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Weather Events Associated with Strong Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms in Italy

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Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research 2023年第3期5卷 39-54页

作者： Valentino Straser Daniele Cataldi Gabriele Cataldi university makeni Department of Agriculture Fatima CampusMakeni00000Sierra Leone Group Radio Emissions Project LarianoRome00076Italy

This study discusses the possible relationship between potentially destructive seismic events,earthquake swarms,and intense weather events occurring in the same epicentral zone at time intervals ranging from one day to a few *** objective of the present study is,therefore,to analyze the interaction between the lithosphere,atmosphere,and ionosphere in order to propose,prospectively,a new hydro-climatic model to be applied not only in Italy,where this research was carried *** study concerns some of the most intense Italian earthquakes starting from 1920,with the destructive event in Lunigiana,in North Western Apennines,until the recent earthquake swarm that hit the Emilia-Romagna region followed,as in the cases analyzed in this research,by strong atmospheric *** recurrence associating seismic events with atmospheric precipitation allows us to propose some hypotheses about the triggering *** tectonically stressed areas,during pre-seismic and seismic phases,the release of gases from the ground and electrical charges near active faults is *** is hypothesized that water condensation nuclei are carried by radon gas on atmospheric gases,also originating from cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere,generated by air ionization.

关键词： Extreme hydro-climatic events Earthquakes Radon gas Earthquake swarms Atmospheric precipitation

Immunoglobulin G Specific Antibody Level against Ebola Viral Glycoprotein and Nucleoprotein in Ebola Virus Disease Survivors and Their Relatives

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2021年第4期9卷 179-196页

作者： Nadège Goumkwa Mafopa Raoul Emeric Guetiya Wadoum Marta Giovanetti Antonella Minutolo Béatrice Dambaya Claude Kwe Yinda Gianluca Russo Georges Teto Georgia Ambada Patrick Turay Judith Torimiro Alexis Ndjolo Jules Roger Kuate Vittorio Colizzi Carla Montesano Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management Yaoundé Cameroon university of Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy Department of Biochemistry University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Departement of Public Health University of Makeni Makeni Sierra Leone National Institute of Health—ISS Rome Italy Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Intramural Research Program National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA university di Roma “Sapienza” Rome Italy Holy Spirit Hospital makeni Makeni Sierra Leone Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Ebola virus disease is a complex zoonosis that is highly virulent in humans. Despite its sorely pathogenic and lethal nature, survivors of this infection and even asymptomatic cases are able to develop both humoral and cellular immunity against several Ebola virus (EBOV) proteins. We aimed at determining immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies level against two Ebola viral antigens, the glycoprotein and the nucleoprotein in Ebola survivors and their relatives. Anti-EBOV glycoprotein (GP) and nucleoprotein (NP) IgG antibodies were quantified using ELISA. We enrolled 199 participants in two different sites as follow: 91 survivors at the Loreto clinic and 70 survivors with 38 relatives of Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors Bombali Branch (SLAESB) tested for anti-EBOV NP and anti-EBOV GP IgG antibodies. Our findings revealed that the median anti-EBOV IgG level among survivors was 5.7128 U/ml [IQR: 2.793 - 7.783] for anti-EBOV GP IgG and 4.431 U/ml [IQR: 2.083 - 7.696] for anti-EBOV NP IgG. Survivors relatives had a median anti-EBOV GP IgG level of ?0.7128 U/ml [IQR: -0.903 to -0.04327] and -2.711 U/ml [IQR: -4.01 to -1.918] for anti-EBOV NP IgG. We observed that IgG levels in survivors were higher than in relatives with a significant difference of about 0.0001. The median value of anti-EBOV IgG level among seropositive relatives was 0.7043 U/ml [IQR: 0.5686 to 3.716] for anti-EBOV GP IgG and 4.05 U/ml [IQR: 0.2765 to 7.759] for anti-EBOV NP IgG respectively. Interestingly, we observed that 3.30% of Loreto clinic survivors did not developed anti-EBOV NP IgG antibodies;also about 10% survivors of the SLAESB were not reactive to anti-EBOV NP IgG and 1.43% of these survivors did not express antibodies against the Ebola viral glycoprotein. Our work is consistent with previous published studies showing heterogeneity in both survivors and asymptomatic cases of Ebola infection developing adaptive immunity against EBOV proteins.

