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Underground laboratories · Deep underground observation ·Scientific questions—Insights from observations of multi-physic fields in deep underground labs

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Huiqi REN Yun WANG Chang CHEN Guangyu FU Longqing QIU Lianghui GUO Chengliang XIE Yongsheng HE Heping SUN Jiwen TENG institute of Defense Engineering Academy of Military Sciences State Kay Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources Key Laboratory of Intraplate Volcanoes and Earthquakes Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Shanghai institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

This paper presents a comprehensive review on recent development and research conducted in domestic and international underground laboratories. We first introduce the differences in three environments—surface, mountain tunnel cavities and underground coal mine tunnels—by examining cosmic ray background, ambient noises related to gravity and seismic measurement, and electromagnetic noises in magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements. We highlight potential misuse of the term Underground Lab or Deep Underground Lab when describing observations in different physical fields. We introduce unique features of underground coal mine tunnels in China, such as large spaces, ultra-quiet conditions, and ultra-clean environments. When comparing with mountain tunnel cavities and borehole observations, coal mine tunnel observations have superior long-term stability and high precision. Through observations and comparisons of multi-physic fields at surface and the deep underground, we find that the higher SNR seismic observations conducted in deep underground tunnels in coal mines are beneficial to improve velocity tomography of the solid earth. The gravity observation with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device(SQUID) makes it possibly to capture slow earthquake, which has not been observed previously in the Chinese mainland. SQUID magnetic observations can detect fluctuations as weak as femto-Tesla(fT), enabling us to explore the attenuation of Schumann Resonance down to the solid Earth. This opens opportunities to investigate the connections between the Earth's magnetic field and the interactions within the human brain and heart. To improve the precision of quantum measurement,we should consider the possible effects of weak magnetic disturbances in deep underground environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of deep underground laboratories, observing facilities and techniques deployed in these laboratories, and their possible connection with respect to “deep space” an

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The Beishan underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China:Planning, site selection,site characterization and in situ tests

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2018年第3期10卷 411-435页

作者： Ju Wang Liang Chen Rui Su Xingguang Zhao CNNC Key Laboratory on geological Disposal of High-Ievel Radioactive Waste Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology

With the rapid development of nuclear power in China, the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW） has become an important issue for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Deep geological disposal is internationally accepted as a feasible and safe way to dispose of HLW, and underground research laboratories（URLs） play an important and multi-faceted role in the development of HLW repositories. This paper introduces the overall planning and the latest progress for China＇s URL. On the basis of the proposed strategy to build an area-specific URL in combination with a comprehensive evaluation of the site selection results obtained during the last 33 years, the Xinchang site in the Beishan area,located in Gansu Province of northwestern China, has been selected as the final site for China＇s first URL built in granite. In the process of characterizing the Xinchang URL site, a series of investigations,including borehole drilling,geological mapping, geophysical surveying,hydraulic testing and in situ stress measurements, has been conducted. The investigation results indicate that the geological,hydrogeological, engineering geological and geochemical conditions of the Xinchang site are very suitable for URL construction. Meanwhile, to validate and develop construction technologies for the Beishan URL, the Beishan exploration tunnel（BET）, which is a 50-m-deep facility in the Jiujing sub-area, has been constructed and several in situ tests, such as drill-and-blast tests, characterization of the excavation damaged zone（EDZ）, and long-term deformation monitoring of surrounding rocks, have been performed in the BET. The methodologies and technologies established in the BET will serve for URL *** to the achievements of the characterization of the URL site, a preliminary design of the URL with a maximum depth of 560 m is proposed and necessary in situ tests in the URL are planned.

关键词： Beishan Xinchang site Granite Underground research laboratory(URL) High-level radioactive waste(HLW) geological disposal

New Geochronologic Evidence of Diabases and Their Metallogenic Relationship with the Makeng-Type Iron Deposits in Southwest Fujian, SE China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第6期91卷 2324-2326页

作者： WANG Sen ZHANG Da WU Ganguo CAO Ke QU Hongjie MA Shuai YU Tengda beijing institute of Exploration Engineering China Geological Survey State Key Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences beijing Research institute of uranium Geology

Objective The Makeng-type iron deposits are located in Late Paleozoic depression of southwest Fujian Province in the southeast edge of Cathaysia, which are famous for their huge scale and specific ore genesis. Previous studies mainly focus on the ore characteristics, metallogenic setting and the granites in the mining area, and there is still controversy on the ore genesis. Recent research has revealed that the iron ore bodies are spatially closely related to diabase rocks, especially those in the Makeng Fe deposit. Diabase dykes are widely distributed in the Makeng, Luoyang, Zhangkeng and other iron deposits,

关键词： New Geochronologic Evidence Metallogenic Relationship

Origin of gray-green sandstone in ore bed of sandstone type uranium deposit in north Ordos Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第Z2期50卷 165-173页

作者： LI ZiYing FANG XiHeng CHEN AnPing OU GuangXi XIAO XinJian SUN Ye LIU ChiYang WANG Yi beijing Research institute of uranium Geology Beijing 100029China Beijing Research Institute of Uranium GeologyBeijing 100029China geological Party No.208 CNNCBaotou 014010China Beijing Research Institute of Uranium GeologyBeijing 100029China Department of Geology Northwest UniversityXi'an 710069China Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development SinopecBeijing 100083China

