increasing buried depth. In this paper, character of biogenic gases is profiled in the XS3-4 well of the Sebei 1 gas field in the Sanhu depression, Qaidam Basin. It indicates that those two pathways do not change strictly with increasing buried depth. CO2 reduction is important near the surface (between 50 m and 160 m), and at the mesozone (between 400 and 1650 m). While acetate fermentation is the primary pathway at two zones, from 160 to 400 m and from 1650 to 1700 m. δ 13C of methane generated in those two acetate fermentation zones varies greatly, owing to different sediment circumstances. At the sec- ond zone (160-400 m), δ 13C1 ranges from ?65‰ to ?30‰ (PDB), because the main deposit is mudstone and makes the circumstance confined. At the fourth zone of the well bottom (1650-1700 m), δ 13C1 is lighter than ?65‰ (PDB). Because the deposit is mainly composed of siltstone, it well connects with outer fertile groundwater and abundant nutrition has supplied into this open system. The high con- centration of acetate is a forceful proof. δ 13C of methane would not turn heavier during fermentation, owing to enough nutrition supply. In spite of multi-occurrence of acetate fermentation, the commercial gas accumulation is dominated by methane of CO2-reduction pathway. A certain content of alkene gases in the biogenic gases suggests that methanogensis is still active at present.

关键词： biogenic gases carbon dioxide carbon isotopes hydrogen isotopes Qaidam Basin

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Cementation Characteristics and Their Effect on Quality of the Upper Triassic, the Lower Cretaceous, and the Upper Cretaceous Sandstone Reservoirs, Euphrates Graben, Syria

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第6期32卷 1545-1562页

作者： Ibrahem Yousef Vladimir Morozov Vladislav Sudakov Ilyas Idrisov institute of geology and petroleum Technologies Kazan Federal UniversityKazanRussia

This article presents the results of cementation characteristics and their effect on sandstone reservoir quality of the Upper Triassic Mulussa F, the Lower Cretaceous Lower Rutbah, and the Upper Cretaceous Post Judea Sandstone formations in selected fields in the Euphrates Graben area, Syria. This study emphasises the role of cementation in the evaluation of the diagenetic history of the sediments, developing effective porosity, as well as evaluation of reservoirs stimulation procedures and potential for formation damage of the sandstone reservoirs. Quartz cement is present as well developed tabular or pyramidal syntaxial overgrowths. Kaolinite cement is present as vermicular aggregates which are most abundant within sandstones of the Mulussa F Formation. Carbonate cements include siderite and dolomite. Four lithofacies were identified within the studied formations;lithofacies-1 and 2 correspond to fluvial depositional environments, lithofacies-3 and 4 correspond to fluvial to estuarine channel environments. The Post Judea Sandstone and the Lower Rutbah reservoir units are typically lithofacies-3 sequences in which quartz overgrowths are the dominant cement. Because the total cement is more extensive in the Post Judea Sandstone Formation than in the Lower Rutbah Formation, resulting in high porosity(up to 26%) and permeability(6 000 mD), the reservoir quality is predicted to be best in the Post Judea Sandstone Formation. The reservoir units in the Mulussa F Formation contain the highest cement volumes comprised of early siderite and kaolinite, which, with the development of compaction-resisting quartz overgrowths and resultant compactional pore volume loss, has resulted in typically lower porosity being preserved than in the Lower Rutbah and Post Judea Sandstone formations.

关键词： cementation diagenesis reservoirs quality Euphrates Graben Syria

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Dynamic Processes of the Paleozoic Tarim Basin and Its Significance for Hydrocarbon Accumulation——A Review and Discussion

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Journal of Earth Science 2012年第4期23卷 381-394页

作者：李思田任建业邢凤存刘占红李红谊陈强路李祯 Key Laboratory of Tectonics and petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Faculty of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences institute of Sedimentary geology Chengdu University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Oil/Gas Reservoir geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of Technology wuxi Research institute of petroleum geology SINOPEC

