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Every breath you take:assessing metabolic costs of toxin resistance in garter snakes(Thamnophis)

Integrative Zoology 2022年第4期17卷 567-580页

作者： Haley A.MONIZ Molly A.RICHARD C.M.GIENGER Chris R.FELDMAN Department of Biology University of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA Program in Ecology Evolution and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA Department of Biology and Center of Excellence for Field Biology Austin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTennesseeUSA

Trait specialization often comes at the expense of original trait function,potentially causing evolutionary tradeoffs that may render specialist populations vulnerable to ***,many specialized adaptations evolve repeatedly,suggesting selection favors specialization in specific *** garter snake(Thamnophis)populations possess specialized mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels that allow them to consume Pacific newts(Taricha)defended by a highly potent neurotoxin(tetrodotoxin).These mutations,however,also decrease protein and muscle function,suggesting garter snakes may suffer evolutionary *** measured a key physiological process,standard metabolic rate(SMR),to investigate whether specialized adaptations in toxin-resistant garter snakes affect baseline energy *** snakes,skeletal muscles influence metabolism and power ventilation,so inefficiencies of sodium channels in these muscles might impact whole-animal energy ***,because sodium channels are membrane-bound proteins,inefficiencies of channel kinetics and performance might be exacerbated at suboptimal *** measured SMR in 2 species,Thamnophis atratus and Thamnophis sirtalis,that independently evolved tetrodotoxin resistance through unique mutations,providing replicate experiments with distinct underlying genetics and potential physiological *** our expectations,neither resistance phenotype nor sodium channel genotype affected metabolism and resistant snakes did not perform worse under suboptimal body ***,*** and *** show nearly identical rates of mass-adjusted energy expenditure at both temperatures,despite differing eco-morphologies,life histories,and distant phylogenetic *** findings suggest SMR may be a conserved feature of Thamnophis,and that any organismal tradeoffs may be compensated to retain whole-animal function.

关键词： adaptation standard metabolic rate tetrodotoxin toxin-resistance tradeoff

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Annual-perennial plant relationships and species selection for desert restoration

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： Scott R ABELLA Stanley D SMITH Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave Desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between inter- spaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that：（1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） Distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.

关键词： Bromus rubens exotic fertile island invasive nurse plant positive plant interaction Schismus

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PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL USING STEEL SLAG

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2006年第6期19卷 449-454页

作者： R.W. Smith Metallurgical and Materials Department Nevada University of Reno NV89503 Nevada USA

Steel slag is a byproduct produced in large amounts in the steel-making process. It is an important resource that can be effectively utilized. An experiment was described in which steel slag was tested as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus from waste water. Phosphorus removal depended on the amount of steel slag added, the pH value, the contact time, and the initial concentration. Under laboratory conditions when the added slag was 7.5g/L, the contact time 2h, and the pH value was equivalent to 6.5, over 99% of the phosphorus was removed; the experimental data on steel slag adsorption of phosphorus in the water fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. Steel slag was found to be very effective in adsorbing phosphorus.

关键词： steel slag waste water phosphorus removal

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Development of a multivariate empirical model for predicting weak rock mass modulus

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2015年第4期25卷 545-552页

作者： Kallu Raj R. Keffeler Evan R. Watters Robert J. Agharazi Alireza Department of Mining Engineering University of Nevada RESPEC Consulting and Services university of nevada Itasca Houston Inc.

Estimating weak rock mass modulus has historically proven difficult although this mechanical property is an important input to many types of geotechnical analyses. An empirical database of weak rock mass modulus with associated detailed geotechnical parameters was assembled from plate loading tests per- formed at underground mines in nevada, the Bakhtiary Dam project, and Portugues Dam project. The database was used to assess the accuracy of published single-variate models and to develop a multivari- ate model for predicting in-situ weak rock mass modulus when limited geoteehnical data are available. Only two of the published models were adequate for predicting modulus of weak rock masses over lim- ited ranges of alteration intensities, and none of the models provided good estimates of modulus over a range of geotechnical properties. In light of this shortcoming, a multivariate model was developed from the weak rock mass modulus dataset, and the new model is exponential in form and has the following independent variables：（1） average block size or joint spacing, （2） field estimated rock strength, （3） dis- continuity roughness, and （4） discontinuity infilling hardness. The multivariate model provided better estimates of modulus for both hard-blocky rock masses and intensely-altered rock masses.