Dongsheng sandstone-type uranium deposit is located in the northern part of Ordos Basin,occurring in the transitional zones between gray-green and gray sandstones of Jurassic Zhiluo *** in oxidized zone of the ore bed look gray-green,being of unique signature and different from one of ordinary inter-layered oxidation zone of sandstone-type uranium *** character and origin of gray-green sandstones are systematically studied through their petrology,mineralogy and *** is pointed out that this color of sandstones is originated from secondary oil-gas reduction processes after paleo-oxidation,being due to acicular-leaf chlorite covering surfaces of the sandstone *** find out the origin of gray-green sandstone and recognize paleo-oxidation zones in the ore bed are of not only theoretical significance for understanding metallogenesis of this kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit,but also very importantly practical significance for prospecting for similar kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit.

关键词： Ordos Basin sandstone-type uranium deposit gray-green sandstone oil-gas origin

Integration Technique of Multi-source Information Dominated by Aerial Radiometric Measure-ment and Its Application

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Science China Chemistry 1994年第3期37卷 377-384页

作者：刘德长孙茂荣朱德龄张静波何建国 beijing institute of uranium Geology Beijing 100029 PRC

This paper aims at exploring a digital image integration technique for multi-geoscience in formation dominated by airborne gamma-ray data, especially deeply discussing the method to secondly develop those aerial data by combining digital image processing system with the colored mapping system. Utilizing this technique , we have analyzed the geologic environment of uranium mineralization of Lianshanguan area > Liaoning Province, provided some important background information for further seeking of minerals. Meanwhile , experimental studies have been made to predict uranium mineralization , and evident results aquired. Practise shows that this new technique offers prospecting significance for mineral seeking and great practical value in survey of uranium resources.

关键词： multi-source information aerial radiometric measurement.

Geochemistry,geochronology,and zircon Hf isotopic compositions of felsite porphyry in Xiangshan uranium orefield and its geological implication

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Acta Geochimica 2021年第5期40卷 773-786页

作者： Mingming Tian Ziying Li Jiangtao Nie Jun Zhong Jian Wang Jianhui Cao beijing Research institute of uranium Geology Beijing 100029China

Recently,a new kind of volcanic rock,felsite porphyry,has been revealed by drilling in Xiangshan area,Jiangxi Province,*** better understand petrogenesis and magmatic evolution sequence of the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex,we studied systematic petrology,geochemistry,LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating,and Hf isotope results of the felsite *** show that the felsite porphyry has similar geochemical characteristics to the porphyroclastic rhyolite,which is the predominant lithology of Xiangshan uranium *** porphyry and porphyroclastic rhyolite have high SiO2,Al2O3,and K2O contents,low Na2O,and MgO contents,and slightly negative Eu ***,these rocks are relatively depleted in large ion lithophile elements(K,Ba,and Sr)and are enriched in high field strength elements(Th,Zr,and Hf).LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of the felsite porphyry yielded a crystallization age of 132.2±0.9 Ma,which is coeval to that of the porphyroclastic *** ages signified that Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex formed in the Early Cretaceous,during which the entire South China was in the back-arc extension tectonic setting related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Euroasian ***-situ zircon Hf isotope data on a felsite porphyry sample show eHf(t)values from-8.82 to-5.11,while the Hf isotope two-stage model age(TDM2-Hf)ranges from 1513 to 1747 *** with petrological,mineralogical,geochemistry,and geochronology results of the felsite porphyry,it is concluded that the felsite porphyry in Xiangshan might be originated from the partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic ancient metamorphic rocks,with possible input of small amounts of mantle materials.

关键词： Petrogeochemistry LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age Hf isotope Felsite porphyry Xiangshan uranium orefield

Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of the Jabal Hadb Ad Dayheen Granitic Complex, Central Arabian Shield

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第1期34卷 20-36页

作者： Qinlong Tong Ziying Li Honghai Fan Naser Jahdali Mubarak M.Al-Nahdi CNNC beijing Research institute of uranium Geology National Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Information and Image Analysis TechnologyBeijing100029China CNNC Key Laboratory of uranium Resource Exploration and Evaluation Technology Beijing Research Institute of Uranium GeologyBeijing100029China Saudi geological Survey Jeddah21514Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Jabal Hadb Ad Dayheen granitic complex in central Saudi Arabia is an alkaline granitic ring complex associated with a collapsed caldera. It mainly consists of monzogranite in the center, biotite-hornblende porphyritic granite, and biotite-aegirine-riebeckite granite, intruded by some felsic and mafic dikes. The petrological and geochemical characteristics show that the granitic suites consist of metalminous-peralkaline A-type granites. The secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) zircon U-Pb analysis yielded ^(206)Pb/^(238)U ages of 613.3 ± 8.1 – 603.8 ± 3.8, 602.4 ± 3.8, 596 ± 5.6 Ma for biotitehornblende porphyritic granite, microgranite, and biotite-aegirine-riebeckite granite, respectively. The trace element characteristics and positive ε_(Hf)(t) values(3.2–12.2) indicate that the granitic rocks of the Dayheen Ring Complex are mainly derived from the juvenile crust with the involvement of mantlederived materials. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, the formation of the Dayheen Ring Complex mainly covered four periods:(1) subduction initiation and formation of arc terranes(870–620 Ma)—volcanic craters formed during this period provided the channel for alkaline complex intrusion;(2) collision between East and West Gondwana continents and formation of the north East African Orogen(640–613 Ma)—monzogranite stock at the center of the ring complex emplaced during this period;(3) post-collision extension and collapse(613–602 Ma)—red metaluminous biotite-hornblende porphyritic granite and microgranite sheets in the rim of the Dayheen Ring Complex emplaced during this period;(4) within-plate extension(602 – 545 Ma) —white peralkaline biotite-aegirine-riebeckite granite and plenty of felsic and mafic dikes in the rim mainly formed during this period. The granitic rocks of the Dayheen Ring Complex mainly formed during the transitional stage of post-collison to within-plate extension after the collision between East and West Gondwana continents, and part of them

