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Balanced and Unbalanced Components of Moist Atmospheric Flows with Phase Changes

Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2019年第6期40卷 1005-1038页

作者： Alfredo N.WETZEL Leslie M.SMITH Samuel N.STECHMANN Jonathan E.MARTIN Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA

Atmospheric variables(temperature, velocity, etc.) are often decomposed into balanced and unbalanced components that represent low-frequency and high-frequency waves, respectively. Such decompositions can be defined, for instance, in terms of eigenmodes of a linear operator. Traditionally these decompositions ignore phase changes of water since phase changes create a piecewise-linear operator that differs in different phases(cloudy versus non-cloudy). Here we investigate the following question: How can a balanced–unbalanced decomposition be performed in the presence of phase changes? A method is described here motivated by the case of small Froude and Rossby numbers,in which case the asymptotic limit yields precipitating quasi-geostrophic equations with phase changes. Facilitated by its zero-frequency eigenvalue, the balanced component can be found by potential vorticity(PV) inversion, by solving an elliptic partial differential equation(PDE), which includes Heaviside discontinuities due to phase changes. The method is also compared with two simpler methods: one which neglects phase changes, and one which simply treats the raw pressure data as a streamfunction. Tests are shown for both synthetic, idealized data and data from Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model simulations. In comparisons, the phase-change method and no-phase-change method produce substantial differences within cloudy regions, of approximately 5K in potential temperature, due to the presence of clouds and phase changes in the data. A theoretical justification is also derived in the form of a elliptic PDE for the differences in the two streamfunctions.

关键词： Potential vorticity inversion Moist atmospheric dynamics Slow-fast systems Balanced-unbalanced decomposition Elliptic partial differential equations

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不可忽略的无响应缺失下的协变量选择

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应用概率统计 2024年第2期40卷 287-297页

作者：邵军王磊华东师范大学统计学院上海200062 美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校统计系麦迪逊WI53706 南开大学统计与数据科学学院天津300071

本文旨在建立一个存在不可忽略的无响应缺失时高维协变量向量的协变量选择方法.由于有不可忽略的缺失响应数据,必须建立一种新的协变量选择方法来删除既与响应变量也与缺失机制无关的协变量.一旦冗余协变量被删除,现有的缺失机制估计和... 详细信息

本文旨在建立一个存在不可忽略的无响应缺失时高维协变量向量的协变量选择方法.由于有不可忽略的缺失响应数据,必须建立一种新的协变量选择方法来删除既与响应变量也与缺失机制无关的协变量.一旦冗余协变量被删除,现有的缺失机制估计和其他基于逆缺失机制加权的分析方法可以被应用.我们提供了一些模拟结果来展示我们方法的有效性.

关键词：构造的响应变量高维非随机丢失缺失机制半参数方法

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Nano-STING agonist-decorated microrobots boost innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity

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Nano Research 2023年第7期16卷 9848-9858页

作者： Yixin Wang Zhaoting Li Yu Chen Allie Barrett Fanyi Mo Quanyin Hu Pharmaceutical Sciences Division School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53705USA Carbone Cancer Center School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53705USA wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53705USA

Activating the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase/stimulator of interferon genes(cGAS/STING)signaling has emerged as a promising anti-tumor strategy due to the important role of the pathway in innate and adaptive immunity,yet the selective delivery of STING agonists to tumors following systemic administration remains ***,we develop a nano-STING agonist-decorated microrobot platform to achieve the enhanced anti-tumor *** ions and the STING agonist 2’3’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate(cGAMP)are co-encapsulated in the mitochondria-targeting nanoparticles(mTNPs),which can trigger the release of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)by Fenton reactioninduced mitochondria oxidative *** exogenous cGAMP and the endogenous mtDNA can work synergistically to induce potent cGAS/STING signaling ***,we decorate mTNPs onto Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009(VNP)bacteria to facilitate tumor accumulation and deep *** demonstrate that the systemic administration of this microrobot activates both innate and adaptive immunity,improving the immunotherapeutic efficacy of the STING agonists.

关键词： drug delivery mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) Fenton reaction stimulator of interferon genes(STING) tumor immunotherapy bacteria

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共振光谱技术在分析空间非均质物质上的应用(英文)

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光散射学报 2005年第3期 127-129页

作者： Eric Y.Jiang,Forrest J. Weesener Thermo Electron Corporation 5225 Verona Road Madison wi 53711 USA Thermo Electron Corporation 5225 Verona Road Madison wi 53711 USA

This paper demonstrates three vibrational spectroscopic techniques and their applications in characterization of spatially heterogamous materials, namely step-scan phase modulation FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy (S2MPAS), visible (confocal) Raman microscopy (CRM) and FT-IR imaging. In addition, the applications of Raman spectroscopy in nanomaterials studies are also briefly discussed.

