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Applying Earth Observation Technologies to Economic Consequence Modeling:A Case Study of COVID‑19 in Los Angeles County,california

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2024年第1期15卷 18-31页

作者： Fynnwin Prager Marina T.Mendoza Charles K.Huyck Adam Rose Paul Amyx Gregory Yetman Kristy F.Tiampo california State University Dominguez HillsCarsonCA 90747USA ImageCat Inc.Long BeachCA 90802USA University of Southern california Los AngelesCA 90015USA CIESIN–Center for International Earth Science Information Network Columbia UniversityPalisadesNY 10964USA cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences(CIRES) University of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO 80309USA

Earth observation(EO) technologies,such as very high-resolution optical satellite data available from Maxar,can enhance economic consequence modeling of disasters by capturing the fine-grained and real-time behavioral responses of businesses and the *** investigated this unique approach to economic consequence modeling to determine whether crowd-sourced interpretations of EO data can be used to illuminate key economic behavioral responses that could be used for computable general equilibrium modeling of supply chain repercussions and resilience *** applied our methodology to the COVID-19 pandemic experience in Los Angeles County,california as a case *** also proposed a dynamic adjustment approach to account for the changing character of EO through longer-term disasters in the economic modeling *** found that despite limitations,EO data can increase sectoral and temporal resolution,which leads to significant differences from other data sources in terms of direct and total impact *** findings from this analytical approach have important implications for economic consequence modeling of disasters,as well as providing useful information to policymakers and emergency managers,whose goal is to reduce disaster costs and to improve economic resilience.

关键词： Computable general equilibrium models COVID-19 Disaster economic impacts Earth observation Economic consequence analysis Los Angeles County

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Structural basis for polyuridine tract recognition by SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15

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Protein & Cell 2024年第7期15卷 547-552页

作者： Fumiaki Ito Hanjing Yang Z.Hong Zhou Xiaojiang S.Chen Molecular and Computational Biology Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089United States Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095United States california NanoSystems Institute University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095United States Genetic Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089United States Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089United States Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089United States

Dear Editor,Coronaviruses have evolved a wide array of tactics to evade host antiviral *** host cells detect invading foreign nucleic acids including viral genome and viral replication intermediates,they activate interferon(IFN)signaling via cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors(Kang et al.,2002;Kato et al.,2006).Remarkable stealth activities exhibited by coronaviruses are facilitated by a series of non-structural proteins(Nsps),such as Nsp15(Deng and Baker,2018;Deng et al.,2019;Hackbart et al.,2020),which is a uridine-specific endoribonuclease that mediates evasion of host detection of viral double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)(Bhardwaj et al.,2004;Deng et al.,2017;Frazier et al.,2021;Ivanov et al.,2004).Nsp15 targets a polyuridine[poly(U)]tract on the coronavirus negative strand RNA(Hackbart et al.,2020).Nsp15 limits the abundance and length of poly(U)within the negative strand RNA 5ʹ-extension by trimming down the initially synthesized poly(U)lead sequence to the optimal length that can suppress dsRNA formation but still serves as a template for poly(A)tail of the positive strand genome of the coronaviruses(Hofmann and Brian,1991).

关键词： p15 interferon template

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Estimation of alfalfa fall dormancy using spaced plant and sward trials across multiple environments

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Grassland Research 2023年第1期2卷 15-21页

作者： Scott A.Newell Daniel J.Undersander Donald Viands Julie Hansen Steve Orloff Daniel H.Putnam E.Charles Brummer Department of Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaDavisDavisCaliforniaUSA Department of Agronomy University of WisconsinMadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA Plant Breeding&Genetics Section School of Integrated Plant SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA univeristy of california cooperative extension YrekaCaliforniaUSA

Background:Alfalfa is a globally important forage *** are characterized by fall dormancy(FD).FD affects biomass yield and winter survival and is used to identify appropriate growing regions of *** has historically been assessed by measuring the natural height of regrowth in autumn of spaced plants in the *** commercial alfalfa is normally grown as a solid planted sward,FD could be different if plants were grown under real production *** objective of this experiment was to assess whether FD ratings obtained from swards were similar to those obtained on spaced ***:We evaluated 20 alfalfa cultivars in field trials established in 2015 at five locations in the United *** harvested the trials in early autumn and measured regrowth plant height approximately 3 weeks later in 2015 and ***:Autumn plant height responded as expected for the established check cultivars in all *** dormancy ratings for cultivars under both management systems were highly ***:Estimating FD from spaced plant height measurements in autumn is very robust,and using height data from sward plots gives equivalent results to that measured in spaced plant *** finding has many practical advantages.

