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Smart contract applications in the built environment: How prepared are Nigerian construction stakeholders?

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Frontiers of Engineering Management 2024年第1期11卷 50-61页

作者： Andrew EBEKOZIEN Clinton AIGBAVBOA Samuel Adeniyi ADEKUNLE Mohamad Shaharudin SAMSURIJAN John ALIU Bernard Martins ARTHUR-AIDOO Godpower Chinyeru AMADI Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying University of JohannesburgJohannesburg 2006South Africa School of Social Sciences Universiti Sains MalaysiaGelugor11800 USM PenangMalaysia Department of Quantity Surveying Auchi PolytechnicAuchiNigeria Institute for Resilient Infrastructure Systems College of EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA Department of Building Technology Faculty of Built EnvironmentAccra Technical UniversityAccraGhana Nigerian Institute of Management Port HarcourtNigeria

Studies have demonstrated that advanced technology,such as smart contract applications,can enhance both pre-and post-contract administration within the built environment *** contract technology,exemplifying blockchain technologies,has the potential to improve transparency,trust,and the security of data transactions within this ***,there is a dearth of academic literature concerning smart contract applications within the construction industries of developing countries,with a specific focus on ***,this study seeks to explore the relevance of smart contract technology and address the challenges impeding its adoption,offering strategies to mitigate the obstacles faced by smart contract *** investigate the stakeholders,this research conducted 14 virtual interview sessions to achieve data *** interviewees encompassed project management practitioners,senior management personnel from construction companies,experts in construction dispute resolution,professionals in construction software,and representatives from government construction *** data obtained from these interviews underwent thorough analysis employing a thematic *** study duly recognizes the significance of smart contract applications within the *** the 12 identified barriers,issues such as identity theft and data leakage,communication and synchronization challenges,high computational expenses,lack of driving impetus,excessive electricity consumption,intricate implementation processes,absence of a universally applicable legal framework,and the lack of a localized legal framework were recurrent impediments affecting the adoption of smart contract applications within the *** study also delves into comprehensive measures to mitigate these *** conclusion,this study critically evaluates the relevance of smart contract applications within the built environment,with a specific focus on promoting their *** may serve

关键词： built environment industry digitalization Nigeria smart contract technological revolution

Piezotronic neuromorphic devices:principle,manufacture,and applications

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2024年第3期6卷 363-385页

作者： Xiangde Lin Zhenyu Feng Yao Xiong Wenwen Sun Wanchen Yao Yichen Wei Zhong Lin Wang Qijun Sun Department of Research Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghai 201318People’s Republic of China Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101400People’s Republic of China Center on Nanoenergy Research School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanning 530004People’s Republic of China Shandong Zhongke Naneng Energy Technology Co. LtdDongying 257061People’s Republic of China georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA 30332-0245United States of America

With the arrival of the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data,the explosive growth of data has raised higher demands on computer hardware and *** techniques inspired by biological nervous systems are expected to be one of the approaches to breaking the von Neumann *** neuromorphic devices modulate electrical transport characteristics by piezopotential and directly associate external mechanical motion with electrical output signals in an active manner,with the capability to sense/store/process information of external *** this review,we have presented the piezotronic neuromorphic devices(which are classified into strain-gated piezotronic transistors and piezoelectric nanogenerator-gated field effect transistors based on device structure)and discussed their operating mechanisms and related manufacture ***,we summarized the research progress of piezotronic neuromorphic devices in recent years and provided a detailed discussion on multifunctional applications,including bionic sensing,information storage,logic computing,and electrical/optical artificial ***,in the context of future development,challenges,and perspectives,we have discussed how to modulate novel neuromorphic devices with piezotronic effects more *** is believed that the piezotronic neuromorphic devices have great potential for the next generation of interactive sensation/memory/computation to facilitate the development of the Internet of Things,AI,biomedical engineering,etc.

关键词： piezotronics neuromorphic devices strain-gated transistors piezoelectric nanogenerators synaptic transistors

A novel engineered IL-21 receptor arms T-cell receptor-engineered T cells(TCR-T cells)against hepatocellular carcinoma

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第5期9卷 2215-2230页

作者： Wei Zhu Zhiming Zhang Jinzhang Chen Xiaolan Chen Lei Huang Xiaoyong Zhang Xuan Huang Na Ma Weikang Xu Xuan Yi Xinyu Lu Xin Fu Siwei Li Guoheng Mo Yiyue Wang Guosheng Yuan Mengya Zang Qi Li Xiaotao Jiang Yajing He Sha Wu Yukai He Yongyin Li Jinlin Hou State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis ResearchDepartment of Infectious DiseasesNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University Medical SchoolNewcastleUK Department of Pathology The First People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanChina Dermatology Hospital Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina Department of Immunology School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina Microbiome Medicine Center Department of Laboratory MedicineZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Guangdong Province Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences of ChinaGuangzhouChina Medical College of georgia Augusta University112015th StreetAugustaGAUSA

