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PHYTOPLANKTON,ESPECIALLY DIATOMS,IN THE GUT CONTENTS AND FECES OF TWO PLANTIVOROUS CYPRINIDS-SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1994年第4期12卷 308-315页

作者：谢平刘建康 Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan

In order to clarify whether the planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp can collect phytoplanktonas small as Cyclotella(<20μm)in Donghu Lake,studies on phytoplankton in their gut contents and feceswere made in *** fish were cultured in both net cage in Donghu Lake and aquaria with the *** the intestine,the average valve diameter of Cyclotella changed *** average ratio of emptyfrustule of Cyclotella to total Cyclotella in the foregut contents of the fishes were 1.8—1.9 times higherthan that in the lake water,but changed little from foregut to *** aquarium experiment showedthat both carps could collect particles as small as 8-10μm, which was obviously narrower than the dis-tance between their gill ***,secretion of mucus plays an important role in collecting suchsmall

关键词： planktivorous fishes gut contents and feces diatoms valve diameter empty frustule

Intraspecific phylogeography of Carchesium polypinum (Peritrichia, Ciliophora) from China, inferred from 18S-ITS1-5.8S ribosomal DNA

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2004年第1期47卷 11-17页

作者： MIAO Wei, YU Yuhe, SHEN Yunfen & ZHANG XiyuanDonghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, wuhan 430072, China Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, wuhan 430072, China College of Life Sciences, wuhan University, wuhan 430072, China Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China

Based on the variation of site 34, 46, 241, 305 and 322 in the 18S-ITS1 rDNA sequence, 19 Carchesium polypinum populations collected from eight provinces of China were separated into northern and southern population along the delineation between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. This geographic distribution pattern of Carchesium polypinum maybe results from two factors: the vicariance resulting from the formation of the delineation between the Pearl River and the Yangtze River accompanied with the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and the different dispersal paths of C. polypinum affected by the climate.

关键词： Carchesium polypinum, phylogeography, 18S-ITS1 rDNA sequence, population, vicariance, dispersal, Quaternary.

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第Z1期49卷 126-134页

作者： WU Shikai XIE Ping WANG Songbo ZHOU Qiong Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP＞0.1 mgL-1, NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL-1＞TP＞0.035 mgL-1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP＜0.035 mgL-1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

关键词： nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, shallow lakes, phytoplankton.

experimental STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF PLANKTIVOROUS FISHES IN THE ELIMINATION OF MICROCYSTIS BLOOM FROM DONGHU LAKE USING ENCLOSURE METHOD

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1996年第3期14卷 193-204页

作者：谢平 Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems CERN Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan

The hypertrophic subtropic Donghu Lake’s dense water bloom(of mainly Microcystis Anaabaena andOscillatoria)that occurred annually from the beginning of the 1970s, has disappeared since 1985. The infiuenceof planktivorous fishes (silver and bighead carps) on the water bloom was studied for three years usingthe enclosure method. The enclosures stocked densely with bighead and/or silver carp were free of waterbloom during the experimental period. The water bloom that appeared in the fish-free enclosures was completelyeliminated in 10-20 days by introduction of silver and/or bighead carp(grass carp was not effectivein controlling water bloom).This study showed clearly that grazing pressure by planktivorous fishes is a keyfactor in eliminating water bloom from the lake.

关键词： enclosure experiments water bloom hypertrophic lake planktivorous fishes grazing pressure

Studies on Temporal and Spatial Variations of Phytoplankton in Lake Chaohu

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第4期49卷 409-418页

作者： Dao-Gui Deng Ping Xie Qiong Zhou Hua Yang Long-Gen Guo Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China Institute of Hydrobiology the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China

Temporal and spatial variations of the phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Chaohu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China, were studied from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 191 phytoplankton species was identified, among which Chlorophytes （101） ranked the first, followed by Cyanophytes （46） and Bacillariophytes （28）. On aver- age over the entire lake, the maximum total algal biomass appeared in June （19.70 mg/L） with a minimum （5.05 mg/ L） in November. In terms of annual mean biomass, cyanobacteria contributed 45.43% to total algal biomass, followed by Chlorophytes （27.14%）, and Bacillariophytes （20.6%）. When nitrate （NOs-N） and ammonium （NH4-N） concentrations dropped in spring, fixing-nitrogen cyanobacterium （Anabaena） developed quickly and ranked the first in terms of biomass in summer. It is likely that dominance of zooplanktivorous fish and small crustacean zooplankton favored the development of the inedible filamentous or colony forming cyanobacteria. The persistent dominance of cyanobacteria throughout all seasons may indicate a new tendency of the response of phytoplankton to eutrophication in Lake Chaohu.

关键词： cyanobacterial blooms eutrophication Lake Chaohu phytoplankton zooplankivorous fish.