关键词： Immunoglobulin IgG Level Ebola Survivors and Relatives Glycoprotein and Nucleoprotein

Model-based estimation of above-ground biomass in the miombo ecoregion of Zambia

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Forest Ecosystems 2016年第4期3卷 258-274页

作者： James Halperin Valerie LeMay Emmanuel Chidumayo Louis Verchot Peter Marshall Department of Forest Resources Management The University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada makeni Savanna Research Project P.O. Box 50323 Ridgeway Lusaka Zambia International Center for Tropical Agriculture Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira Apartado Aereo 6713 Cali 763537. Colombia

Background：Information on above-ground biomass（AGB） is important for managing forest resource use at local levels,land management planning at regional levels,and carbon emissions reporting at national and international *** many tropical developing countries,this information may be unreliable or at a scale too coarse for use at local *** is a vital need to provide estimates of AGB with quantifiable uncertainty that can facilitate land use management and policy development ***-based methods provide an efficient framework to estimate ***：Using National Forest Inventory（NFI） data for a^1,000,000 ha study area in the miombo ecoregion,Zambia,we estimated AGB using predicted canopy cover,environmental data,disturbance data,and Landsat 8 OLI satellite *** assessed different combinations of these datasets using three models,a semiparametric generalized additive model（GAM） and two nonlinear models（sigmoidal and exponential）,employing a genetic algorithm for variable selection that minimized root mean square prediction error（RMSPE）,calculated through *** compared model fit statistics to a null model as a baseline estimation *** bootstrap resampling methods,we calculated 95% confidence intervals for each model and compared results to a simple estimate of mean AGB from the NFI ground plot ***：Canopy cover,soil moisture,and vegetation indices were consistently selected as predictor *** sigmoidal model and the GAM performed similarly;for both models the RMSPE was -36.8 tonnes per hectare（i.e.,57% of the mean）.However,the sigmoidal model was approximately 30% more efficient than the GAM,assessed using bootstrapped variance estimates relative to a null *** selecting the sigmoidal model,we estimated total AGB for the study area at 64,526,209 tonnes（＋/- 477,730）,with a confidence interval 20 times more precise than a simple designbased ***：Our findings demonstrate that NFI

关键词： National Forest Inventory Above-ground biomass Miombo REDD+ Generalized additive model Nonlinear model Landsat 8 OLI

Cassava Groundnut Intercropping: A Sustainable Land Management Practice for Increasing Crop Productivity and Organic Carbon Stock on Smallholder Farms

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 73-87页

作者： Keiwoma M. Yila Mohamed S. Lebbie Abdul R. Conteh Mohamed S. Kamara Lamin I. Kamara Mathew L. S. Gboku Njala Agricultural Research Centre Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute Freetown Sierra Leone Department of Food Security and Livelihood Action against Hunger Sierra Leone Mission Freetown Sierra Leone Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources Management Ernest Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology Makeni Campus Makeni Sierra Leone Headquarters Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute Freetown Sierra Leone

Cassava-groundnut intercropping is not a common practice among smallholder farmers in Sierra Leone even though both crops are well suited for intercropping. On-farm trials were conducted in three locations (Bai Largor, Bassah, and Njala Kanima) in the Moyamba district during the 2021 cropping season to investigate the efficacy of cassava-groundnut intercropping for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms in the Moyamba district, Southern Sierra Leone. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in three replications with treatments of sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping. Data on the yield and yield components of cassava and groundnut were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 and means were compared using the standard error of difference (SED). The above-ground biomass, number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the cassava-based cropping system. Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut decreased the above-ground biomass, the number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava by 17%, 11%, and 17%, respectively. The above-ground biomass, number of pods per plant and fresh pod yield of groundnut were significantly (p 1), the highest net revenue and benefit-cost ratio. The benefit-cost ratio was also favourable for the sole cassava (BCR > 1) but not favourable for the sole groundnut (BCR < 1). Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut increased the benefit-cost ratio by 121% and 13% when compared to the sole groundnut and sole cassava. In the event of a 40% yield loss for the cassava and groundnut, the benefit-cost ratio was favourable (1.12) only for the cassava groundnut intercropping system. The net soil organic carbon stock was favourable only for the cassava-groundnut intercrop. Averaged across locations, the net soil organic carbon for the cassava-gro

