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Rock Engravings and Paintings: Rethinking of the Cupules, Gongs, and Grinding Hollows of Siuyu and Ughaugha in Singida East (Tanzania)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第6期6卷 160-180页

作者： Makarius Peter Itambu Alfred Mulinda Allan Bukenya Charles Bernard Saanane Emmael Sassi Gibinagwe Mariam Bundala Pastory Magayane Bushozi Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Pallottine Missionary Siuyu Parish (S.C.A) Singida Tanzania dar es salaam university College of Education Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Our recent archaeological expeditions in the Siuyu and Ughaugha wards of Singida eastern province have recuperated the very compelling rock engravings (petroglyphs) that weren’t reported in Tanzania before. Archaeologically, Singida’s fame emanated from her endowments of rock paintings. However;during this research, we did discover rock cupules, gongs, and grinding hollows art together with rock paintings (pictographs) that have opened up a new avenue for rock art studies in Tanzania. We carried out intensive site surveys around four sites namely Siuyu, Ngaghe, Misimbwa and Ughaugha B with the aims of solely examining, recording, and documenting archaeological artifacts on the surface in order to research the cultural and behavioural patterns of early humans in the Singida region. Surveys also enabled us to locate suitable areas where future excavations would be established. In some cases, ethnographic enquiries were employed to get supplementary information on the present-day use of rock art sites. Besides, we interviewed local people to assess their general understanding of the presence of more sites or helping in locating, and discovering new sites. Through ethnographic inquiries, we discovered several sites with substantial number of rock engravings that were never document by any researcher. On top of that, this study reports other archaeological potentials of the region by describing in detail their significances for future research undertakings. Additionally, this paper article reports on the occurrence of Middle Stone Age (MSA) archaeological assemblages from the open-air site and the presence of grinding hollows and rock cupules (Siuyu complexes) in central Tanzania for the first time.

关键词： Rock Engravings Rock Paintings Archaeological Expeditions

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Managing the Balance: Ecological Pressures and Heritage Resources in Rungwe District, Southern Highlands of Tanzania

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第3期4卷 79-90页

作者： Makarius Peter Itambu Department of Archaeology and Heritage University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Rungwe district in Mbeya region is amongst the many areas in Tanzania which until recently have remained terra incognita in terms of ecological and archaeological research. Systematic archaeological investigations, based on heritage management and conservation have not been undertaken. In due regard, we decided to carry out the first systematic survey, documentation and recording of the heritage resources of this district. Our investigations emphasized public participation in the management and conservation of heritage resources with the involvement of local people the central focus. We were also motivated by the desire to launch community outreach programmes and establish the “Cultural-Ecological Research and Scientific Information Centre” in Masoko-Kisiba Ward. There were several meetings with the local people and the village officials to discuss plans. It was decided that the establishment of the deemed scientific and information centre would abide with the existing conservation laws in order to effectively address the strategies for protection, conservation and management of both natural and cultural heritage resources.

关键词： Cultural Ecology Heritage Management Outreach Programmes Conservation Management

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Biodiversity Conservation and the Poor: Practical Issues beyond Global Conferences

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Natural Resources 2013年第4期4卷 333-340页

作者： esther W. Dungumaro Institute of Development Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The paper focuses on biodiversity—an issue that easily?gets left out of consideration because it is hard to measure. While efforts to reduce over-fishing or conservation of water resources are relatively easy to discuss in quantitative terms, biodiversity in terms of plant species is usually covered by crude and even invalid figures. The paper begins by providing a brief historical overview of attempts to define biodiversity, going back to the early efforts in Africa to deal with conservation and showing how definitions have evolved overtime and how they have shaped conservation efforts. While the main focus of the paper is biodiversity conservation and the poor, the paper makes references to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and other important global conferences including the World Conference on Environment and Development and Convention on Biological Diversity. The paper finds that international conferences by and large do not adequately address the issue of biodiversity and the poor. The limited commitment shown by political leaders at the conferences should be a reason for global and local authorities to create an environment that enables communities to meet their daily needs, foster development and conserve biodiversity.

关键词： Biodiversity Conservation Conferences

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An Assessment of Strategies for Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism Development in the Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2015年第12期4卷 661-676页

作者： Pastory Magayane Bushozi Department of Archaeology and Heritage University of Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salaam Tanzania

This paper assesses the manner in which a local community has been incorporated into the management and utilization of cultural heritage resources in the lake Eyasi basin, northern Tanzania, in order to reduce poverty. One of the most important programs used to encourage rural developments is the outlay of cultural tourism. Lake Eyasi region is one of the few regions in Tanzania with brilliant cultural heritage resources including archaeological sites and distinctive indigenous cultural traits that cannot be seen in other places across Eastern Africa. Archaeological records of this region exhibit the earliest evidence for hominin morphological change from archaic to modem humans. It is also coherent key development traits including complex lithic technologies and artistic imaginations as it is the case for all living people. Ethnographic research in the region sheds light on the living standards of a modem foraging community that has consistently relied on wildlife resources for several decades. Both archaeological and ethnographical aspects have made this region an enduring attraction for tourists to seek a unique experience and gain an appreciation for the past. Even though there are positive impacts of tourism on rural development, there are potential challenges that need immediate attention.

