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Subsoiling and Ridge Tillage Alleviate the High Temperature Stress in Spring Maize in the North China Plain

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第12期12卷 2179-2188页

作者： TAO Zhi-qiang SUI Peng CHEN Yuan-quan LI Chao NIE Zi-jin YUAN Shu-fen SHI Jiang-tao GAO Wang-sheng College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University wuqiao experimental station China Agricultural University

High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling *** field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at wuqiao County,Hebei Province,*** with rotary tillage（RT）,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,and chlorophyll relative content（SPAD） of maize leaves was increased by 40.0,42.6,12.8,and 29.7% under SS,and increased by 20.4,20.0,5.4,and 14.2% under R,***,the treatments reduce the intercellular CO 2 concentration under *** SS and R treatments increased the relative water content（RWC） by 11.9 and 6.2%,and the water use efficiency（WUE） by 24.3 and 14.3%,respectively,compared with *** SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile,whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT *** with 2011,the number of days with temperatures 33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012,whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5,8.5 and 10.9%,the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5,10.5 and 18.0%,the RWC reduced by 3.9,5.6 and 6.2%,and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8,5.2 and 13.1% in the SS,R and RT treatments,*** the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different *** yield,photosynthetic rate,plant water status,root length density,and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT *** results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage,and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving

关键词： high temperature stress spring maize filling stage subsoiling ridge tillage

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Variation of carbon partitioning in newly expanded maize leaves and plant adaptive growth under extended darkness

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第9期20卷 2360-2371页

作者： LIANG Xiao-gui SHEN Si GAO Zhen ZHANG Li ZHAO Xue ZHOU Shun-li College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China School of Agricultural Sciences Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045P.R.China Scientific Observation and experimental station of Crop High Efficient Use of Water in wuqiao Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuqiao 061802P.R.China Innovation Center of Agricultural Technology for Lowland Plain of Hebei Wuqiao 061802P.R.China

Plants must maintain a balance between their carbon(C)supply and utilization during the day–night cycle for continuous growth since C starvation often causes irreversible damage to crop *** is not well known how C fixation and allocation in the leaves of crops such as maize adapt to sudden environmental ***,to quantify primary C fixation and partitioning in photosynthetic maize leaves under extended darkness and to relate these factors to plant growth,maize seedlings were subjected to extended darkness(ED)for three successive days at the 6 th leaf fully expanded stage(V6).ED reduced plant growth and leaf chlorophyll levels but not the rate of net CO_2 *** a result of the reduction in photoassimilates,the accumulation of starch and total soluble carbohydrates(TSC)in mature leaves also decreased under ***,the percentage of the daily C fixation reserved in mature leaves *** transient C pools were largely composed of TSC and were mainly used for consumption by increased nocturnal respiration rather than for *** the days went on,both the amount of C accumulated and the percentage of the daily fixed C that was reserved in leaves decreased,which could be largely accounted for by the attenuated starch synthesis in all *** activities of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase decreased significantly over ***,this study concluded that both starch and TSC are involved in the coordination of the C supply and plant growth under a sudden C shortage but that they may be involved in different *** the ratio of reserved C to daily fixed C increased to maintain blade function under acute C starvation,both the amount and the proportion of C reserved in mature leaves decreased as plant growth continued in order to meet the growth demands of the plant.

关键词： maize starch total soluble carbohydrates carbon allocation extended darkness ongoing growth

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Cob color, an indicator of grain dehydration and agronomic traits in maize hybrids

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The Crop Journal 2022年第2期10卷 582-586页

作者： Xiao-Gui Liang Zhen Gao Si Shen Xue Zhao Li Zhang Shun-Li Zhou Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of Education/Jiangxi ProvinceJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045JiangxiChina College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Scientific Observation and experimental station of Crop High-Efficiency Use of Water in wuqiao Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuqiao 061802HebeiChina Innovation Center of Agricultural Technology for Lowland Plain of Hebei Wuqiao 061802HebeiChina

Screening for agronomic traits associated with grain moisture is important for mechanical grainharvesting of maize. Cob color as a visual indicator has received limited attention, though it has been subjected to artificial selection, and may have some association with threshability. To investigate the relationships between cob color and grain moisture and other agronomic traits, field experiments were conducted during 2016–2017 using 23 commercial hybrids with red or white cobs. Kernels of red-cob hybrids dehydrated faster, showing lower moisture content at harvest than white-cob hybrids. A cob color index(CCI) was established as a quantitative measure of cob color in the hybrid panel. Ranging from0(whitest) to 17.98(reddest), CCI correlated well with grain dehydration and other agronomic traits associated with growth ontogeny, plant morphology, and plant N content. Strong selection of red cob for recently released hybrids suitable for mechanical grain-harvesting indirectly validated the observed link between cob color and grain dehydration. We propose that cob color and CCI could be used in future selection of maize cultivars bred for mechanical grain-harvesting.