关键词： Benefit-Cost Ratio Cassava-Groundnut Intercropping Land Equivalent Ratio Soil Organic Carbon Sustainable Land Management

Viral Hepatitis B and C Detection among Ebola Survivors and Health Care Workers in makeni, Sierra Leone

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2020年第10期8卷 18-32页

作者： Nadege Goumkwa Mafopa Marta Giovanetti Raoul Emeric Guetiya Wadoum Antonella Minutolo Claude Kwe Yinda Gianluca Russo Béatrice Dambaya Georges Teto Georgia Ambada Patrick Turay Judith Torimiro Alexis Ndjolo Vittorio Colizzi Carla Montesano Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management Yaoundé Cameroon university of Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy National Institute of Health-ISS Rome Italy university of makeni Sierra Leone National Institute of Health (NIH) Intramural Research Program (IRP) Hamilton Montana USA university di Roma “Sapienza” Rome Italy Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Holy Spirit Hospital Makeni Sierra Leone Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Viral hepatitis B and C infections are among the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lack of knowledge and awareness in the general population as in health care settings may enhance the propagation of these diseases. We aimed at determining the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Ebola survivors and health care workers (HCWs) of the makeni town in Sierra Leone. We conducted a cross-sectional study during the last 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in makeni among Ebola survivors (N = 68) and 81 Health care workers from Holy Spirit hospital and Loreto clinic, two health care facilities in makeni district. Serological markers of HBV (HBs Ag, anti-HBs Ab and anti-HBc Ab) and anti-HCV antibodies detection were done using ELISA techniques. The positive detection rates for HBs Ag, anti-HBs Ab and anti-HBc antibodies in Ebola survivors were 23.53% (16/68), 32.35% (22/68) and 88.89% (16/18) respectively. Survivors with a current HBV infection had a positive rate of 38.89% (7/18) and 16.66% (3/18) of them were considered immune due to past HBV infection. HCV prevalence was 26.47% (18/68) and about 10.29% (7/68) were HBV/HCV co-infected. The positive detection rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs Ab and anti-HBc Ab were 37.07% (30/81), 33.33% (27/81) and 30.86% (25/81) respectively in health care workers. We observed that 4.94% (4/81) of the HCWs were currently infected with HBV. Participants considered as immune due to past infection represented 23.47% (19/81) and those immune due to vaccination represented 2.47% (2/81). The prevalence of HCV infection among health staff was 2.47% (2/81) with 1.23% (1/81) being HBV/HCV co-infection. Our findings showed that viral hepatitis infection is a burden for Sierra Leone government. There is an urgent need to develop and implement strategies that could improve population immunization against HBV and vulgarization of HCV treatment programs.

关键词： Viral Hepatitis B and C Ebola Survivors Health Care Workers

Seasonal Effect on Weather Elements on Water Table Fluctuation in Potable Wells in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2023年第11期13卷 2198-2209页

作者： Richard Tamba Simbo Alhaji Brima Gogra Yahaya Kudus Kawa Paul Juana Moiwo Department of Chemistry School of Basic Sciences Njala University Bo Sierra Leone Department of Science and Mathematics William V.S. Tubman University Harper Liberia Ernest Bai Koroma university of Science and Technology Makeni Sierra Leone Department of Agricultural Engineering School of Technology Njala University Bo Sierra Leone

