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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2016年第1期6卷 1-10页

作者： Puran Bridgemohan Musa El Sharief Mohamed Majeed Mohammed Kimberly Singh Ronell Shamir Hemsley Bridgemohan Centre for Biosciences Agriculture and Food Technology University of Trinidad and Tobago ECIAF Campus Centeno Trinidad Faculty of Agriculture University of the West Indies St. Augustine Campus Trinidad Georgia College and State university Milledgeville GA 31061 Georgia USA

Cocoa （Theobroma cacao L.） is the major input into the chocolate manufacturing industry, particularly the fine or flavor of the indigenous variety Trinitario, which is the hybrid of Crillo and Forastero. One key problem encountered by researchers is the inability to differentiate the various phenological stages of the cocoa reproductive cycle and to assess or predict the yield. This study sets out to map the various stages of the reproductive biology of cacao and to develop a set of photographic illustrations that appropriately describe the floral biology and development stages of Caribbean free cocoa as a tool for agronomist and farmers. It used a modified version of the codification of the ＂extended BBCH＂ scale （Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie, Germany）, which is a numerical system that differentiates between principal, secondary and tertiary growth stages. The phases and all floral stages to fruit development are described and illustrated in a set of photographs, which can now be used for training and referencing purposes. This is the first attempt to undertake and document this study.

关键词： Cacao flavor extended BBCH fine cocoa growth stages.

Heavy Metals in Soils Associated with Fertilizers in trinidad

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2023年第1期11卷 232-248页

作者： Rosanna Beharry Andrea Joseph Andre Gordon Mitko Voutchkov Department of Physics The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Department of Physics The University of the West Indies Mona Jamaica

Heavy metals in agricultural soil pose human health risks through food consumption. In a novel study for trinidad, concentration and pollution index levels of heavy metals were assessed from 18 agricultural farms using the X-Ray fluorescence technique, then to evaluate the Geo-accumulation and Nemerow’s Integrated Pollution indexes. Toxic elements Pb and As were present but soil quality due to anthropogenic input was found as unpolluted. Overall heavy metal pollution was classified at a precautionary level for 33% of farms, slightly polluted for 61% and moderately polluted for 6% of the farms assessed, thus, regular monitoring and mitigation measures are important for food safety and human health in trinidad.

关键词： Heavy Metals Pollution Toxicity Level Pollution Index Agricultural Soil Health Effects

Liver surface depressions in the presence of diaphragmatic muscular bands on trans-illumination

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 5-10页

作者： Shamir O Cawich Michael T Gardner Ramanand Shetty Jean Pierre Louboutin Zenica Dabichan Shaneeta Johnson Department of Surgery University of the West IndiesSt AugustineTrinidad and Tobago Section of Anatomy Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of the West IndiesKingston KIN7Jamaica Department of Surgery Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGA 30310United States

Traditional descriptions of liver anatomy refer to a smooth,convex surface contacting the *** depressions are recognized anatomic *** are many theories to explain the cause of the *** discuss the theory that these are... 详细信息

关键词： Liver Anatomy Depressions Fissure Groove Sulcus Variant

Forecasting Emergency Paediatric Asthma Hospital Admissions in trinidad and tobago: Development of a Local Model Incorporating the Interactions of Airborne Dust and Pollen Concentrations with Meteorological Parameters and a Time-Lag Factor

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2016年第4期5卷 109-126页

作者： Marissa Gowrie John Agard Gregor Barclay Azad Mohammed Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago West Indies

Respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis are multifaceted disorders which are exacerbated by various factors including: gender, age, diet, genetic background, biological materials, allergens (pollen and spores), pollutants, meteorological conditions and dust particles. It is hypothesized that, the number of valid physician diagnosed cases of paediatric asthma, which has resulted in emergency room visits in trinidad can be expressed as a function of the magnitude of pollen counts, particulate matter (PM10), and selected meteorological parameters. These parameters were used to develop a 7-day predictive model for paediatric asthma admittance. The data showed no obvious, strong correlations between paediatric asthma admissions and dust concentrations, and paediatric asthma admissions and pollen concentrations, when considered in isolation or in a linear fashion. However, using polynomial regression analysis, which looked at combinations of interactions, a strong 7-day predictive model for paediatric asthma admissions, was developed. The model was tested against actual data collated during the study period and showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.85) between the regression model and the actual admissions data.