关键词： Cultural heritage community development tourism.

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The influence of altitude and management on carbon stock quantities in rungwe forest, southern highland of Tanzania

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第4期2卷 214-221页

作者： B. Mwakisunga A. E. Majule Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

A study was conducted to assess the impacts of elevation, tree species and management on carbon stock on the slopes of Rungwe Mountain in Tanzania. Twenty 15 m radius plots with trees of DBH >10 cm were used to collect trees measurements as well as soil samples at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm. Tree data collected were calculated and analyzed for tree biomass and carbon by using the Tree Biomass Equations (TBE) while soil samples were analyzed for total soil carbon using oxidative reduction method in which soils were combusted at about 600°C in a muffle furnace to released CO2 and SO2 gases carried by the oxygen flow into cells. The results showed that aboveground carbon content increased with altitude ranging from 9.2 t/ha at 2031 m to 561.7 t/ha at 2312 m.a.s.l due to little forest disturbance at high altitudes. However, the trend changed drastically at 2312 m.a.s.l. Soil carbon content tended to increase down the slope ranging from 3.8 t/ha at 2.312 to 4.7 t/ha at 2031 m.a.s.l, respectively. In general, there is limited awareness on sustainable management of forest resource in the study area. It is necessary to empower local communities to monitor and manage their forest resources so that they can contribute to climate change mitigation and income generation through carbon trade under REDD initiative.

关键词： Altitude Forest Carbon Stock Rungwe Soil

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Modifying Plant Oils for Use as Fuel in Rural Contexts Tanzania: Techno-Economic Analysis

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Open Journal of Modelling and Simulation 2014年第2期2卷 43-56页

作者： Happiness Mlay Jamidu H. Y. Katima Ruwaichi J. A. Minja College of Engineering and Technology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Techno-economic analysis of a small-scale Modified Plant Oil (MPO) production plant that has an annual production capacity of 15,072,741 kg of MPO (batch process) was carried out to estimate the capital and operating costs of a plant. The analysis was done by using a computer model that was designed and simulated with an aid of SuperPro Designer (Version 4.32) software. The specified feedstock was crude Jatropha oil (JO) and the main product was MPO. The major processes involved were degumming, neutralisation and blending. Degumming involved the removal of gums or phospholipids, and two methods were used: water degumming and acid degumming, whereas blending involved mixing of degummed or purified JO with natural gas condensate (NGC) modifier to lower the viscosity of JO. From techno-economic analysis of the process, it was found that the total capital investment of a plant was about US $ 10,222,000 and the predicted unit production cost of MPO was US $ 1.315/kg at a value of US $ 1.0/kg of JO. The economic feasibility of MPO production was found to be highly influenced by the price of feedstock, which contributed about 95% of the total annual production cost. The relationship between plant throughput and unit cost of producing MPO showed that unit production cost was very sensitive to production rate at low annual throughputs. The MPO cost showed a direct linear relationship with the cost of JO, with a change of US $ 0.50/kg of MPO in MPO cost in every change of US $ 0.50/kg of JO in JO price. The process technology simulated was found to be economically viable and can be implemented in rural setting, taking into consideration Tanzania’s rural situation.

关键词： Modified Plant Oil Natural Gas Condensate Jatropha Oil Techno-Economic Analysis

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Assessment of Sediment and Benthic Macrofauna Distribution at dar es salaam Harbour Channel

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第3期8卷 133-147页

作者： Benard Mwakisunga John F. Machiwa Harishchandra Bhagwanji Pratap Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation Sciences University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Sediment and macrobenthic fauna distribution at dar es salaam harbour channel were investigated to attest the influence of sediment grain size distribution and total organic carbon contents on benthic macrofauna dominance and diversity. Sampling campaign was conducted from January to April, 2019 in 25 sampling stations along the channel. Sediment grain sizes ranged between 0.7405 and 0.00273 mm with an average of 0.0804 mm classified as medium silt. Sediment distribution showed an onshore-offshore pattern consisting of fine dark clay-silt sediments in the southern part of the harbour close to Mwalimu Nyerere Bridge, medium (sandy) at the harbour and coarse sandy offshore. Five classes of macrofauna were identified with sedentary Polychaetes (Diopatra cuprea) found in tubes and free forms being dominant in most of the sediment types, however more abundant in clay-silt. High species diversity index values were encountered in sediments with medium total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment grain sizes (sand-silt). Apparently, low species similarity indices were observed in all sediment type indicating significant dissimilarities in species composition among sediment grain sizes. Thus, the distribution of benthic macrofauna species along dar es salaam harbour channel is strongly influenced by the sediment grain sizes and organic carbon contents in sediments.