关键词：光谱技术非均质共振物质上空间分析应用

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Application of a water quality model for determining instream aeration station location and operational rules:A case study

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Water Science and Engineering 2018年第1期11卷 8-16页

作者： Charles S.Melching Melching Water Solutions LLC GreenfieldWI 53221USA

Instream aeration has been used as a supplement to secondary treatment or a substitute for tertiary treatment for meeting dissolved oxygen （DO） standards in rivers. Many studies have used water quality models to determine the number, location, and capacity of instream aeration stations （IASs） needed to meet DO standards in combination with other pollution control measures. DO concentrations have been improved in the North Shore Channel and North Branch Chicago River by the Devon Avenue IAS for more than 35 years. A study was initiated to determine whether it was better to rehabilitate or relocate this station and to determine appropriate operational guidance for the IAS at the selected location. A water quality model capable of simulating DO concentrations during unsteady flow was used to evaluate the proper location for an IAS and operational guidance for this IAS. Three test years, a dry year, a wet year, and an extreme year, were considered in the evaluation. The study found that the Devon Avenue IAS should be rehabilitated as this location performed as well as or better than any of 10 alternative locations. According to the new operational guidance for this IAS, the amount of time with blowers operating could be substantially reduced compared to traditional operations while at the same time the attainment of the DO standards could be increased. This study shows that a carefully designed modeling study is key to effective selection, location, and operation of IASs such that attainment of DO standards can be maximized while operation hours of blowers can be minimized.

关键词： Instream aeration Dissolved oxygen Water quality modeling Water quality management Computer simulation

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共振光谱技术在分析空间非均质物质上的应用(英文)

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光散射学报 2005年第3期17卷 315-317页

作者： Eric Y.Jiang Forrest J. Weesener Thermo Electron Corporation 5225 Verona Road Madison WI 53711 USAThermo Electron Corporation 5225 Verona Road Madison WI 53711 USA

关键词：共振光谱技术空间非均质物质相位调制 Raman光谱

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Comparative functional genomics identifies an iron-limited bottleneck in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with a cytosolic-localized isobutanol pathway

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2022年第2期7卷 738-749页

作者： Francesca V.Gambacorta Ellen R.Wagner Tyler B.Jacobson Mary Tremaine Laura K.Muehlbauer Mick A.McGee Justin J.Baerwald Russell L.Wrobel John F.Wolters Mike Place Joshua J.Dietrich Dan Xie Jose Serate Shabda Gajbhiye Lisa Liu Maikayeng Vang-Smith Joshua J.Coon Yaoping Zhang Audrey P.Gasch Daniel Amador-Noguez Chris Todd Hittinger Trey K.Sato Brian F.Pfleger DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Laboratory of Genetics Center for Genomic Science InnovationUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA wisconsin Energy Institute J.F.Crow Institute for the Study of EvolutionUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Biomolecular Chemistry University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA

Metabolic engineering strategies have been successfully implemented to improve the production of isobutanol,a next-generation biofuel,in Saccharomyces ***,we explore how two of these strategies,pathway re-localization and redox cofactor-balancing,affect the performance and physiology of isobutanol producing *** equipped yeast with isobutanol cassettes which had either a mitochondrial or cytosolic localized isobutanol pathway and used either a redox-imbalanced(NADPH-dependent)or redox-balanced(NADH-dependent)ketol-acid reductoisomerase *** then conducted transcriptomic,proteomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate molecular differences between the engineered *** localization had a large effect on isobutanol production with the strain expressing the mitochondrial-localized enzymes producing 3.8-fold more isobutanol than strains expressing the cytosolic ***-balancing did not improve isobutanol titers and instead the strain with the redox-imbalanced pathway produced 1.5-fold more isobutanol than the balanced version,albeit at low overall pathway *** genomic analyses suggested that the poor performances of the cytosolic pathway strains were in part due to a shortage in cytosolic Fe-S clusters,which are required cofactors for the dihydroxyacid dehydratase *** then demonstrated that this cofactor limitation may be partially recovered by disrupting iron homeostasis with a fra2 mutation,thereby increasing cellular iron *** resulting isobutanol titer of the fra2 null strain harboring a cytosolic-localized isobutanol pathway outperformed the strain with the mitochondrial-localized pathway by 1.3-fold,demonstrating that both localizations can support flux to isobutanol.

