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Climate Trends and Their Impact on Sorghum Production in Marigat, Baringo County: A Historical Analysis

Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2024年第2期14卷 106-129页

作者： Kennedy O. Okuku Japheth O. Onyando Romulus O. Okwany Clement K. Kiptum Department of Agricultural Engineering Egerton University Nakuru Kenya School of Engineering University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Climate is subject to fluctuations in the majority of the world, mainly caused by rainfall as well as temperature variations. Climate fluctuations in Kenya have resulted in the spread of desert-like conditions in the ASALs region, such as Marigat in Baringo County. As a county, Baringo experiences great variations in climate annually, as well as uncertainty in expected rains, thereby negatively impacting the production of crops such as sorghum. This study applied the rainfall anomaly index (RAI), standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), standard precipitation index (SPI), and Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test for trends on historical climatic data in analysing both temperature and precipitation data over the period 1990 to 2022 to determine their trend, patterns and how they affect the production of sorghum crops. The machine learning method (R studio) with inputs was used to calculate the SPI, SPEI, RAI and MK trend test. The rainfall varied from below average to above average during the study period with no clear pattern in the RAI, SPEI and SPI values. The years 2020 and 2000 stood out as they had higher and lower rainfall than usual, respectively. The Marigat area generally experienced more rainfall during the high/long rainfall season (AMJJ). The MK trend test on average monthly rainfall, SOND, AMJJ, and annual precipitation confirmed a positive trend in precipitation. However, the short rainy season (SOND) was found to be the most variable period for rainfall, and there was a slight increase in daily average temperatures during this season.

关键词： Trends Precipitation Temperature RAI SPI SPEI and MK

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Evaluation of Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Kales, Soils and Water Collected from Irrigated Farms along River Moiben, Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第2期8卷 144-155页

作者： Teresa Akenga Kiplagat Ayabei Emmy Kerich Vincent Sudoi Cyrus Kuya Office of the Vice Chancellor University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Department of Chemistry University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Directorate of Research and Innovation University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils and water. This research aimed at establishing the levels of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in kales, soil and irrigation water on farms along river Moiben. Twenty seven samples of vegetables, soil and water samples were collected using purposive sampling method, that is, the samples were collected from the households who had kales in their farms. Samples were then dried, grounded, digested and analyzed using Inductive Couple Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the Fe had the highest mean in soil and water with the values of 250.22 ± 85.37 and 0.72 ± 0.33 mg/kg respectively, while in kales Zn value was highest with a value of 0.0154 ± 0.007 mg/kg. The metal ion concentrations in the soils and the irrigation water were higher than in kales. The concentrations on the metal ions were following this order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for soil as well as for water but for the kales sample it followed slightly different order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. In soil samples, metal ions concentrations (mg/kg) were found to be high compared to the levels in water and kales. ANOVA tests revealed that the mean difference in heavy metals concentration from different stations within the area was insignificant (p > 0.05) with an exception of Cd (p = 0.001) in water samples, Fe (p = 0.007) in kales samples, Zn (p = 0.016) and Cd (p = 0.011) in the samples of soil. Results were compared to the acceptable levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the study showed that for kales, concentrations of the metal ions were all lower than the (WHO) set standards. For water samples, Fe, Pb, Mn metal ions were above the WHO set standards. The presence of the investigated heavy metals in the samples could be

关键词： Heavy Metals Kales Soils and Water Irrigated Farms

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Heavy Metals Uptake in Maize Grains and Leaves in Different Agro Ecological Zones in Uasin Gishu County

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第12期8卷 1435-1444页

作者： Teresa Akenga Vincent Sudoi Walter Machuka Emmy Kerich Elkana Ronoh Office of the Vice Chancellor University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya School of Environmental Studies University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Maize grain is the second most vital food after wheat to humans and forms an important part of a human diet due to its nutrients. In Kenya, it is estimated that one out of every two acres of land put to crop production is under maize crop. Maize can also be fed whole to livestock (grazed or chopped and ensiled). Due to increased demand and the need for higher productivity, farmers have adopted modern farming methods which include use of fertilizers, pesticides, compost manure, and irrigation. Uses of these products elevate amounts of heavy metals in the soil. Such heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium when taken up by plants accumulate in the plants becoming toxic at high levels. It is essential to monitor these levels in grains and leaves to ensure they do not exceed the WHO permissible limits. This study aimed at monitoring the levels of heavy metals uptake in maize (Zea mays) grains and leaves is within permissible levels. Level of heavy metals in maize grains from different ecological zones in UG County had mean concentration of Zn 0.122, Cd 0.03, Cu 0.111, Co 0.04, and Pb 0.33 mg/kg. These results were below WHO standards except for Cadmium, Co, and Pb which were slightly higher than recommended standard. The study also found that maize leaves had mean concentration of Zn 0.115, Cd 0.04, Cu 0.117, Co. 0.041 and Pb 0.323 mg/kg. The results were below WHO standards except Co and Pb which had slightly higher levels than the recommended WHO standards. The analytical results from this study provided important baseline statistics on the concentration of selected heavy metals in maize grains and leaves besides being an important assessment of environmental pollution in rural areas where maize farming is predominant.

