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Predicting the dynamics of local adaptation in invasive species

Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 268-274页

作者： Erin K ESPELAND USDA-ARS pest Management research unit Sidney MT 59270USA

An invasive plant species may restrict its spread to only one type of habitat, or, after some time, may continue to spread into a different, often stressful, secondary, habitat. The question of whether evolution is required for an invasive species to spread from one habitat to another is currently hotly debated. In order for local adaptation to occur, genetic variation must be present within invasive populations. In this paper, I focus on the effect of habitat on the maintenance of genetic variation during the lag phase, the phase of population stability prior to expansion. Genetic diversity in invasive plant populations accumulates through multiple introductions, gene flow, mutation, and hybridization, but diversity is maintained by population level processes influencing effective population size （Ne）. I show that when the plastic response to the environment results in little variation in reproductive output among indi- viduals, Ne is maximized and genetic variation is maintained. Established models of plant competition show that below-ground competition reduces the variation in reproductive output, whereas competition for light increases variation in reproductive output. The same environments that maintain high Ne also reduce the opportunity for se- lection and minimize the response to selection, and thus the effects of the environment are synchronized to prevent genetic purges. When the primary invasion habitat supports high Ne, conditions are ripe for local adaptation to a secondary habitat, particularly if the secondary habitat has high opportunity for selection. When the primary invasion habitat supports low Ne, genetic diversity is less likely to be sufficient for local adaptation to secondary habitat to occur.

关键词： canalization phenotypic plasticity population expansion secondary invasion

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Spectral response of spider mite infested cotton:Mite density and miticide rate study

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2013年第1期6卷 48-52页

作者： Yubin Lan Huihui Zhang W C Hoffmann Jr.Juan D Lopez united States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceAreawide Pest Management Research UnitCollege StationTexasUSA united States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceWater Management Research UnitParlierCaliforniaUSA

Two-spotted spider mites are important pests in many agricultural *** mites(Acari:Tetranychidae)have been found to cause economic damage in corn,cotton,and *** glass vial bioassays indicate that Temprano™(abamectin)is the most toxic technical miticide for adult two-spotted spider *** an aerial application standpoint,additional research is needed to identify aerial application parameters for this *** objective of this study was to investigate spectral response of spider mite-infested cotton plants with different density levels of mites and treated with different rates of *** showed significantly different spectral signatures of cotton plants infested with different density levels of *** treating mite-infested cotton plants with five different Temprano rate treatments(control,one-eighth,one-fourth,one-half,and full rates),spectral reflectance curves were found to be significantly *** wavelengths of 550 nm,560 nm,680 nm and 740 nm were important for detecting the spectral differences among mite infested cotton plants treated with various rate of *** Difference Vegetative Index imagery was able to detect different levels of cotton plant ***-rate application of Temprano controlled mite-infested plants as effectively as the full-rate *** findings may lead to reduced cost and quantity of miticides used to maintain effective crop production and protection.

关键词： spectral reflectance infested cotton plants crop protection Normalized Difference Vegetative Index(NDVI) Temprano rate treatments

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Development and prospect of unmanned aerial vehicle technologies for agricultural production management

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2013年第3期6卷 1-10页

作者： Yanbo Huang Steven J.Thomson W.Clint Hoffmann Yubin Lan Bradley K.Fritz united States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceCrop Production Systems Research UnitStonevilleMS 38776USA united States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceAreawide Pest Management Research UnitCollege StationTX 77845USA

Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed and applied to support agricultural production *** with piloted aircraft,an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)can focus on small crop fields at lower flight altitudes than regular aircraft to perform site-specific farm management with higher *** can also“fill in the gap”in locations where fixed winged or rotary winged aircraft are not readily *** agriculture,UAVs have primarily been developed and used for remote sensing and application of crop production and protection *** of fertilizers and chemicals is frequently needed at specific times and locations for site-specific *** monitoring of crop plant health is often required at very high resolution for accurate site-specific management as *** paper presents an overview of research involving the development of UAV technology for agricultural production ***,systems and methods are examined and *** limitations of current UAVs for agricultural production management are discussed,as well as future needs and suggestions for development and application of the UAV technologies in agricultural production management.