关键词： ring complex A-type granite zircon zircon U-Pb dating tectonic evolution Arabian Shield

Early Mineralization Age of the Hengjian uranium Deposit: Constraints from Zircon SIMS U-Pb Dating

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第1期94卷 212-213页

作者： HE Sheng LI Ziying GUO Dongfa WANG Yongjian ZHANG Chuang GUO Jian FAN Zengwei beijing Research institute of uranium Geology Beijing 100029China

Objective The Hengjian uranium deposit is a typical hydrothermal deposit in the Xiangshan uranium ore *** uranium mineralization ages of the Xiangshan deposits are poorly constrained,and only a few mineralization ages using the pitchblende U–Pb method have been *** ages are commonly discordant and dispersed for abundant inclusions and an open U–Pb *** grains after strong hydrothermal alteration are usually characterized by high common Pb contents,and their U–Pb isochron ages recorded the hydrothermal alteration event without interference of common Pb *** Hengjian gray/grayish-green granite porphyry experienced strong alteration by hydrothermal fluids during the pervasive uranium mineralization in the Xiangshan uranium ore *** mineralization in the Hengjian deposit may had different stages,and strong hydromicatization alteration occurred at a relatively early *** altered zircon U–Pb isochron ages possibly represent relatively early mineralization age of the Xiangshan uranium *** zircon grains from the Hengjian granite porphyry were analyzed using the secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS)U-Pb method in this study,and U–Pb isochron ages were measured to constrain the relatively early mineralization age of the Hengjian uranium deposit.

关键词： Constraints from Zircon SIMS U-Pb Dating Early Mineralization Age of the Hengjian uranium Deposit

Evolution of Tectonic Uplift, Hydrocarbon Migration, and uranium Mineralization in the NW Junggar Basin： An Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology Study

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第5期92卷 1901-1916页

作者： QIN Mingkuan HUANG Shaohua HE Zhongbo XU Qiang SONG Jiye LIU Zhangyue GUO Qiang beijing Research institute of uranium Geology Beijing 100029 China CNNC Key Laboratory of uranium Resources Exploration and Evaluation Technology Beijing 100029 China

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic movement largely controls the northwest region of the Junggar Basin（NWJB）, which is a significant area for the exploration of petroleum and sandstone-type uranium deposits in China. This work collected six samples from this sedimentary basin and surrounding mountains to conduct apatite fission track（AFT） dating, and utilized the dating results for thermochronological modeling to reconstruct the uplift history of the NWJB and its response to hydrocarbon migration and uranium mineralization. The results indicate that a single continuous uplift event has occurred since the Early Cretaceous, showing spatiotemporal variation in the uplift and exhumation patterns throughout the NWJB. Uplift and exhumation initiated in the northwest and then proceeded to the southeast, suggesting that the fault system induced a post spread-thrust nappe into the basin during the Late Yanshanian. Modeling results indicate that the NWJB mountains have undergone three distinct stages of rapid cooling： Early Cretaceous（ca. 140–115 Ma）, Late Cretaceous（ca. 80–60 Ma）, and Miocene–present（since ca. 20 Ma）. These three stages regionally correspond to the LhasaEurasian collision during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous（ca. 140–125 Ma）, the Lhasa-Gandise collision during the Late Cretaceous（ca. 80–70 Ma）, and a remote response to the India-Asian collision since ca. 55 Ma, respectively. These tectonic events also resulted in several regional unconformities between the J3/K1, K2/E, and E/N, and three large-scale hydrocarbon injection events in the Piedmont Thrust Belt（PTB）. Particularly, the hydrocarbon charge event during the Early Cretaceous resulted in the initial inundation and protection of paleo-uranium ore bodies that were formed during the Middle–Late Jurassic. The uplift and denudation of the PTB was extremely slow from 40 Ma onward due to a slight influence from the Himalayan orogeny. However, the uplift of the PTB was faster after the Miocene, which led to re-

关键词： apatite fission track tectonic uplift hydrocarbon migration sandstone-type uranium deposit NW Junggar Basin