关键词： Maize hybrids Cob color Grain dehydration Agronomic traits Artificial selection

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Influences of Long-Term Fertilizer and Tillage Management on Soil Fertility of the North China Plain

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Pedosphere 2011年第6期21卷 813-820页

作者： NIU Ling-An HAO Jin-Min ZHANG Bao-Zhong NIU Xin-Sheng Quzhou experimental station China Agricultural University Quzhou 057250 （China）

In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou experimental station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced unde

关键词： rapidly available K rapidly available P soil organic matter straw return total N

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The causes and impacts for heat stress in spring maize during grain filling in the North China Plain--A review

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第12期15卷 2677-2687页

作者： TAO Zhi-qiang CHEN Yuan-quan LI Chao ZOU Juan-xiu YAN Peng YUAN Shu-fen WU Xia SUI Peng college of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P.R.China Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100081 P.R.China wuqiao experimental station China Agricultural University Cangzhou 061800 P.R. China

High-temperature stress （HTS） at the grain-filling stage in spring maize （Zea mays L.） is the main obstacle to increasing productivity in the North China Plain （NCP）. To solve this problem, the physiological mechanisms of HTS, and its causes and impacts, must be understood. The HTS threshold of the duration and rate in grain filling, photosynthetic characteristics （e.g., the thermal stability of thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and electron transfer, photosynthetic carbon assimilation）, water status （e.g., leaf water potential, turgor and leaf relative water content） and signal transduction in maize are reviewed. The HTS threshold for spring maize is highly desirable to be appraised to prevent damages by unfavorable temperatures during grain filling in this region. HTS has negative impacts on maize photosynthesis by damaging the stability of the thylakoid membrane structure and degrading chlorophyll, which reduces light energy absorption, transfer and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In addition, photosynthesis can be deleteriously affected due to inhibited root growth under HTS in which plants decrease their water-absorbing capacity, leaf water potential, turgor, leaf relative water content, and stomatal conductance. Inhibited photosynthesis decrease the supply of photosynthates to the grain, leading to falling of kernel weight and even grain yield. However, maize does not respond passively to HTS. The plant transduces the abscisic acid （ABA） signal to express heat shock proteins （HSPs）, which are molecular chaperones that participate in protein refolding and degradation caused by HTS. HSPs stabilize target protein configurations and indirectly improve thylakoid membrane structure stability, light energy absorption and passing, electron transport, and fixed carbon assimilation, leading to improved photosynthesis. ABA also induces stomatal closure to maintain a good water status for photosynthesis. Based on understanding of such mechanisms, strategies for alleviat

关键词： North China Plain spring maize grain filling heat-tolerance heat-avoidance gas exchange water status

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Ecohydrological change mechanism of a rainfed revegetation ecosystem at southeastern edge of Tengger desert,Northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第Z1期47卷 71-77页

作者： XIAO Honglang CHENG Guodong LI Xinrong SONG Yaoxuan WANG Xinping Shapotou Desert experimental Research station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Study is made on a 45 km-long artificial ecosystem without irrigation in Tengger desert on the basis of long-term ecological monitoring and ecohydrological *** in water allocation, utilization, cycle and balance patterns in more than 40-year evolution of the soil-plant system are analyzed. The formation of a drought horizon in shrub rhizosphere and its effect, ecohydrological function of the crust and its effect on the soil-plant system change are discussed. Driven by water self-regulation and water stress, the soil-plant system is going to develop towards the steppe desert to ensure more effective use and optimum collocation of water resource.

关键词： ecohydrology, artificial ecosystem, soil-plant evolution, water balance, drought horizon, bio-crust, Chinese desert.

