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Environmental Education for Transforming Community Livelihoods

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地学前缘 2009年第S1期16卷 88-89页

作者： Eliakimu Kagimbo P.O.Box 90198 Dar Es Salaam

This paper describes the experience of introducing Environmental education in small rural local communities, streets in neighborhood towns in African *** further explains the role of indigenous community in management of natural resources, environmental conservation and the need of decentralized governance aiming at providing authorities from the grass root *** research has been carefully studied from the experience of African countries;some developed countries were several researches have been *** the indigenous communities have little knowledge of understanding better their environment,its

关键词： environmental education youths local community trans-disciplines studies resource management

Understanding the dynamic interactions driving the sustainability of ART scale-up implementation in Uganda

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Global Health Research and Policy 2018年第1期3卷 131-142页

作者： Henry Zakumumpa Nkosiyazi Dube Respicius Shumbusho Damian Elizeus Rutebemberwa School of Public Health Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda School of Health and Community Development University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa Faculty of Social Sciences University of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamTanzania

Background:Despite increasing recognition that health-systems constraints are the fundamental barrier to attaining anti-retroviral therapy(ART)scale-up targets in Sub-Saharan Africa,current discourses are dominated by a focus on financial *** the health system dynamics framework,this study aimed to explore the interactions in health system components and their influence on the sustainability of ART scale-up implementation in ***:This study entailed qualitative organizational case-studies within a two-phased mixed-methods sequential explanatory research *** Phase One,a survey of 195 health facilities across Uganda which commenced ART services between 2004 and 2009 was *** Phase Two,six health facilities were purposively selected for in-depth examination involving i)In-depth interviews(n=44)ii)and semistructured interviews(n=35).Qualitative data was analyzed by coding and thematic *** statistics were managed in STATA(v 13).Results:Five dynamic interactions in ART program sustainability drivers were identified;i)Failure to update basic ART program records contributed to chronic ART medicines stock-outs ii)Health workforce shortages and escalating patient volumes prompted adaptations in ART service delivery models iii)Broader governance issues manifested in poor road networks undermined ART medicines supply chains iv)Sustained financing for ART programs was influenced by external donors v)The values associated with the ownership-type of a health facility affected ART service delivery and ***:The sustainability of ART programs at the facility-level in Uganda is a function of a complex interaction in elements of the health system and must be understood beyond sustaining international funding for ART scale-up.

关键词： Health systems Sustainability HIV treatment Dynamic interactions Systems thinking

Assessment of Incineration Process Performance in a District Hospital Using Statistical Analysis

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Engineering（科研） 2012年第8期4卷 421-434页

作者： Samwel Victor Manyele Ignatio Simon Kagonji university of dar es salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The objective of this study was to assess the performance of an old existing medical waste incinerator in a district (Temeke) hospital. The medical waste incinerated was grouped into two categories: sharps waste and other waste. The parameters assessed included amounts of sharps and other waste incinerated, amount of fuel used and the incineration cycle time. One incineration cycle was conducted per day and data was collected for 22 months (N = 653). It was established that the total waste incinerated per day ranged from 70 to 120 kg, completing the process between 2 and 4 hrs and consuming 20 to 40 L of fuel per day. The analysis showed further that sharps waste incinerated were 25% of the total waste while other waste incinerated were about 75% on average. The average diesel oil used was 30 L/day and average cycle time was observed to be 3 hrs, both being excessively high indicating that the performance of the incin-erator was poor. The statistical analysis was used to reveal stronger variations in other waste than sharps waste. The PDF plots, skewness and kurtosis values indicated that there were weak variations in the daily diesel oil consumed and incineration cycle time while stronger variations were observed in the other waste compared to sharps waste data. Normalization of the incinerator performance data allowed comparison between different data types also indicating poor performance of the incinerator. Proper segregation at point of generation and proper storage of medical waste was recommended. It was further recommended for the hospital to install a new and efficient incinerator with short incineration cycle time and less fuel consumption.