关键词： Pollen Asthma Paediatric Saharan Dust Asthma Forecast Model trinidad and tobago

Review of minimally invasive pancreas surgery and opinion on its incorporation into low volume and resource poor centres

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2021年第10期13卷 1122-1135页

作者： Shamir O Cawich Michael D Kluger Wesley Francis Rahul R Deshpande Fawwaz Mohammed Kimon O Bonadie Dexter A Thomas Neil W Pearce Beth A Schrope Clinical Surgical Sciences University of the West IndiesTunapuna 331333Trinidad and Tobago Department of Surgery New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY 10032United States Department of Surgery University of the West IndiesNassau N-1184Bahamas Department of Surgery Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester M139WLUnited Kingdom Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences University of the West IndiesTunapuna 331333Trinidad and Tobago Department of Surgery Health Service AuthorityGeorgetown 915 GTCayman Islands Department of Surgery Southampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUnited Kingdom Department of Surgery Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNY 10032United States

Pancreatic surgery has been one of the last areas for the application of minimally invasive surgery(MIS)because there are many factors that make laparoscopic pancreas resections *** concept of service centralization has also limited expertise to a small cadre of high-volume centres in resource rich ***,this is not the environment that many surgeons in developing countries work *** patients often do not have the opportunity to travel to high volume centres for ***,we sought to review the existing data on MIS for the pancreas and to *** this paper,we review the evolution of MIS on the pancreas and discuss the incorporation of this service into low-volume and resource-poor countries,such as those in the *** paper has two ***,we performed a literature review evaluating all studies published on laparoscopic and robotic surgery of the *** data in the Caribbean is examined and we discuss tips for incorporating this operation into resource poor hospital *** pancreatic case volume in the Caribbean,and financial barriers to MIS in general,laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy,enucleation and cystogastrostomy are feasible operations to integrate in to a resource-limited healthcare *** is because they can be performed with minimal to no consumables and require an intermediate MIS skillset to complement an open pancreatic surgeon’s peri-operative experience.

关键词： Pancreas Surgery Laparoscopic Minimally invasive Pancreatectomy Whipple’s Pancreaticoduidenectomy

The Asian Green Mussel <i>Perna viridis</i>(Linnaeus 1758): 20 Years after Its Introduction in trinidad and tobago

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2013年第2期3卷 62-65页

作者： Judith Gobin John Agard Janette Madera Azad Mohammed Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Laboratories of Analytical Biology Smithsonian Institution Suitland USA

Invasive species are often characterised by the introduction of low numbers of individuals and a small genetic pool which could give rise to a population with a lower genetic diversity than the original population. Perna viridis was first reported on the west coast of trinidadin1990 inthe Point Lisas Industrial estate. They may have been first introduced either as juvenile free floating mussels (spat) or as adults attached to the hulls of ships. This gregarious species spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean toVenezuela,KingstonHarbor(Jamaica) and by 1999 was reported inTampaBay(Florida). Genetic analysis was done on tissue samples fromtrinidadto determine the genetic similarity of newly collected specimens (2009) with archived specimens (collected 1994). Results suggest that there may not be any genetic variation in the population of Perna viridis, even approximately 20 years after initial colonization. These results suggest that there was no evidence of genetic bottlenecks in the population of P. viridis fromtrinidad.

关键词： Perna viridis Green Mussels trinidad and tobago Invasive Species

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Bridgetown-Barbados, Employing Subduction Interface Characteristic Earthquakes

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第11期7卷 1405-1422页

作者： Walter Salazar Lyndon Brown Garth Mannette Seismic Research Centre The University of the West lndies (UWI) St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Earthquake Unit The University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona Kingston Jamaica

A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. Hazard computations have been performed using the standard Cornell-McGuire approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and expected maximum magnitudes, the authors take into consideration the possibility of large subduction interface earthquakes of magnitude 8.0-9.0 beneath the Barbados accretionary prism via application of a characteristic model and slip rates. The analysis has been conducted using a standard logic-tree approach. Uniform hazard spectra have been calculated for the 5% of critical damping and the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions setting 5 return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s. The disaggregation results suggest that the magnitude-distance pair that dominates the hazard yields M 7.4 and 8.6 and a distance of 42.5 km in the Interface Subduction Zone beneath Barbados for the 475 and 975 years RP （return period）, respectively. An event with an M 8.0 at a distance of 107.5 km in the Intraplate Subduction Zone is the second scenario that dominates the hazard for both 475 and 975 years RP.

关键词： Tectonics seismogenic sources characteristic earthquakes recurrence interval disaggregation.