关键词： Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isobutanol Functional genomics analysis Pathway localization Fe incorporation

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Pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 mimics dietary protein restriction in a mouse model of lactation

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第2期12卷 729-738页

作者： Virginia L.Pszczolkowski Steven J.Halderson Emma J.Meyer Amy Lin Sebastian I.Arriola Apelo Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA

Background:Understanding the mechanisms of N utilization for lactation can lead to improved requirement estimates and increased efficiency,which modern dairy diets currently fail to *** mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)is a central hub of translation regulation,processing extra-and intra-cellular signals of nutrient availability and physiological state,such as amino acids and *** hypothesized that dietary amino acids regulate lactation through mTORC1,such that inhibition of mTORC1 will lead to decreased lactation performance when amino acids are not *** objectives were to assess lactation performance in lactating mice undergoing dietary and pharmacologic interventions designed to alter mTORC1 ***:First lactation mice(N=18;n=6/treatment)were fed an adequate protein diet(18%crude protein),or an isocaloric protein-restricted diet(9%crude protein)from the day after parturition until lactation day 13.A third group of mice was fed an adequate protein diet and treated with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin(4 mg/kg every other day)intraperitoneally,with the first two groups treated with vehicle as *** and pups were weighed daily,and feed intake was recorded every other *** production was measured every other day beginning on lactation day 4 by the weigh-suckle-weigh *** were collected after fasting and ***:Milk production and pup weight were similarly decreased by both protein restriction and rapamycin treatment,with final production at 50%of control(P=0.008)and final pup weight at 85%of control(Pwith pharmacologically reduced mam

关键词： Amino acids Lactation Mammary Mouse model mTORC1 Rapamycin

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The market for amino acids: understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第1期12卷 37-48页

作者： Virginia L.Pszczolkowski Sebastian I.Arriola Apelo Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA

For dairy production systems, nitrogen is an expensive nutrient and potentially harmful waste product. with three quarters of fed nitrogen ending up in the manure, significant research efforts have focused on understanding and mitigating lactating dairy cows' nitrogen losses. Recent changes proposed to the Nutrient Requirement System for Dairy Cattle in the US include variable efficiencies of absorbed essential AA for milk protein production. This first separation from a purely substrate-based system, standing on the old limiting AA theory, recognizes the ability of the cow to alter the metabolism of AA. In this review we summarize a compelling amount of evidence suggesting that AA requirements for milk protein synthesis are based on a demand-driven system. Milk protein synthesis is governed at mammary level by a set of transduction pathways, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1), the integrated stress response(ISR), and the unfolded protein response(UPR). In tight coordination, these pathways not only control the rate of milk protein synthesis, setting the demand for AA, but also manipulate cellular AA transport and even blood flow to the mammary glands, securing the supply of those needed nutrients. These transduction pathways, specifically mTORC1, sense specific AA, as well as other physiological signals, including insulin, the canonical indicator of energy status. Insulin plays a key role on mTORC1 signaling, controlling its activation, once AA have determined mTORC1 localization to the lysosomal *** on this molecular model, AA and insulin signals need to be tightly coordinated to maximize milk protein synthesis rate. The evidence in lactating dairy cows supports this model, in which insulin and glucogenic energy potentiate the effect of AA on milk protein synthesis. Incorporating the effect of specific signaling AA and the differential role of energy sources on utilization of absorbed AA for milk protein synthesis seems like

关键词： Amino acids Blood flow Insulin Mammary uptake Milk proteins mTORC1 Nitrogen efficiency Splanchnic tissues

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Cell surface-expression of the phosphate-binding protein PstS:System development,characterization,and evaluation for phosphorus removal and recovery

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第6期32卷 129-140页

作者： Faten B.Hussein Kaushik Venkiteshwaran Brooke K.Mayer Department of Civil Construction and Environmental EngineeringMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWI53233USA

Simultaneous overabundance and scarcity of inorganic phosphate(Pi)is a critical issue driving the development of innovative water/wastewater treatment technologies that not only facilitate Pi removal to prevent eutrophication,but also recover Pi for agricultural ***,a cell-surface expressed high-affinity phosphate binding protein(PstS)system was developed,and its Pi capture and release potential was *** was genetically modified to express PstS on its outer membrane using the ice nucleation protein(INP)as an anchoring *** of protein expression and localization were performed utilizing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE),western blot,and outer membrane separation *** surface characterization was investigated through acid-base titration,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).These tests provided information on the macromolecular structure and composition of the bacteria surface as well as the proton-exchange properties of the surface functional groups(i.e.,pKa values).Phosphate desorption and adsorption batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature,pH,and ionic strength on phosphate capture and *** PstS surface-displayed cells demonstrated greater potential to release and capture phosphate compared to non-modified *** temperatures up to 40℃,basic pH conditions(pH=10.5),and higher ionic strength up to 1.0 mol/L KCl promoted 20%-50%higher phosphate release.

关键词： Phosphorus recovery Water treatment Eutrophication Surface-expression PstS protein E.coli bacteria Phosphate

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