关键词： Sediment Grain Size Distribution Benthic Macrofauna Diversity and Abundance Total Organic Carbon Distribution dar es salaam Harbor Channel

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Diversity, abundance, and structure of tree communities in the Uluguru forests in the Morogoro region, Tanzania

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Journal of Forestry Research 2015年第3期26卷 557-569页

作者： David Sylvester Kacholi Anthony Michael Whitbread Martin Worbes Crop Production Systems in the Tropics Georg-August University Goettingen Grisebachstr. 6 37077 GoettingenGermany Department of Biological Sciences Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE)P. O. Box 2329 Dar es Salaam Tanzania International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324 Andhra PradeshIndia

Uluguru forests are globally recognized as important biodiversity hotspots, but anthropogenic pressure threatens their value. This study examined species diver- sity, abundance, and structure of trees in the Uluguru for- ests. All trees of diameter at breast height （DBH）〉 10 cm were inventoried in seven forests ranging from 3 to 995 ha in area. A total of 900 stems, 101 species and 34 families were inventoried. Fabaceae was the most speciose family. Ehretia amoena Klotzsch was the most abundant species with relative abundance of 9.22 %. The forests differed significantly in species richness （26-93 species ha-l）, tree density （85-390 stems ha-l）, basal area （3-24 m2 ha-1） and Shannon-Wiener diversity （2.50--4.02）. Forest area was significantly and positively correlated with species richness （r = 0.92） and species diversity （r = 0.95）. Tree density showed significant positive correlation with speciesrichness （r = 0.80） and basal area （r = 0.85）. Milawilila and Nemele forests had highest floristic similarity （0.55） followed by Kimboza and Kilengwe （0.54） while the rest had similarity coefficients of less than 0.50. Despite leg- islative protection, many forests remain at risk and there- fore the possibility to conserve highly valuable tree species via enhanced protection or cultivation must be considered.

关键词： Eastern arc Biodiversity Disturbance Hotspots Similarity

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Iodine Sorption Value and Surface Chemical Analysis of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres

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Journal of Textile Science and Technology 2016年第2期2卷 37-45页

作者： Liberato Venant Haule College of Engineering and Technology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The surface chemical analysis and bulk analysis were conducted for fibres regenerated from waste garments and treated with iodine solution. The aim was to assess the fibre accessibility by the iodine solution and ascertain the location of the reagent within the fibres. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the fibres regenerated from indigo dyed waste denim garments (ReCell-Denim) had a relatively high accessibility by the iodine solution compared to the standard lyocell, ReCell-1 and ReCell-2 fibres. With the exception of ReCell-Denim, the standard lyocell, ReCell-1 and ReCell-2 fibre’s iodine sorption values correlated well with the percentage crystallinity. The high accessibility of the ReCell-Denim fibres was attributed to the presence of the positively charged nitrogen from the indigo dyes that improved the substantivity of the fibres to the iodine solution. The iodine sorption of the fibres is relatively higher in the bulk compared to the fibre surface.

关键词： Iodine Sorption Value XPS Bulk Analysis Cellulose Waste Garments

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Validation of PSIAC Model for Sediment Yields estimation in Ungauged Catchments of Tanzania

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International Journal of Geosciences 2013年第7期4卷 1101-1115页

作者： P. M. Ndomba Department of Water Resources Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The main objective of this paper is to report on preliminary validation results of the newly applied sediment yields estimation model in Tanzania, the Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC). This is a follow-up research on the call to customize simple and/or multi-processes sediment yields estimation models such as PSIAC in the region. The PSIAC approach is based on a sediment yield classification scheme employing individual drainage basin characteristics: surface geology, soils, climate, runoff, topography, ground cover, land use, upland erosion, channel erosion, and sediment transport. In this study, PSIAC model is built from readily available environmental variables sourced from Government ministries/agencies and public domain global spatial data. The sediment classification exercise was verified with field observations. The set up model was then validated by 31 small dams’ siltation surveys and previous sedimentation study findings. PSIAC model performance for major part of central Tanzania was good during calibration (BIAS = 7.88%) and validation (BIAS = 18.12%). Another observation was that uncalibrated model performs fairly well, though performance improves with calibration. The extension of the uncalibrated PSIAC model to 3 selected large basins of Tanzania, with drainage areas size up to 223,000 km2, registered a satisfactory performance in one of them with fair performance in the rest. For large basins, the performance seems to correlate with general ground slope. The higher the slope, the better the performance. It is, however, not apparent from this study on the threshold drainage area and slope requirements for better performance of the model. Notwithstanding, the PSIAC model has improved previous sediment yields estimates based on simple regressive models. Finally, the paper proposes two main further research works: use of high resolution geospatial data and additional validation dams siltation data even beyond the central part of Tanzania, a

关键词： Calibration PSIAC Model Sediment Yields Tanzania Validation

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