关键词： Incinerator Performance Medical Waste Incineration Fuel Consumption Incineration Cycle Time Sharps Waste Statistical Analysis

Understanding of Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions on Sustainable Land Management in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2014年第13期4卷 469-493页

作者： Richard Y. M. Kangalawe Christine Noe Felician S. K. Tungaraza Godwin Naimani Martin Mlele Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Statistics University of Dar es Salaam Dar es salaam Tanzania Alpha and Omega Consulting Group Limited Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The paper is based on a study whose objective is to provide an understanding of the extent to which traditional knowledge and indigenous institutions for natural resource governance remain relevant to solving current land degradation issues and how they are integrated in formal policy process in Kilimanjaro Region. Data collection for this study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 221 individuals from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire;41 in-depth interviews and 24 focus group discussions were held. Findings indicate that the community acknowledges that there is traditional knowledge and indigenous institutions regarding sustainable land management. However, awareness of the traditional knowledge and practices varied between districts. Rural-based districts were found to be more aware and therefore practiced more of traditional knowledge than urban based districts. Variations in landscape features such as proneness to drought, landslides and soil erosion have also attracted variable responses among the communities regarding traditional knowledge and indigenous practices of sustainable land management. In addition, men were found to have more keen interest in conserving the land than women as well as involvement in other traditional practices of sustainable land management. This is due to the fact that, customarily, it is men who inherit and own land. This, among other factors, could have limited the integration of traditional knowledge and indigenous institutions in village by-laws and overall policy process. The paper concludes by recommending that traditional knowledge and indigenous institutions for sustainable land management should be promoted among the younger generations so as to capture their interest, and ensure that successful practices are effectively integrated into the national policies and strategies.

关键词： Indigenous Institutions Natural Resources Management (NRM) Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Traditional Knowledge Kilimanjaro Region Tanzania

Effect of Gangue Minerals on Hydrophobic Recovery of Gold

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Engineering（科研） 2013年第3期5卷 316-321页

作者： Anderson E. L. Mlaki Jamidu H. Y. Katima Henry T. Kimweri university of dar es salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

In this paper, the effect of gangue minerals on the hydrophobic recovery of gold is being investigated using ores obtained from the active small scale gold mining sites in Tanzania. Gold ores of different gangue contents were tested. The effects of silica gangue and high sulphide gangue on gold attachment were examined including the effect of surface activators (potassium amyl xanthate) and the possibility of depressing the effects of gangue using reagents. The results were evaluated in terms of gold recovery, volumes and grade of concentrates formed. There was no change in gold recoveries when the amount of oxide gangue (quartz) in the ore was increased, indicating absence of competition between gold and quartz gangue. High sulphide contents in the ore above 6% reduced gold recoveries considerably. It was noted that potassium amyl xanthate surfactants increased the attachment of both gold and the sulphide gangue. Using lime at pH 10 it was possible to depress the sulphide gangue which is mainly pyrite and hence increased gold recoveries considerably.

关键词： Aggl/Ore Ratio Gangue Minerals Hydrophobicity Surfactants Gangue Depressants Oleophilicity

Archaeology and Heritage Resource Management in Siuyu, Singida Region (Tanzania)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第6期4卷 34-45页

作者： Makarius Peter Itambu Nazarius Michael Hongoa Department of Archaeology and Heritage University of Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salaam Tanzania Demography Unit University of Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salaam Tanzania

This paper was produced as a part of our ongoing research endeavors in Singida destined to provide a better understanding of early humans’ cultures, and to promote the conservation of cultural and natural heritages of the region. The overreaching goals of this research are to holistically reconstruct the archaeology of Singida by studying cultural processes over time and space. Equally important is to promote tourism in the Singida eastern axis and, to salvage the heritage assets of the region from total disappearance as evinced by the activities of modern day civilization, broadly, to shed more light about the past life ways, and the subsistence behaviours of our ancestors. Our recent archaeological reconnaissance conducted in January 2016 in Siuyu ward discovered rock paintings and a rock shelter with archeological potential (Ngaghe rock shelter), containing a large scatter of Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological artifacts that are crucial to the unravelling of the prehistoric human behaviours in Singida. Preliminary results from our research revealed that Singida region is an ideal place for undertaking research on early human bio-cultural evolution from LSA times to the present. Data from this study will be utilized to re-write the history of Singida region, to make sure that it is sustained for future generations. Despite their rarity, uniqueness, scientific and aesthetic values, these heritage assets are neither protected by village nor regional by-laws. Before deliberate conservation measures are put in place, it is very important to have good records of the areas that are attractive to tourism, and their current state of preservation. These sites were undocumented by the previous researchers, and in certain circumstances are unknown even to the local people of the Siuyu ward. Although the archaeology of Singida east is much “terra incognita”, this article is timely, for promoting archaeo-tourism and raising public awareness on the archaeology of Singida. Add

关键词： Archaeology Heritage Conservation Cultural and Natural Resources Tourism

Effects of Over-Harvesting and Drought on a Predator-Prey System with Optimal Control

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Open Journal of Ecology 2018年第8期8卷 459-482页

作者： Alanus Mapunda Eunice Mureithi Nyimvua Shaban Thadei Sagamiko Department of Mathematics University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Mathematics Physics and Informatics University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