The study investigated the seasonal effects of weather elements on water table fluctuations in drinking wells in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone. The study specifically determined the trends in precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity relative to water table depth and water volume in both manually dug and mechanically drilled water wells in the chiefdoms. The key objective was to provide a clear guide on sustainable well development and operation in the study area and beyond. To do so, the depth of each well was taken and the water table measured. Also, data on key weather elements such as precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity were collected on the 15th of every month for a period of one year. The data were analyzed on Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS platforms for monthly and seasonal trends in the time-space fabric. The results showed that the depth to water table was high in the dries (small well water volume) and low in the rains (large well water volume) for both manually dug and mechanically drilled wells. Well water temperature increased as temperature increased during the dry season but decreased as temperature decreased during the rainy season. The study showed that weather elements such as precipitation and temperature had direct impact on groundwater availability. This is critical for groundwater development and management in the study area and in Sierra Leone at large.

关键词： Groundwater Water Table Relative Humidity Precipitation Temperature

Demographic implications of lifehistory stage characteristics in two African acacias at a makeni savanna plot in Zambia

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2008年第4期1卷 217-225页

作者： Emmanuel Ngulube Chidumayo Biological Sciences Department University of ZambiaBox 32379LusakaZambia

Aims In spite of the importance of African acacias in vegetation succession and provision of goods and services,little is known about life-history variations within and among *** of the work done on African acacias has focused on seed predation and germination and seedling establishment,especially of Acacia tortilis,Acacia nilotica and Acacia *** primary aim of the present work is to investigate differences in the demography of Acacia polyacantha and Acacia sieberiana and the relationship between life-history characteristics and population size.A secondary objective is to assess how fire,an important ecological factor in savanna vegetation,might modify the growth and demographic dynamics of the two *** The study was conducted at the makeni savanna plot in central Zambia,southern *** emergence from both non-scarified and scarified seeds sown at different times in the wet season and the fate and growth of seedlings and saplings were monitored over a period of 4 *** growth of permanently marked sample trees in annually burnt and fire-protected blocks was recorded over a 6-year period(2002–08)in order to assess inter-specific differences and how fire modifies tree growth *** of natural saplings and trees were conducted periodically in sample blocks to determine recruitment into these life-history *** findings Seedling emergence and sapling survival rates were much higher in *** than in ***,both seedling and sapling growth rates were higher in *** than in *** but tree growth rates were similar in the two *** fire protection tree growth was significantly influenced by tree size and year while under annual burning only tree size significantly affected tree *** dominance of *** over *** at the study site was attributed to higher seedling emergence rate,higher sapling survival rate and a large sapling bank that forms a

关键词： Acacia demography fire plant growth survivorship

Influence of Chicken Manure Amendment on the Thermal Properties of Selected Benchmark Soils in Zambia

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2019年第2期9卷 35-46页

作者： Mary Mwale Chishala Elijah Phiri Lydia M. Chabala Department of Soil Science School of Agricultural Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Influence of Chicken Manure amendment on the thermal properties of selected Benchmark soils in Zambia was investigated in the laboratory under soil column experiments. Five benchmark soils were exerted to four chicken manure amendment rates of 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 6% on a weight basis. Soil temperature profiles were monitored in soil columns exerted to artificial heat source and generated data was used to compute the thermal properties of the soils. The effect of manure application on the soil thermal properties was strongly related to soil type and application rate. Significant differences (p ?3·c?1 (Mushemi series) to 8.62 MJ·m?3·c?1 (makeni series) and attributed to differences in soil characteristics. Thermal diffusivity varied from 0.028 m2·s?1 (makeni series) to 0.069 m2·s?1 (Mushemi series) a reverse trend to thermal conductivity. A similar trend was observed with damping depth however thermal conductivity was not significantly different among the benchmark soils. The studied soils showed significant differences (p λ), thermal diffusivity (Dh) and damping depth (d) decreased while volumetric heat capacity (Cv) increased with increased chicken manure addition. The differences in these thermal properties were attributed to differences in soil properties. These results suggest that chicken manure application can be an important intervention in regulation of the thermal properties of the soil and consequently the thermal regime of the soil.

关键词： Thermal Regime Chicken Manure Benchmark Soils Climate Change Temperature