关键词： unmanned aerial vehicle aircraft aerial application technology sensor remote sensing precision agriculture agricultural aviation

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Multisensor Data Fusion for High Quality Data Analysis and Processing in Measurement and Instrumentation

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2007年第1期4卷 53-62页

作者： Yan-bo Huang Yu-bin Lan W. C. Hoffmann R. E. Lacey USDA ARS Agricultural Engineer Areawide Pest Management Research Unit Texas 77845 USA Biological and A g ricultural Engineering Department Texas A ＆M University Texas 77843-2117 USA

Multisensor data fusion （MDF） is an emerging technology to fuse data from multiple sensors in order to make a more accurate estimation of the environment through measurement and detection. Applications of MDF cross a wide spectrum in military and civilian areas. With the rapid evolution of computers and the proliferation of micro-mechanical/electrical systems sensors, the utilization of MDF is being popularized in research and applications. This paper focuses on application of MDF for high quality data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation. A practical, general data fusion scheme was established on the basis of feature extraction and merge of data from multiple sensors. This scheme integrates artificial neural networks for high performance pattern recognition. A number of successful applications in areas of NDI （Non-Destructive Inspection） corrosion detection, food quality and safety characterization, and precision agriculture are described and discussed in order to motivate new applications in these or other areas. This paper gives an overall picture of using the MDF method to increase the accuracy of data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation in different areas of applications.

关键词： multisensor data fusion artificial neural networks NDI food quality and safety characterization precision agriculture

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Using an Electronic Nose to Rapidly Assess Grandlure Content in Boll Weevil Pheromone Lures

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2011年第4期8卷 449-454页

作者： Charles P.-C. Suh Ningye Ding Yubin Lan USDA-ARS Areawide Pest Management Research Unit College Station TX 77845 USA College of Engineering Northeast Agriculture University Harbin 150030 P. R. China

Samples of pheromone lures used in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis （Boheman）, eradication programs are routinely analyzed by Gas Chromatography （GC） to ensure lures are adequately dosed with grandlure, the synthetic aggregation phero- mone produced by male weevils. However, preparation of GC samples is tedious, time consuming, and requires a moderate level of experience. We examined the use of a commercially-available electronic nose （e-nose） for rapidly assessing the grandlure contents of lures. The e-nose was trained to recognize headspace collections of grandlure emitted from new lures and after lures were aged under field conditions for 4 d, 7 d, 10 d, and 14 d. Based on cross-validation of the training set, the e-nose was 82% accurate in discriminating among the different age classes of lures. Upon sampling headspace collections of pheromone from a different set of field-aged lures, the e-nose was 〈50% accurate in discriminating 4 d, 7 d, and 10 d aged lures from the other age classes of lures. However, the e-nose identified new and 14 d aged lure samples with 100% accuracy. In light of these findings, e-nose technology shows considerable promise as an alternative approach for rapidly assessing the initial grandlure contents of lures used in boll weevil eradication programs.

关键词： electronic nose Cyranose 320 boll weevil grandlure pheromone lure

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Seasonal and habitat dependence of fleas parasitic on small mammals in Tanzania

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第2期4卷 196-212页

作者： Anne LAUDISOIT Herwig LEIRS Rhodes MAKUNDI Boris Ronald KRASNOV Zoogeographical research unit Universitéde LiègeLiègeBelgium Evolutionary Ecology Group Universiteit AntwerpenAntwerpenBelgium General bacteriology unit VARBrusselsBelgium Danish pest Infestation Laboratory Department of Integrated Pest ManagementUniversity of AarhusKongens LyngbyDenmark pest Management Centre Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael

We investigated host and flea species composition across different habitats during dry and rainy seasons in the Western Usambara Mountains in *** both seasons,similarity in flea species composition increased with an increase in the similarity in host species ***,between-season within-habitat as well as within-season between-habitat similarity in host species composition was higher than similarity in flea species *** of habitats according to their host and flea species composition demonstrated that the pattern of between-habitat similarity in both host and flea species composition varied *** the relatively rich mammal and flea fauna of the study region,the major contribution to variation in species composition between seasons and among habitats was due to a few species *** assemblages on Lophuromys kilonzoi Verheyen et al.,2007 and Praomys delectorum Thomas,1910 in different habitats were equally similar in either *** contrast,flea assemblages on Mastomys natalensis(Smith,1834)occurring in different habitats were more similar in the dry than in the rainy season,whereas the opposite was the case for fleas on Grammomys *** different hosts,the main differences in species composition of flea assemblages between seasons as well as among habitats were due to different flea *** our results support the earlier idea that parasite species composition is determined by both host species composition and habitat properties,the former appears to explain variance in flea species composition between localities in the tropics better than between localities in temperate and arid zones.

关键词： Africa flea assemblages rodents seasonal tropical habitats.