In this paper, a two species predator-prey model is developed where prey is affected by over-harvesting and drought and predator is affected by drought. The intention is to investigate the impact of over-harvesting and drought on predator-prey system, and suggest control strategies to alleviate the problem of loss of prey and predator species due to over-harvesting and drought. The control strategies suggested are creation of reserve areas with restriction of harvesting for controlling over-harvesting and construction of dams for mitigating drought effects. The results obtained from theoretical and numerical simulation of the predator-prey model with harvesting and drought without control strategies showed that, both harvesting and drought affect the predator-prey population negatively. However, the results obtained from numerical simulations of the model with control measures showed that, the use of control strategies one at a time encourages the increase of the prey and predator species to the optimal population size. Furthermore, the best result is obtained when control strategies, creation of reserve areas with restriction of harvesting and construction of dams are applied simultaneously.

关键词： Predator-Prey System Over-Harvesting Drought Optimal Control

Optimizing data visualization for reproductive,maternal,newborn,child health,and nutrition(RMNCH&N)policymaking:data visualization preferences and interpretation capacity among decision-makers in Tanzania

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Global Health Research and Policy 2019年第1期4卷 360-373页

作者： Tricia Aung Debora Niyeha Shagihilu Shagihilu Rose Mpembeni Joyceline Kaganda Ashley Sheffel Rebecca Heidkamp Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA National Bureau of Statistics Dar es SalaamTanzania School of Public Health and Social Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre Dar es SalaamTanzania

Background:Reproductive,maternal,newborn,child health,and nutrition(RMNCH&N)data is an indispensable tool for program and policy decisions in low-and middle-income ***,being equipped with evidence doesn’t necessarily translate to program and policy *** study aimed to characterize data visualization interpretation capacity and preferences among RMNCH&N Tanzanian program implementers and policymakers(“decision-makers”)to design more effective approaches towards promoting evidence-based RMNCH&N decisions in ***:We conducted 25 semi-structured interviews in Kiswahili with junior,mid-level,and senior RMNCH&N decision-makers working in Tanzanian government *** used snowball sampling to recruit participants with different rank and roles in RMNCH&N *** semi-structured interviews,we probed participants on their statistical skills and data use,and asked participants to identify key messages and rank prepared RMNCH&N *** used a grounded theory approach to organize themes and identify ***:The findings suggest that data literacy and statistical skills among RMNCH&N decision-makers in Tanzania *** participants demonstrated awareness of many critical factors that should influence a visualization choice—audience,key message,simplicity—but assessments of data interpretation and preferences suggest that there may be weak knowledge of basic statistics.A majority of decision-makers have not had any statistical training since attending *** appeared to be some discomfort with interpreting and using visualizations that are not bar charts,pie charts,and ***:Decision-makers must be able to understand and interpret RMNCH&N data they receive to be empowered to *** inadequate data literacy and presentation skills among decision-makers is vital to bridging gaps between evidence and *** would be beneficial to host basic data literacy and visualizat

关键词： Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child health Nutrition Data visualization Policy Tanzania

Climate Change, Adaptive Strategies and Rural Livelihoods in Semiarid Tanzania

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Natural Resources 2013年第3期4卷 266-278页

作者： Richard Y. M. Kangalawe James G. Lyimo Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania.

Climate change is a global challenge to both sustainable livelihoods and economic development. In Tanzania as in most African countries, farming depends almost entirely on rainfall, a situation that makes agriculture and thus rural livelihoods especially in semiarid environments particularly vulnerable to climate change. This study analyses the impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods with particular focus on agricultural production, food security and adaptive capacities in semiarid areas of Tanzania. The methods used in this study included focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household surveys and field observations. Results from the study indicate that communities understood climate change in terms of variability in rainfall patterns and amount, temperature patterns, wind, water availability, increased incidences of drought and decreased agricultural productivity. Communities in the study area acknowledged that while rainfall amounts have decreased over the last thirty years, temperatures have increased;an experience is also supported by meteorological data. Such changes were claimed to have reduced agricultural productivity particularly due to prolonged drought, inadequate and uneven distribution of rainfall as well as unpredictable onset and ending of rains. Stressors such as crop diseases and pests, low soil fertility and inadequate extension services were also reported to contribute to the decline in agricultural productivity and re-occurrence of food insecurity. In response, communities have developed multiple adaptation strategies, including growing of drought tolerant and early maturing crop varieties, increasing wetlands cultivation, water harvesting for small-scale irrigation and livestock keeping. However, households with limited livelihood assets are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and food insecurity. The study argues that diversification of adaptive strategies, such as water harvesting for small-sca

关键词： Climate Change Adaptive Strategies Food Insecurity Rural Livelihoods Semiarid Tanzania