Biological mechanisms driving the seasonal changes in the internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第Z1期49卷 14-27页

作者： XIE Ping Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China

Because of the obvious importance of P as a nutrient that often accelerates growth of phytoplankton (including toxic cyanobacteria) and therefore worsens water quality, much interest has been devoted to P exchange across the sediment-water interface. Generally, the release mode of P from the sediment differed greatly between shallow and deep lakes, and much of the effort has been focused on iron and oxygen, and also on the relevant environmental factors, for example, turbulence and decomposition, but a large part of the P variation in shallow lakes remains unexplained. This paper reviews experimental and field studies on the mechanisms of P release from the sediment in the shallow temperate (in Europe) and subtropical (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China) lakes, and it is suggested that pH rather than DO might be more important in driving the seasonal dynamics of internal P loading in these shallow lakes, i.e., intense photosynthesis of phytoplankton increases pH of the lake water and thus may increase pH of the surface sediment,leading to enhanced release of P (especially iron-bound P) from the sediment. Based on the selective pump of P (but not N) from the sediment by algal blooms, it is concluded that photosynthesis which is closely related to eutrophication level is the driving force for the seasonal variation of internal P loading in shallow lakes. This is a new finding. Additionally, the selective pump of P from the sediment by algal blooms not only explains satisfactorily why both TP and PO4-P in the hypereutrophic Lake Donghu declined significantly since the mid-1980s when heavy cyanobacterial blooms were eliminated by the nontraditional biomanipulation (massive stocking of the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps), but also explains why TP in European lakes decreased remarkably in the spring clear-water phase with less phytoplankton during the seasonal succession of aquatic communities or when phytoplankton biomass was decreased

关键词： shallow lakes, internal P loading, algal blooms.

Influences of Long-Term Fertilizer and Tillage Management on Soil Fertility of the North China Plain

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Pedosphere 2011年第6期21卷 813-820页

作者： NIU Ling-An HAO Jin-Min ZHANG Bao-Zhong NIU Xin-Sheng Quzhou experimental station China Agricultural University Quzhou 057250 （China）

In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou experimental station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced unde

关键词： rapidly available K rapidly available P soil organic matter straw return total N

Spatiotemporal variations of internal P-loading and the related mechanisms in the large shallow Lake Chaohu

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第Z1期49卷 72-81页

作者： ZHANG Min XIE Ping XU Jun LIU Bingqin YANG Hong Donghu Ecosystem experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of ChinaInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China

Spatiotemporal variations of P species and adsorption behavior in water column,interstitial water,and sediments were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake ***(Ortho-P)and total phosphorus(TP)concentrations were significantly higher in the western part than in the eastern part of the lake,due to different nutrient inputs from the surrounding ***,particulate phosphorus(PP)concentration was in a similar spatial pattern to Ortho-P and TP concentrations,and also showed significantly positive correlation with the biomass of Microcystis,indicating more uptake and store of phosphorus by Microcystis than by other *** of pH and intensive utilization of P by phytoplankton were the main factors promoting P(especially Fe-P)release from the sediment to interstitial water during the cyanobacterial blooms in Lake *** dynamics in TP concentration,P species and adsorption behavior of the sediment,coupled with the statistical analyses,suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of P contents in the sediment was influenced by various factors,*** activities,soil geochemistry and mineral *** spite of similar TP contents in the sediments,increase in proportion of Fe-P concentration in the sediment may result in a high risk of P release.

关键词： eutrophication water column sediment phosphorus species sorption and release Lake Chaohu cyanobacterial blooms.

Hepatic Histopathological Characteristics and Antioxidant Response of Phytoplanktivorous Silver Carp Intraperitoneally Injected with Extracted Microcystins

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2009年第4期22卷 297-302页

作者： LI LI AND PING XIE Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, wuhan 430070, Hubei, China Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, wuhan 430072, Hubei, China Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China Donghu experimental station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 Hubei China

Objective To investigate the hispathological characteristics and antioxidant responses in liver of silver carp after intraperitoneal administration of microcystins （MCs） for further understanding hepatic intoxication and antioxidation mechanism in fish. Methods Phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected intraperitoneally （i.p.） with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins （mainly MC-RR and -LR） at a dose of 1000 μg MC-LReq./kg body weight, and liver histopathological changes and antioxidant responses were studied at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively, after injection. Results The damage to liver structure and the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes including catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and glutathione peroxide （GPX） were increased in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion In terms of clinical and histological signs of intoxication and LD50 （i.p.） dose of MC-LR, silver carp appears rather resistant to MCs exposure than other fishes. Also the significantly increased SOD activity in the liver of silver carp suggests a higher degree of response to MCs exposure than CAT and GPX.

关键词： Antioxidant response Histopathological characteristics Liver Microcystins Fish