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Jamaica

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第9期7卷 1118-1140页

作者： Walter Salazar Lyndon Brown Garth Mannette Seismic Research Centre The University of the West Indies (UWI) St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Earthquake Unit The University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona Kingston Jamaica

A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed to generate seismic hazard maps for Jamaica. The analysis was then conducted using a standard logic-tree approach that allowed systematically taking into account the model-based （i.e., epistemic） uncertainty and its influence on the computed ground motion parameters. Hazard computations have been performed using a grid of sites with a space of 0.05 degrees. Two different computation methodologies have been adopted： the standard approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and the zone-free approach, which overcomes the ambiguities related with the definition of the seismic sources solely reflecting the characteristics of the earthquake catalogue. A comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for Jamaica has been compiled for the years 1551-2010 and new empirical relationships amongst magnitudes Mze-Ms and Mw-mb have been developed for the region. Uniform hazard spectra and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions and five return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s, and 5% of critical damping. The spectral accelerations have been calculated to allow the definition of seismic hazard in Jamaica according to the International Building Code 2012. The disaggregation analysis for Kingston Metropolitan Area suggests that the magnitude-distance pair that contributes most to the hazard corresponds to events with M 7.8 and M 7.0 in the Enriquillo Plantain Garden Fault and the Jamaican Faults at a distance of 28 km and 18 km for short and long period structures respectively corresponding to 2,475 years return period. However, for long period structures, a substantial contribution is found for a M 8.2 at a distance of 198 km in the Oriente Fault Zone.

关键词： Earthquake catalogue GMPE's (ground motion prediction equations) seismic hazard response spectrum disaggregationanalysis.

Whipple’s operation with a modified centralization concept:A model in low-volume Caribbean centers

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第22期10卷 7620-7630页

作者： Shamir O Cawich Neil W Pearce Vijay Naraynsingh Parul Shukla Rahul R Deshpande Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences University of the West IndiesSt Augustine 000000Trinidad and Tobago university Surgical Unit Southampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUnited Kingdom Department of Surgery Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY 10065United States Department of Surgery Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester M139WLUnited Kingdom

Conventional data suggest that complex operations,such as a pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD),should be limited to high volume ***,this is not practical in small,resource-poor countries in the *** these settings,patients have no option but to have their PDs performed locally at low volumes,occasionally by general *** this paper,we review the evolution of the concept of the high-volume center and discuss the feasibility of applying this concept to low and middle-income ***,we discuss a modification of this concept that may be considered when incorporating PD into low-volume and resource-poor countries,such as those in the *** paper has two ***,we performed a literature review evaluating studies published on outcomes after PD in high volume *** data in the Caribbean is then examined and we discuss the incorporation of this operation into resource-poor hospitals with modifications of the centralization *** the authors’opinions,most patients who require PD in the Caribbean do not have realistic opportunities to have surgery in high-volume centers in developed *** these settings,their only options are to have their operations in the resource-poor,low-volume settings in the ***,post-operative outcomes may be improved,despite low-volumes,if a modified centralization concept is encouraged.

关键词： Pancreas Surgery Pancreatectomy Whipple’s Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Surface Soil Effects Studies Based on HN Ratios of Microtremors at Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第10期7卷 1301-1322页

The authors performed single mobile microtremor measurements at 218 sites at KMA （Kingston Metropolitan Area） with the objective of estimating the amplification effects due to the earthquake ground motion on the surface geology. The Fourier transform was applied to the most stationary parts of the triaxial wave motion recordings for each individual site and applied the traditional Nakamura technique, namely, the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio （H/V） to retrieve the predominant shear wave period of vibration of the soil profiles above the bedrock. The results yield predominant long periods of about 3.0-4.0 s in the port area and the waterfront, 1.0-2.0 s in the central part of Kingston, 0.3-1.0 s in Portmore and very stiff soil conditions in the surrounding area of the city. The results coincide fairly well with previous geological studies in the region, geotechnical data in boreholes, gravimetric measurements and strong motion recordings, suggesting a high degree of amplification of ground motion in the whole period range of engineering interest. Additionally, the authors obtained the liquefaction vulnerability factor Kg proposed by Nakamura based on the H/V ratio of microtremors. The results suggest that the port area, the waterfront and the Port Royal are highly susceptible to liquefaction. Finally, the authors obtained fundamental periods of vibration based on microtremor measurements on the roof and the basement of four important buildings in the KMA and indicated future lines of research employing ambient noise measurements on structures.

关键词： Microtremors Rayleigh and S-waves amplification factor fundamental period of vibration