关键词： Heavy Metals Maize Grains and Seeds Uasin Gishu County Agro-Ecological Zones

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Nexus between selected macroeconomic variables and carbon emission in Kenya

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Regional Sustainability 2022年第3期3卷 233-243页

作者： James NJUMWA Ernest SAINA Alfred SEREM Agricultural Economics and Resource Management Moi UniversityEldoret30100Kenya

Agriculture is not only influenced by climate change,but it is also one of the significant contributors of CO_(2) *** CO_(2) emission and macroeconomic variables is critical to solving the challenges and threats faced by Kenya’s agriculture and *** study used the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)hypothesis and the autoregressive distribution lag model(ADLM)to analyze the relationships of CO_(2) emission with agricultural output,government direct investment,trade openness,and inflation rate in Kenya from 1983 to *** study found that there exists a positive(direct)relationship between CO_(2) emission and foreign direct investment in the long run in ***,CO_(2) emission and trade openness have a negative(indirect)and statistically significant relationship after the error correction term adjustment in the long ***,the relationship between CO_(2) emission and agricultural output is positive(direct)and statistically significant in the long *** is a positive(direct)and statistically insignificant relationship between CO_(2) emission and inflation rate in the short ***,the EKC hypothesis indicated that the Kenya’s economy is still on the environmental degradation trade-off through the gradual increase of both CO_(2) emission and agricultural *** results are important to Kenya’s economy because the derived insights will assist in relevant departments to formulate sustainable strategies to minimize environmental degradation.

关键词： CO_(2)emission Agricultural output Foreign direct investment Trade openness Inflation rate Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC) Autoregressive distribution lag model (ADLM)

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Modified non-sequential third order rotatable designs constructed using Pairwise Balanced Design

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Statistical Theory and Related Fields 2021年第2期5卷 83-87页

作者： Haron Mutai Ng’eno Department of Statistics and Computer Science Moi UniversityEldoretKenya

The technique of fitting a response surface design is useful in modelling of experimental *** surface is used in situations where the response of interest is influenced by several experimental *** objective of fitting a response surface design is to reduce cost of experimentation and to obtain optimal *** property of rotatability is a desirable quantity of experimental design and requires the variance of the fitted design to be constant on circles or spheres about the centre of the *** this article,a construction technique of fitting modified non-sequential third order rotatable design(TORD)using Pairwise Balanced Design(PBD)is *** variance function of a third order response surface design and the properties of Pairwise Balanced Design are utilised for the construction.

关键词： Rotatable designs third order design sequential pairwise balanced design

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Correlation between Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction, Pairing Energy Gap and Phase Shift for Identical Nucleons in Nuclear Systems

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2019年第2期5卷 321-331页

作者： Willy K. Koech Ken M. Muguro Godfrey S. Murunga Kapil M. Khanna Department of Physics University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Assuming some known nucleon-nucleon interactions, and using the relations between phase shift δ and nucleon-nucleon interaction potential V (r);the relation between nucleon-nucleon interaction and scattering length a;the relation between energy gap Δ, and scattering length a;an equation is obtained between energy gap Δ and Fermi momentum kF via the phase shift δ (kF). Assuming 1s0 (singlet) pairing between the nucleons, the energy gap Δ has been calculated and it is found that Δ = 3.0 MeV at Fermi momentum kF = 0.8 fm-1.

关键词： Scattering Length Pairing Gap Phase Shift Fermi Momentum

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Selected Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments and Their Bioconcentrations in Plant (Polygonum pulchrum) in Sosiani River, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第8期4卷 796-802页

作者： Judith K. Jepkoech Gelas M. Simiyu Musa Arusei Department of Chemistry School of Science University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Department of Environmental Biology and Health School of Environmental Studies University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Heavy metals’ availability and accumulation along the food chain pose public health risks. Water, sediment and plant samples were collected from selected sampling sites along Sosiani River, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The sediment and plant samples were dried in the oven at 50°C to constant weight and digested in a mixture of acids according to standard procedures. The water samples, sediments and plants digests were analyzed for selected heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (model AAS Variant 200). The site near the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) had the highest total heavy metals concentration in water: Cu (0.18 ± 0.04 ppm);Pb (0.46 ± 0.09 ppm) and Zn (0.70 ± 0.22 ppm) and sediments: Cu (1.62 ± 0.14 ppm);Pb (1.27 ± 0.17 ppm) and Zn (6.73 ± 0.88 ppm) respectively. Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments showed low percentage solubility (Cu 9.3%;Pb 8.5%;Zn 4.2%). Concentration of zinc in studied plants was highest (3.60 ± 0.63 ppm), with a bioconcentration factor of 15.1 based on soluble zinc fraction. This indicates that conditions in the study area show preferential zinc metal uptake in plants and may lead to accumulation in exposed plants posing Zn exposure risks along the food chain. Suggestions are made for monitoring of heavy metals in food crops and aquatic organisms such as fish in the study area.