Strategies to improve T cell therapy efficacy in solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)are urgently *** common cytokine receptorγchain(γc)family cytokines such as IL-2,IL-7,IL-15 and IL-21 play fundamental roles in T cell development,differentiation and effector *** study aims to determine the combination effects of IL-21 in T cell therapy against HCC and investigate optimized strategies to utilize the effect of IL-21 signal in T cell *** antitumor function of AFP-specific T cell receptor-engineered T cells(TCR-T)was augmented by exogenous IL-21 in vitro and in ***-21 enhanced proliferation capacity,promoted memory differentiation,downregulated PD-1 expression and alleviated apoptosis in TCR-T after activation.A novel engineered IL-21 receptor was established,and TCR-T armed with the novel engineered IL-21 receptors(IL-21R-TCR-T)showed upregulated phosphorylated STAT3 expression without exogenous IL-21 ***-21R-TCR-T showed better proliferation upon activation and superior antitumor function in vitro and in ***-21R-TCR-T exhibited a less differentiated,exhausted and apoptotic phenotype than conventional TCR-T upon repetitive tumor antigen *** novel IL-21 receptor in our study programs powerful TCR-T and can avoid side effects induced by IL-21 systemic *** novel IL-21 receptor creates new opportunities for next-generation TCR-T against HCC.

关键词： hepatocellular TCR utilize

The new kid on the block in insect pest management:sprayable RNAi goes commercial

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第8期67卷 1766-1768页

作者： Junjie Yan Ralf Nauen Stuart Reitz Andrei Alyokhin Jiang Zhang David Mota-Sanchez Yonggyun Kim Subba Reddy Palli Silvia I.Rondon Brian A.Nault Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes Michael S.Crossley William E.Snyder Angharad M.R.Gatehouse Myron P.Zalucki Bruce E.Tabashnik Yulin Gao State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China Bayer AG Crop Science DivisionR&DPest ControlMonheim 40789Germany Department of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityOntario 97914USA School of Biology and Ecology University of MaineOrono 04469USA Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureKey Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen 518000China Department of Entomology Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48864USA Department of Plant Medicals Andong National UniversityAndong 36729Republic of Korea Department of Entomology University of KentuckyLexington 40503USA Oregon State university Oregon Integrated Pest Management CenterCorvallis 97838USA Department of Entomology Cornell UniversityCornell AgriTechGeneva 14456USA Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of TennesseeKnoxville 37996USA Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of DelawareNewark 19716USA Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602USA School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE17RUUK School of the Environment University of QueenslandBrisbane 4072Australia Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao 266109China Department of Entomology University of ArizonaTucson 85721USA National Center of Excellence for Tuber and Root Crop Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Insect pest damage to crops is a threat to global food security(Tilman et al.,2011).Climate change,the evolution of insecticide resistance,and the phasing out of insecticides due to environmental and safety concerns exacerbate this *** urgently need safe and effective crop protection tools to sustainably generate yields that meet ever-increasing global demand.

关键词： crops damage pest

Leukocyte-Specific Morrbid Promotes Leukocyte Differentiation and Atherogenesis

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Research 2024年第2期2023卷 123-137页

作者： Di Xiang Lei Jiang Qiong Yuan Yang Yu Ruiming Liu Meiting Chen Zheng Kuai Wendy Zhang Fan Yang Tingting Wu Zhiyu He Zuhui Ke Wanzi Hong Pengcheng He Ning Tan Yeying Sun Zhen Shi Xuebiao Wei Jianfang Luo Xiaoqiu Tan Yuqing Huo Gangjian Qin Chunxiang Zhang Department of Cardiology Key Laboratory of Medical ElectrophysiologyMinistry of EducationInstitute of Cardiovascular ResearchThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversitySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuan 646000China Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine The University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35233USA Department of Cardiology.Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease PreventionGuangdong Provincial Institute of Geriatric MedicineGuangdong General HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong 510100China Vascular Biology Center Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA 30912USA