The structural framework and evolution processes of the giant superimposed Tarim basin in Paleozoic Era are controlled by three main factors：（1） features and structures of the basin basement; （2） deep mantle dynamics process （such as the Sinian rifting and the Permian plume-related magmatic activities）; （3） the powerful regional compressional or compresso-shear stress regime generated by the orogenic movement from surrounding regions. The latter of which occurring in multiple episodes is the most important factor for the Paleozoic Tarim basin evolution. Under the above tectonic background, the underlying lithosphere of the Tarim basin had been flexed, and then the upper crust was folded. The paleo-uplifts （e.g., Tabei （塔北） and Tazhong （塔中） and depressions occurred in both of the flexuraland folding processes, which are different with the models of foreland basin in stable and large cratons in the world. During the early evolution stage in Cambrian-Early Ordovician, low-relief paleo-uplifts, and open carbonate platforms formed in center area, while during the Late Ordovician compressional tectonic regime, thebelted uplifts and restricted platforms formed in the contemporaneous folding processes. Denudated stages occurred during the strong tectonic events marked by the unconformities and karstified weathered crusts formed on platforms. All the discovered giant-middle oilfields are closely related to the paleo-uplift and karstified crust evolution. There are two main types of oil reservoir： paleo-karst type and reef-bank type on the carbonate platform in paleo-uplift areas. In Permian, plume-related massive magmatic activities led to geo-temperature increase and the regional uplifting in this basin, ending the marine deposit filling sequences and starting the formation of terrestrial deposits-dominated sequences. With abundant supply from giant hydrocarbon generation depressions, the most important oil fields formed in Tabei and Tazhong areas. To reveal the multi-stag

关键词： Paleozoic Tarim basin geodynamics hydrocarbon accumulation.

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Characteristics, Genesis, and Sedimentary Environment of Duplex-Like Structures in the Jurassic Sediments of Western Qaidam Basin, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第5期26卷 677-689页

作者： Liangtian Ni Jianhua Zhong Zhufu Shao Yong Li Cui Mao Shengxin Liu School of Geoscience China University of Petroleum Qingdao institute of Marine geology

A particular type of soft-sediment deformation structure, similar to imbricate structure, is developed in the Jurassic strata at Honggouzi, western Qaidam Basin, China. We refer to this structure as a duplex-like deformation structure, because it is inferred to have been formed by the action of fast-moving, submarine gravity current sediments gliding across a pre-existing semiconsolidated sedimentary layer. The layers of duplex-like structure crop out in the southeastern limb of the core of a medium-sized anticline. The average dip direction of the duplex-like structure is 301.2° and the average dip angle is 54.7°. Duplex-like deformed laminations are composed mainly of weakly metamorphosed, extremely poorly sorted, feldspathic lithic graywacke. Sericite can be observed along bedding planes. The duplex-like structure occurs within a sequence of river-channel fine conglomerate, interchannel carbonaceous mudstone（shale）, shallow-water delta sand-shale, shallow-lake calcareous mudstone, olistostromes, and a turbidite. At the bottom of the sequence, we found brownish-red shallow-lake calcareous mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone and at the top olistostromes whose genesis is related to the slip and drag of a slumped body of submarine sediment. In combination with other symbiotic and associated structures, it is considered that the duplex-like structure was formed by the slumping and subsequent movement and traction of delta-front semiconsolidated sediments over the bottom sediments of a shore or shallow-lake sedimentary environment, probably triggered by an earthquake. The attitude of the duplex-like structure indicates that the direction of gliding was from NW301.2° toward SE121°, which is consistent with the current location of the Altun Mountains, indicating that the Altun Mountains existed in the Jurassic. The orogenesis of these mountains likely involved seismic activity, and an earthquake was the triggering factor in the formation of the duplex-like structure by ca

关键词： duplex-like structure soft-sediment deformation turbidity current slumping and glid-ing western Qaidam Basin

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In situ Raman spectroscopic quantification of CH4–CO2 mixture: application to fluid inclusions hosted in quartz veins from the Longmaxi Formation shales in Sichuan Basin, southwestern China

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petroleum Science 2020年第1期17卷 23-35页

作者： Ye Qiu Xiao-Lin Wang Xian Liu Jian Cao Yi-Feng Liu Bin-Bin Xi Wan-Lu Gao School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023JiangsuChina Ocean College Zhejiang UniversityZhoushan 316021ZhejiangChina wuxi Research institute of petroleum geology SINOPECWuxi 214151JiangsuChina