关键词： In-situ modulus Weak rock mass Preliminary design Elastic deformation

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Trace elements migrating from tailings to rock varnish laminated sediments in an old mining region from Nelson,nevada,USA

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第2期37卷 202-213页

作者： Douglas B.Sims Amanda C.Hudson John E.Keller Michael Strange Andressa Cristhy Buch David Ferrari Giavanna M.Fernandez Juan Garcia-Hernandez Bailey D.Kesl Sean Torres Department of Physical Sciences College of Southern Nevada university of nevada Fluminense Federal university

The dispersion and influence of soluble and particulate trace elements(TEs) present in the materials from abandoned mines is an imminent problem on terrestrial and aquatic *** goal of this research is to provide a broader view of such transport,assessing particle size distribution and TE interactions(e.g.,scavenging) with mine tailings and locally derived sediments transported by water in arid *** grains from wash sediment were collected from a dry ephemeral wash in Nelson,nevada where the Techatticup Mine and Mill worked between 1850 and *** were evaluated to determine the association and behavior of certain metals and metalloids including aluminum,arsenic,barium,cadmium,copper,chromium,iron,manganese,lead,selenium,vanadium,and zinc to rock varnish laminated *** show that some metals and metalloids were more concentrated on larger particles whereas others indicated the opposite *** example,As was greatest on silt fractions and least on coarse fractions,while Se was detected only on ***,Cu,Fe,Mn,Pb,and Zn concentrations all increased with decreasing particle size(silt> sand> coarse),whereas Al,Ba,and V showed the opposite trend(silt

关键词： Adsorption Metals Metalloids Mine tailings Particle size Transport

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Correlations between direct and indirect strength test methods

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2015年第3期25卷 355-360页

作者： Kallu Raj Roghanchi Pedram Department of Mining Engineering University of Nevada

The difficulties associated with performing direct compression strength tests on rocks lead to the development of indirect test methods for the rock strength assessment. Indirect test methods are simple, more economical, less time-consuming, and easily adaptable to the field. The main aim of this study was to derive correlations between direct and indirect test methods for basalt and rhyolite rock types from Carlin trend deposits in nevada. In the destructive methods, point load index, block punch index, and splitting tensile strength tests are performed. In the non-destructive methods, Schmidt hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed. Correlations between the direct and indirect compression strength tests are developed using linear and nonlinear regression analysis methods. The results show that the splitting tensile strength has the best correlation with the uniaxial compression ***, the Poisson's ratio has no correlation with any of the direct and indirect test results.

关键词： Uniaxial compression strength test Indirect strength test methods Correlation Regression analysis

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Increased food intake after starvation enhances sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2017年第6期44卷 319-326页

作者： Josue M.Regalado McKenna B.Cortez Jeremy Grubbs Jared A.Link Alexander van der Linden Yong Zhang Department of Biology University of Nevada-Reno

Feeding and sleep are highly conserved,interconnected behaviors essential for *** has been shown to potently suppress sleep across species;however,whether satiety promotes sleep is still *** we use the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,as a model organism to address the interaction between feeding and *** first monitored the sleep of flies that had been starved for 24 h and found that sleep amount increased in the first 4 h after flies were given *** sleep after starvation was due to an increase in sleep bout number and average sleep bout *** of translin or adipokinetic hormone,which fail to suppress sleep during starvation,still exhibited a sleep increase after starvation,suggesting that sleep increase after starvation is not a consequence of sleep loss during *** also found that feeding activity and food consumption were higher in the first 10-30 min after *** food consumption in starved flies to 30 min was sufficient to increase sleep for 1 *** flies ingested a comparable amount of food at differing sucrose concentrations,sleep increase after starvation on a lower sucrose concentration was *** together,our results suggest that increased food intake after starvation enhances sleep and reveals a novel relationship between feeding and sleep.