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CO_(2) Assimilation Rate in Production Systems for Papaya Crops

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Phyton-International Journal of experimental Botany 2021年第3期90卷 933-947页

作者： R.Ariza-Flores D.Trujillo-García M.A.Otero-Sánchez E.Canales Sosa C.H.Avendaño-Arrazate L.A.Gálvez-Marroquín P.Cadena Iñiguez Iguala experimental station National Institute of ForestAgricultural and Livestock Research(INIFAP)IgualaCP.40000México Superior Agricultural College of the State of Guerrero IgualaGuerrero.CP.40000México Rosario Izapa experimental station-INIFAP Tuxtla ChicoChiapas.CP.30870México Valles Centrales experimental station-INIFAP OaxacaOaxaca.CP.68200México Centro de Chiapas experimental station-INIFAP OcozocoautlaChiapas.CP.29140México

The aim of this study was to evaluate some physiological aspects of papaya crops in semi conventional and organic production *** following factors assessed in this experiment were:*** systems(organic and semi conventional);***(Maradol and Maradona F1),and *** crop plants(Canavalia,vegetative cover and no cover).Twelve treatments were obtained-product of factors’combination-and distributed under a threerepetition experimental design of subdivided *** factors examined in this study,that changed the CO_(2) assimilation rate,were production system and *** was determined that the greatest gas exchange in papaya crops happened at 13:40 h but achieving the highest CO_(2) assimilation was also affected by the production system and ***,they showed some effects in CO_(2) assimilation,transpiration,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO_(2),leaf temperature,chlorophyll,and *** general,the combination of factors that accentuated in this experiment were the semi conventional-Maradona-Canavalia with a crop yield of 53.5 t ha^(-1),followed by treatments organic-Maradona-no cover and semi conventional-Maradona-vegetative cover.

关键词： Respiration production system Carica papaya L.

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Effects of shrub species and microhabitats on dew formation in a revegetation-stabilized desert ecosystem in Shapotou, northern China

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第4期6卷 389-399页

作者： YanXia PAN XinPing WANG Shapotou Desert experimental Research station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

Dew is an important supplement water source in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to determine the dew formation on different kinds of soils associated with various shrub species and microhabitats, we performed measurement of accumulated dew formation amount and duration in October 2009 in a revegetation-stabilized arid desert ecosystem in Shapotou area, northern China. The results indicated that the accumulated dew formation amount was four times larger at open spaces as compared to under the canopy, and it was nearly twice as much under living Artemisia ordosica plants（L.A.） as compared to under living Caragana korshinskii plants（L.C.）. The opposite characteristics were found for dew duration between different microhabitats. Dew amounts at different vertical heights around the shrub stands were in the order of 50 cm above the canopy〉the canopy edge〉under the canopy. Dew amount continued to increase after dawn, and the proportion of average accumulated dew amount after dawn accounting for the average maximum amount increased from above the canopy to under the canopy. Dew formation duration after sunrise accounted for more than 50% of the total formation duration during the day time. Contrary to the distribution characteristics of dew amount, dew duration after dawn and total dew formation duration during the day time were both highest under the canopy, followed by at the canopy edge and then at 50 cm above the canopy. The portion of dew duration after dawn accounting for the total dew duration during the day time increased from above the canopy to under the canopy. From these results, we may conclude that dew availability as a supplemental water resource for improving the microhabitats in water-limited arid ecosystems is position dependent especially for the plant microhabitats at different stands layers.

关键词： dew amount dew duration shrub species microhabitat soil surface type

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PHYTOPLANKTON,ESPECIALLY DIATOMS,IN THE GUT CONTENTS AND FECES OF TWO PLANTIVOROUS CYPRINIDS-SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1994年第4期12卷 308-315页

作者：谢平刘建康 Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan

In order to clarify whether the planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp can collect phytoplanktonas small as Cyclotella(<20μm)in Donghu Lake,studies on phytoplankton in their gut contents and feceswere made in *** fish were cultured in both net cage in Donghu Lake and aquaria with the *** the intestine,the average valve diameter of Cyclotella changed *** average ratio of emptyfrustule of Cyclotella to total Cyclotella in the foregut contents of the fishes were 1.8—1.9 times higherthan that in the lake water,but changed little from foregut to *** aquarium experiment showedthat both carps could collect particles as small as 8-10μm, which was obviously narrower than the dis-tance between their gill ***,secretion of mucus plays an important role in collecting suchsmall

关键词： planktivorous fishes gut contents and feces diatoms valve diameter empty frustule

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Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第Z1期49卷 126-134页

作者： WU Shikai XIE Ping WANG Songbo ZHOU Qiong Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP＞0.1 mgL-1, NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL-1＞TP＞0.035 mgL-1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP＜0.035 mgL-1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

关键词： nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, shallow lakes, phytoplankton.

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