Monocyte-to-M0/M1 macrophage differentiation with unclear molecular mechanisms is a pivotal cellular event in many cardiovascular diseases including *** non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are a group of protein expression regulators;however,the roles of monocyte-lncRNAs in macrophage differentiation and its related vascular diseases are still *** study aims to investigate whether the novel leukocyte-specific lncRNA Morrbid could regulate macrophage differentiation and *** identified that Morrbid was increased in monocytes and arterial walls from atherosclerotic mouse and from patients with *** cultured monocytes,Morrbid expression was markedly increased during monocyte to M0 macrophage differentiation with an additional increase during M0 macrophage-to-M1 macrophage *** differentiation stimuli-induced monocyte-macrophage differentiation and the macrophage activity were inhibited by Morrbid ***,overexpression of Morrbid alone was sufficient to elicit the monocyte-macrophage *** role of Morrbid in monocyte-macrophage differentiation was also identified in vivo in atherosclerotic mice and was verified in Morrbid knockout *** identified that PI3-kinase/Akt was involved in the up-regulation of Morrbid expression,whereas s100a10 was involved in Morrbid-mediated effect on macrophage *** provide a proof of concept of Morrbid in pathogenesis of monocyte/macrophage-related vascular disease,we applied an acute atherosclerosis model in *** results revealed that overexpression of Morrbid enhanced but monocyte/macrophage-specific Morrbid knockout inhibited the monocytes/macrophages recruitment and atherosclerotic lesion formation in *** results suggest that Morrbid is a novel biomarker and a modulator of monocyte-macrophage phenotypes,which is involved in atherogenesis.

关键词： inhibited Mor markedly

Evaluating Privacy Leakage and Memorization Attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) in Generative AI Applications

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第5期17卷 421-447页

作者： Harshvardhan Aditya Siddansh Chawla Gunika Dhingra Parijat Rai Saumil Sood Tanmay Singh Zeba Mohsin Wase Arshdeep Bahga Vijay K. Madisetti School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA

The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.

关键词： Large Language Models PII Leakage Privacy Memorization Overfitting Membership Inference Attack (MIA)

GUARDIAN: A Multi-Tiered Defense Architecture for Thwarting Prompt Injection Attacks on LLMs

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 43-68页

作者： Parijat Rai Saumil Sood Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

This paper introduces a novel multi-tiered defense architecture to protect language models from adversarial prompt attacks. We construct adversarial prompts using strategies like role emulation and manipulative assistance to simulate real threats. We introduce a comprehensive, multi-tiered defense framework named GUARDIAN (Guardrails for Upholding Ethics in Language Models) comprising a system prompt filter, pre-processing filter leveraging a toxic classifier and ethical prompt generator, and pre-display filter using the model itself for output screening. Extensive testing on Meta’s Llama-2 model demonstrates the capability to block 100% of attack prompts. The approach also auto-suggests safer prompt alternatives, thereby bolstering language model security. Quantitatively evaluated defense layers and an ethical substitution mechanism represent key innovations to counter sophisticated attacks. The integrated methodology not only fortifies smaller LLMs against emerging cyber threats but also guides the broader application of LLMs in a secure and ethical manner.

关键词： Large Language Models (LLMs) Adversarial Attack Prompt Injection Filter Defense Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Cybersecurity

Whispered Tuning: Data Privacy Preservation in Fine-Tuning LLMs through Differential Privacy

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 1-22页

作者： Tanmay Singh Harshvardhan Aditya Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various sectors underscored the urgency of addressing potential privacy breaches. Vulnerabilities, such as prompt injection attacks and other adversarial tactics, could make these models inadvertently disclose their training data. Such disclosures could compromise personal identifiable information, posing significant privacy risks. In this paper, we proposed a novel multi-faceted approach called Whispered Tuning to address privacy leaks in large language models (LLMs). We integrated a PII redaction model, differential privacy techniques, and an output filter into the LLM fine-tuning process to enhance confidentiality. Additionally, we introduced novel ideas like the Epsilon Dial for adjustable privacy budgeting for differentiated Training Phases per data handler role. Through empirical validation, including attacks on non-private models, we demonstrated the robustness of our proposed solution SecureNLP in safeguarding privacy without compromising utility. This pioneering methodology significantly fortified LLMs against privacy infringements, enabling responsible adoption across sectors.

关键词： NLP Differential Privacy Adversarial Attacks Informed Decisions

Smaller & Smarter: Score-Driven Network Chaining of Smaller Language Models

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 23-42页

作者： Gunika Dhingra Siddansh Chawla Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

With the continuous evolution and expanding applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a noticeable surge in the size of the emerging models. It is not solely the growth in model size, primarily measured by the number of parameters, but also the subsequent escalation in computational demands, hardware and software prerequisites for training, all culminating in a substantial financial investment as well. In this paper, we present novel techniques like supervision, parallelization, and scoring functions to get better results out of chains of smaller language models, rather than relying solely on scaling up model size. Firstly, we propose an approach to quantify the performance of a Smaller Language Models (SLM) by introducing a corresponding supervisor model that incrementally corrects the encountered errors. Secondly, we propose an approach to utilize two smaller language models (in a network) performing the same task and retrieving the best relevant output from the two, ensuring peak performance for a specific task. Experimental evaluations establish the quantitative accuracy improvements on financial reasoning and arithmetic calculation tasks from utilizing techniques like supervisor models (in a network of model scenario), threshold scoring and parallel processing over a baseline study.

关键词： Large Language Models (LLMs) Smaller Language Models (SLMs) Finance Networking Supervisor Model Scoring Function