We re-evaluate the Raman spectroscopic quantification of the molar ratio and pressure for CH4–CO2 ***,the Raman quantification factors of CH4 and CO2 increase with rising pressure at room temperature,indicating that Raman quantification of CH4/CO2 molar ratio can be applied to those fluid inclusions(FIs)with high internal pressure(i.e.,>15 MPa).Secondly,the v1(CH4)peak position shifts to lower wavenumber with increasing pressure at constant temperature,confirming that the v1(CH4)peak position can be used to calculate the fluid ***,this method should be carefully calibrated before applying to FI analyses because large discrepancies exist among the reported v1(CH4)-P curves,especially in the highpressure *** calibrations are applied to CH4-rich FIs in quartz veins of the Silurian Longmaxi black shales in southern Sichuan *** vapor phases of these FIs are mainly composed of CH4 and minor CO2,with CO2 molar fractions from4.4%to 7.4%.The pressure of single-phase gas FI ranges from 103.65 to 128.35 MPa at room temperature,which is higher than previously *** calculations supported the presence of extremely high-pressure CH4-saturated fluid(218.03–256.82 MPa at 200°C),which may be responsible for the expulsion of CH4 to adjacent reservoirs.

关键词： Raman spectroscopy Molar ratio Fluid pressure CO2–CH4 mixture Fluid inclusion Paleo-overpressure

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Control of coupling among three major factors for formation of high-efficiency gas reservoir——A case study on the oolitic beach gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A01期52卷 201-214页

作者： WANG ZeCheng ZHAO WenZhi ZHANG ShuiChang WANG HongJun YU Qian institute of geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Research institute of petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Testing Center of petroleum geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Chengdu institute of geology and Mineral Resources Chengdu 610082 China

Through a case study of the high-efficiency gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of key elements such as hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, and reservoir evolution as well as their interplay in the critical moment of reservoir formation controlled by the energy field were carried out, by means of numerical modeling of the energy field. It was found that the climax time for Permian hydrocarbon generation was Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and accumulation of oil and gas has resulted in large-scale paleoreservoirs in paleostructural traps in Feixianguan Formation, a process facilitated by fractures connecting the sources. The paleoreservoirs have been turned into high-efficiency gas kitchens due to pyrolysis, which resulted from deep burial at a temperature of 170―210 ℃ as induced by tremendously thick sedimentation in the foreland basin of Daba Mountain in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, abundant acid gas like H2S produced from thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) at high temperatures leads to extensive dissolution of dolostone in the paleoreservoirs, which may in turn result in modification of the reservoirs and preservation of the reservoir rock porosity. The present distribution of gas reservoirs was ultimately determined in the processes of adjustment, cooling and decompression of the paleoreservoirs resulting from intense deformation in the front of Daba Mountain during the Himalayan orogeny.

关键词：数字模型高效率储存四川盆地资源开发

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TSR promotes the formation of oil-cracking gases: Evidence from simulation experiments

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第3期51卷 451-455页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang SHUAI YanHua ZHU GuangYou Research Center of petroleum geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentPetroChinaBeijing100083

TSR is an interaction between sulfate and hydrocarbons, occurring widely in carbonate reservoirs. Because this process can produce a large amount of noxious acidic gases like H2S, it has drawn seri- ous concern recently. This paper reports an experiment that simulated an interaction between different minerals and hydrocarbon fluids under different temperature and time using a confined gold-tube system. The results showed that the main mineral that initiates TSR is MgSO4, and adding a certain amount of NaCl into the reactive system can also promote TSR and yield more H2S. The H2S produced in TSR is an important incentive for the continuous oxidative degradation of crude oils. For instance, the yield of oil-cracking gases affected by TSR was twice of that not affected by TSR while the yield of TSR-affected methane was even higher, up to three times of that unaffected by TSR. The carbon iso- topes of wet gases also became heavier. All of the above illustrated that TSR obviously motivates the oxidative degradation of crude oils, which makes the gaseous hydrocarbon generation sooner and increases the gas dryness as well. The study on this process is important for understanding the TSR mechanism and the mechanism of natural gas generation in marine strata.

关键词： thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) crude oil natural gas H2S simulation experiment

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Type division and controlling factor analysis of 3rd-order sequences in marine carbonate rocks

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Geoscience Frontiers 2014年第2期5卷 289-298页

作者： Yunbo Zhang Zongju Zhao Genhou Wang Zaixing Jiang Mingjian Wang Min Zheng Shiben Zhang China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Chinese petroleum Society Qingdao institute of Marine geology Research institute of petroleum Exploration and Development