关键词： Drosophila Feeding Sleep Starvation Satiety

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Seismic response of skewed RC box-girder bridges

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2008年第4期7卷 415-426页

作者： Ahmed Abdel-Mohti Gokhan Pekcan Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of Nevada Reno

It is critical to ensure the functionality of highway bridges after earthquakes to provide access to important facilities. Since the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, there has been a better understanding of the seismic performance of bridges. Nonetheless, there are no detailed guidelines addressing the performance of skewed highway bridges. Several parameters affect the response of skewed highway bridges under both service and seismic loads which makes their behavior complex. Therefore, there is a need for more research to study the effect of skew angle and other related factors on the performance of highway bridges. This paper examines the seismic performance of a three-span continuous concrete box girder bridge with skew angles from 0 to 60 degrees, analytically. Finite element （FE） and simplified beam-stick （BS） models of the bridge were developed using SAP2000. Different types of analysis were considered on both models such as： nonlinear static pushover, and linear and nonlinear time history analyses. A comparison was conducted between FE and BS, different skew angles, abutment support conditions, and time history and pushover analysis. It is shown that the BS model has the capability to capture the coupling due to skew and the significant modes for moderate skew angles. Boundary conditions and pushover load profile are determined to have a major effect on pushover analysis. Pushover analysis may be used to predict the maximum deformation and hinge formation adequately.

关键词： skew bridge seismic response pushover analysis time history analysis modeling

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Simulation of the fluidic features for diffuser/nozzle involved in a PZT-based valveless micropump

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仪器仪表学报 2008年第1期29卷 1-4页

作者： HouWensheng Zheng Xiaolin Biswajit Das Jiang Yingtao Qian Shizhi Wu Xiaoying Zheng Zhigao Department of Biomedical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China nevada Nanotechnology Center University of Nevada Las Vegas NV 89154 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas NV 89154 USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas NV 89154 USA

PZT-based valveless micropump is a microactuator that can be used for controlling and delivering tiny amounts of fluids,and diffuser/nozzle plays an important role when this type of micropump drives the fluid flowing along a specific *** this paper,a numerical model of micropump has been proposed,and the fluidic properties of diffuser/nozzle have been simulated with *** the method of finite-element analysis,the increased pressure drop between inlet and outlet of diffuser/nozzle induces the increment of flow rate in both diffuser and nozzle simultaneously,but the increasing rate of diffuser is faster than that of *** L/R,ratio of L(length of cone pipe) and R(radius of minimal cross section of cone pipe) plays an important role in fluidic performance of diffuser and nozzle as well,and the mean flow rate will decrease with increment of L/*** mean flow rate reaches its peak value when L/R with the value of 10 regardless the divergence angle of diffuser or *** simulation results indicate that the fluidic properties of diffuser/nozzle can be defined by its geometric structure,and accordingly determine the efficiency of micropump.

关键词：流体系统模拟无阀微型泵散流器喷嘴

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Natural Killer Cells:Biology and Clinical Use in Cancer Therapy

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2004年第1期1卷 12-21页

作者： William H.D.Hallett William J.Murphy Department of Microbiology and Immunology university of nevada School of Medicine.university of nevada.Reno.Reno.NV.USA.

Natural killer (NK) cells have the ability to mediate both bone marrow rejection and promote engraftment,as well as the ability to elicit potent anti-tumor *** the clinical results for these processes are still *** understanding of NK cell biology,from activating and inhibitory receptor functions to the role of NK cells in allogeneic transplantation,needs to be appreciated in order to draw out the clinical potential of NK *** of bone marrow cell (BMC) rejection are known to be dependant on inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and on activating receptors that have many potential *** modulation of activating and inhibitory receptors may hold the key to clinical success involving NK ***-clinical studies in mice have shown that different combinations of activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells can reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD),promote engraftment,and provide superior graft-versus-tumor (GVT) *** clinical data have shown that the use of KIR-ligand incompatibility produces tremendous graft-versus-leukemia effect in patients with acute myeloid leukemia at high risk of *** review will attempt to be a synthesis of current knowledge concerning NK cells,their involvement in BMT,and their use as an immunotherapy for cancer and other hematologic *** & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(1):12-21.

关键词： NK cell BMT GVHD GVT

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