关键词： Bioaccumulation Bioconcentration Factor Food Chain Exposure Risks

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Effects of Hydrogels on Soil Moisture and Growth of Cajanus cajanin Semi Arid Zone of Kongelai, West Pokot County

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Open Journal of Forestry 2014年第1期4卷 34-37页

作者： Cheruiyot Gilbert Sirmah Peter Ng’etich Wilson Mengich Edward Mburu Francis Kimaiyo Sylvester Bett Erick School of Agriculture University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya School of Natural Resource Management University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya School of Natural Resource Management University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Kenya Forestry Research Institute Londiani Kenya School of Science University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Studies on the effects of hydrogels on soil amendments, moisture conservation and growth of Cajanus cajan in arid and semi-arid lands were carried out. Seedlings of C. cajan were established both in the nursery and in the field with and without hydrogels. In the field, three replications were used with three levels of hydrogels concentration (7 g, 11 g, and 15 g). Control seedlings were established in soils without hydrogels. In the nursery, root collar diameters and heights were measured every two weeks up to eight weeks. Seedlings established without hydrogels in the nursery were transplanted into field soils with none, 7 g, 11 g and 15 g of hydrogels. Root collar diameters and heights were again measured every month for three months. In addition, soil was collected randomly once every month from the base of each seedling and analyzed for soil moisture using standard laboratory procedures. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. The results show that growth in both the height and root collar diameter of the species was significantly different at the three levels of hydrogels. This suggests that use of hydrogels retards plant growth in nursery soils but improves growth in the field. Hydrogels increased soil moisture volume from 8.3% to 10% in H15g level of hydrogels under C. cajan after transplanting. It was concluded that hydrogels do not contribute to growth of seedlings in the nursery but they do so after transplanting. Hydrogels increase soil moisture in the soil, so they are recommended for use in semi-arid lands to boost the survival and growth of seedlings.

关键词： Hydrogels Moisture Growth Semi-Arid Lands

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Integrated environmental education for sustainable forest management: the case of Nandi Hills Forests, Kenya

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Forestry Studies in China 2013年第2期15卷 152-159页

作者： Julius Gordon TANUI Department of Educational Management of Policy Studies School of Education Moi University Eldoret Kenya

Environmental education （EE） is a vital dimension of modern day acumen that portends a great promise in solving the myriad environmental resource management challenges at global, regional and local levels. A study was carried out in 18 locations in the Nandi North, Nandi South and Nandi Hills districts of Kenya, which cover the Nandi Hills and Nandi Forests in Nandi County, major water catchments for Lake Victoria. A mixed methodological approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data obtained from focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household survey and observations was embraced in data collection and analysis. The study reveals that there are several strategies that have been adopted by the local population and institutions involved in the management of the Nandi Hills Forests （NHFs） and that these strategies have contributed to an improvement in the perceptions of the local population in terms of the importance of environmental management of the forests. This paper highlights EE as a vehicle for ensur- ing a sustainable management of the Nandi Hills Forests. As such, it illuminates the great potential that lies in sustainably managing the NHFs by integrating formal and informal EE approaches. It further points out the functional gaps in the management of NHFs and proposes best-practices that could be adopted and/or domesticated in NHFs management regimes.

关键词： environmental education sustainable forest management forest ecosystems indigenous knowledge

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Investigation of Novel Plant Maerua Shrub (Maerua subcordata) for Cheap and Efficient Bioethanol Production in Kenya

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2021年第3期10卷 305-313页

作者： Wesley Rerimoi Kangor Kiplagat Ayabei Samuel Lutta Geoffrey Maiyoh Department of chemistry and Biochemistry University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry School of Medicine Moi University Eldoret Kenya

Bioethanol is an attractive source of energy when compared to fossil fuel. It is renewable and environmentally friendly due to its low toxicity and biodegradability. The first generation bioethanol derived from is limited by the high cost of production of these crops and danger posed to food security. This study investigated the use of wild maerua shrub in production of bioethanol in comparison to cultivated food crops. Fermentation was done using Yeasts Y1, Y2 and Y3. Yeasts Y1 and Y2 were isolated from finger millet malt, while Y3 was the commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermented plant samples were distilled, oxidized and analysed at 595nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Statgraphics centurion XVI.I was used for statistical analyses. The concentration (g/L) was obtained from a formula and converted to (g/L).The ethanol concentration (g/L) and productivity (g/L/h) were as follows;cassava (64.052 ± 0.098;1.334), maize (66.670 ± 0.227;1.389), sorghum (62.382 ± 2.148b;1.300) and maerua shrub (61.988 ± 0.160, 1.291) which were significantly higher compared to sugarcane molasses (49.978 g/L, 1.041) when fermented by Y2. Mean ethanol concentration (g/L) and productivity (g/L/h) for plants across all yeasts were comparable (p-value = 0.4239). Maerua Shrub should be used as an alternative sugar source for bioethanol production.

关键词： Maerua Shrub Bioethanol Biofuel Productivity Fermentation Feedstock

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