Type division and controlling factor analysis of 3rd-order sequence are of practical significance to tec-tonic analysis, sedimentary environment identification, and other geological researches. Based on the comprehensive analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope trends, paleobathymetry and spectral-frequency of representative well logs, 3rd-order sequences can be divided into 3 types：（a） global sea level （GSL） sequence mainly controlled by GSL change;（b） tectonic sequence mainly controlled by regional tectonic activity;and （c） composite sequence jointly controlled by GSL change and regional tectonic activity. This study aims to identify the controlling factors of 3rd-order sequences and to illustrate a new method for classification of 3rd-order sequences of the middle Permian strata in the Sichuan Basin, China. The middle Permian strata in the Sichuan Basin consist of 3 basin-contrastive 3rd-order sequences, i.e., PSQ1, PSQ2 and PSQ3. Of these, PSQ1 is a GSL sequence while PSQ2 and PSQ3 are composite sequences. The results suggest that the depositional environment was stable during the deposition of PSQ1, but was activated by tectonic activity during the deposition of the middle Permian Maokou Formation.

关键词： Carbon isotope 3rd-Order sequence Milankovitch cycles Middle Permian strata Sichuan Basin

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Pore structure evolution of lacustrine organic-rich shale from the second member of the Kongdian formation in the Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

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petroleum Science 2022年第2期19卷 459-471页

作者： Xiao-Ping Liu Ming Guan Zhi-Jun Jin Zhe Cao Jin Lai Lun-Ju Zheng Wen-Qi Li Biao Sun Shan-Yong Chen State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Research institute of petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum CorporationBeijing100083China institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing100871China State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing100083China Sinopec petroleum Exploration and Production Research institute Beijing102206China wuxi petroleum geology institute Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentSinopecWuxiJiangsu 214126China Petro China Dagang Oil Field Company Tianjin300280China

Pyrolysis experiments were conducted on lacustrine organic-rich shale from Cangdong Sag in Bohai Bay Basin,China,to investigate the impact of hydrocarbon generation on shale pore structure *** evolution is found to control the transformation of organic matter,hydrocarbon products characteristics,and pore structure ***,pore volume and specific surface area increase with increasing *** low-mature stage,the retained oil content begins to increase,pore volumes show slight changes,and primary pores are occluded by the generated crude oil of high molecular weight and *** the oil-window stage,the retained oil content rapidly increases and reaches maximum,and pore volumes gradually increase with increasing thermal *** high mature stage,the retained oil content begins to decrease,and the pore volume increases considerably owing to the expulsion of liquid *** over mature stage,natural gas content significantly increases and kerogen transforms to *** organic pores are formed and the pore size gradually increases,resulting from the connection of organic pores caused the increasing thermal *** study lays a foundation for understanding variation of hydrocarbon products during the thermal evolution of lacustrine shales and its relationship with the evolution of shale reservoirs.

关键词： Lacustrine shale Pyrolysis Thermal maturity Pore structure evolution Hydrocarbon generation evolution

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INFLUENCES OF MARINE FLOOR HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY ON ORGANIC MATTER ABUNDANCE IN MARINE CARBONATE ROCKS——A CASE STUDY OF MIDDLE-UPPER PROTEROZOIC IN THE NORTHERN PART OF NORTH CHINA

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第5期51卷 585-593页

作者： WANG Jie CHEN Jianfa BAO Zhidong ZHANG Shuichang XU Yongchang WANG Darui wuxi institute of Oil geology Sinopec Wuxi 214151 China Geoscience Department of Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Chinese University of petroleum Beijing 102249 China Research institute of petroleum Exploration and Development Petro China Beijing 100083 China Lanzhou institute of geology Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Study indicates that the elements rich in marine floor hydrothermal fluids have a positive in- fluence, not only on total organic carbon (TOC), but also on the abundance of SiO2 in some Middle-Upper Proterozoic strata. The TOC bears a better positive correlation with abundance of SiO2. By the correlation analysis between organic matter and sea-floor hot fluid characterized trace elements such as P, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ba, etc in marine carbonate rocks, we conclude that organic matter enrichment of carbonate rocks were related to marine floor hydrothermal activity in a part of layers. Some thin-layered cherts, which were thought to be the indicators of hydrothermal activity, frequently occurring in Gaoyuzhuang, Wumishan, Tieling and Xiamaling formation support our conclu- sion. With the increasing of trace elements in marine carbonate rocks, the TOC and Fe/Ti ratio is creasing. In contrast, the Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratio is usually de- creasing.

关键词：华北北部元古代碳酸盐岩有机物质海底热流体主要元素微量元素

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