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The broad-spectrum adaptations of hominins in the later period of Late Pleistocene of China—Perspectives from the zooarchaeological studies

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1529-1539页

作者： ZHANG ShuangQuan ZHANG Yue LI Jing Shu GAO Xing Key Laboratory of vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences

During the climatic fluctuations in the late Late Pleistocene, hominins in China had experienced some significant changes and adaptations in terms of subsistence strategies. Based on the zooarchaeological analyses of the faunal remains from the Shuidougou site of North China and the Ma'anshan site of South China, the present study demonstratively indicates that the broad-spectrum diet and its closely-related resource intensification for hominins were already at their places roughly at 33–35 cal ka BP. Compared to hominins of earlier period, who would have preferentially exploited large and medium-sized ungulates, hunter-gathers at later period had otherwise incorporated more small-sized animals(especially the quick ones, such as birds and hares) into their diet. Meanwhile, hominins of the later time had also greatly accelerated extractions and exploitations of the nutritional yields from the large and medium-sized animals. However, it seems clear from the current study that there was significant difference regarding the potential mechanisms for the broad-spectrum adaptations of hominins in the late Late Pleistocene of China.

关键词： Late Late Pleistocene Paleolithic Taphonomy Zooarchaeology Broad-spectrum revolution Resource intensification

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Response of small rodents to manipulations of vegetation height in agro-ecosystems

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Integrative Zoology 2008年第1期3卷 3-10页

作者： Jens JACOB Federal research Centre for Cultivated Plants-Julius Kuehn Institute Vertebrate ResearchMünsterGermany

Some small mammal populations require human interference to conserve rare or threatened species or to minimizeadverse effects in plant production. Without a thorough understanding about how small rodents behave in theirenvironment and consideration of how they react to management efforts, management will not be optimal. Socialbehavior, spatial and temporal activity patterns, predator avoidance and other behavioral responses can affect pestrodent management. Some of these behavioral patterns and their causes have been well studied. However, theirimpact on pest rodent management, especially for novel management approaches, is not always clear. Habitatmanipulation occurs necessarily through land use and intentionally to reduce shelter and food availability and toincrease predation pressure on rodents. Rodents often respond to decreased vegetation height with reducedmovements and increased risk sensitivity in their feeding behavior. This seems to result mainly from an elevatedperceived predation risk. Behavioral responses may lessen the efficacy of the management because the desiredeffects of predators might be mediated. It remains largely unknown to what extent such responses can compensateat the population level for the expected consequences of habitat manipulation and how population size and cropdamage are affected. It is advantageous to understand how target and non-target species react to habitatmanipulation to maximize the management effects by appropriate techniques, timing and spatial scale withoutcausing unwanted effects at the system level.

关键词： behavior crop protection pest rodent population dynamics vegetation height

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Integration of ecology and biology for the management of rodents: International perspectives 2

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Integrative Zoology 2007年第4期2卷 191-192页

作者： Jens JACOB Peter R.BROWN Hongjun LI Zhibin ZHANG Federal Biological research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Institute for Nematology and Vertebrate ResearchMünsterGermany CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems CanberraAustralia State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

Most papers presented in this, the previous and thenext special issue of Integrative Zoology were presentedat the 3rd International Conference on Rodent Biologyand Management (3rd ICRBM) that was held in earlyAugust in Hanoi, Vietnam 20061 . The conference attractedan international audience of 130 participants from35 countries and provided an opportunity for all participantsto refresh and update their knowledge of scientific,technical and extension developments in the field ofrodent biology. There were about 110 spoken papers andabout 50 posters. The three main themes of the conferencewere (1) rodent biology, (2) rodent ecology, and (3)rodent management.

关键词： biology. Integration ecology

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Sex and age-specific differences in wing pointedness and wing length in blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla migrating through the southern Baltic coast

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Current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 271-277页

作者： Agnieszka Ozarowska Grzegorz Zaniewicz Wtodzimierz Meissner Department of vertebrate Ecology and Zoology Avian Ecophysiology UnitUniversity of GdanskGdansk80-308Poland Bird Migration research Station University of GdanskGdansk80-308Poland

The blackcap Sylvia atricapilla shows a complex migratory pattern and is a suitable species for the studies of morphological migratory syndrome,including adaptations of wing shape to different migratory *** migrants of this species that breed in northern,central,and Eastern Europe differ by migration distance and some cover shorter distance to the wintering grounds in the southern part of Europe/North Africa or the British Isles,although others migrate to sub-Saharan *** on>40years of ringing data on blackcaps captured during autumn migration in the Southern Baltic region,we studied age-and sex-related correlations in wing pointedness and wing length of obligate blackcap migrants to understand the differences in migratory behavior of this *** though the recoveries of blackcaps were scarce,we reported some evidence that individuals which differ in migration distance differed also in wing *** found that wing pointedness significantly increased with an increasing wing length of migrating birds,and adults had longer and more pointed wings than juvenile *** indicates stronger antipredator adaptation in juvenile blackcaps than selection on flight efficiency,which is particularly important during ***,we documented more pronounced differences in wing length between adult and juvenile males and *** differences in wing length may enhance a faster speed of adult male blackcaps along the spring migration route and may be adaptive when taking into account climatic effects,which favor earlier arrival from migration to the breeding grounds.

关键词： blackcap migration population wing shape

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