关键词： alfalfa fall dormancy lucerne Medicago sativa plant height

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Biofumigation effects of brassicaceous cover crops on soil health in cucurbit agroecosystems in Hawaii, USA

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Pedosphere 2022年第4期32卷 521-531页

作者： Philip WAISEN Zhiqiang CHENG Brent S.SIPES Koon-Hui WANG Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences University of Hawaii at ManoaHI 96822USA Department of Agriculture Papua New Guinea University of TechnologyLae 411Papua New Guinea University of california Agriculture and Natural Resources Division Cooperative ExtensionIndio CA 92201USA

Brassicaceous cover crops, such as brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and oil radish (Raphanus sativus), are commonly used for biofumigation, a process that utilizes isothiocyanates (ITCs) generated from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates in Brassica plants to suppress soil-borne pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes. Given the biocidal nature of ITCs, limited information is available on the non-target effects of biofumigation on free-living nematodes, which are reliable soil health indicators. The objectives of this study were to determine if biofumigation methods effective against plant-parasitic nematodes would have non-target effects on free-living nematodes, and to examine the relationships between biofumigation indicators and nematode communities. Three field trials were conducted to examine whether different biofumigation methods would affect free-living nematodes. Tissue maceration of biofumigant crops, soil tillage, and black plastic mulching were adopted singly or in combination to generate different regimes of biofumigation efficacy. Termination of biofumigant crops by tissue maceration and soil tillage followed by black plastic mulching for one week was most effective in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes and enhancing bacterial decomposition. However, these effects did not last through the subsequent zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) crop cycle. When comparing changes in soil glucose and sulfate concentrations as indicators of biofumigation efficacy, we found that soil sulfate was a better indicator of biofumigation efficacy than soil glucose, owing to the more stable state of sulfate in soil. Canonical correspondence analysis between soil sulfate as a biofumigation indicator and nematode soil health indicators revealed strong positive correlations of sulfate level with the abundances of bacterivorous and carnivorous nematodes, enrichment index, brown mustard biomass, and soil temperature. However, biofumigation did not affect the nematode community stru

关键词： brown mustard free-living nematode glucose oil radish plant-parasitic nematode soil-borne pathogens sulfate

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Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of california agriculture

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第3期9卷 265-279页

作者： Roger A.BALDWIN Terrell P.SALMON Robert H.SCHMIDT Robert M.TIMM Statewide IPM Program University of California Cooperative ExtensionParlierCAUSA University of california cooperative extension San DiegoCAUSA Department of Environment and Society Utah State UniversityLoganUTUSA Hopland Research and extension Center University of CaliformniaHoplandCAUSA

Many wildife species cause extensive damage to a variety of agricultural commodities in california,with es-timates of damage in the hundreds of millions *** the limited availability of resources to solve all human-wildlife conficts,we should focus management efforts on issues that provide the greatest benefit to ag-ricultural commodities in *** survey provides quantitative data on research needs to better guide future efforts in developing more effective,practical and appropriate methods for managing these *** found that ground squirels,pocket gophers,birds,wild pigs,coyotes and voles were the most common agricul-tural wildlife pest species in *** damage caused by these species could be quite high,but varied by agricultural *** most species,common forms of damage included loss of crop production and di-rect death of the plant,although livestock depredation was the greatest concern for *** methods used most frequently and those deemed most effective varied by pest species,although greater advancements in control methods were listed as a top research priority for all ***,the use of toxicants,biocon-trol and trapping were the most preferred methods for control,but this varied by *** general,integrated pest management practices were used to control wildlife pests,with a special preference for those approaches that were efficacious and quick and inexpensive to *** information and survey design should be useful in establishing research and management priorities for wildlife pest species in california and other similar re-gions.

关键词： agriculture california human-wildlife conflict integrated pest management survey

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Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of SWAT, SWAT+, and APEX Models in Simulating Edge of Field Hydrological Processes

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Open Journal of Modelling and Simulation 2023年第2期11卷 37-49页

作者： Duncan Kikoyo Tobias Oker Texas Water Resources Institute Texas A & M University College Station USA UC cooperative extension University of California Bakersfield USA

Hydrologic and water quality models are often used in assessing the response of environmental processes to human activities and climatic change. However, these models differ in terms of their complexity, requirements, underlying equations, and assumptions, and as such their performance in simulating landscape processes varies. Consequently, a key question that has to be addressed is to select the most suitable model that gives results closest to reality for an intended purpose. In this study, the performance of the basin-wide older version of SWAT is compared with that of the small watershed model APEX to assess the performance of both models at a field scale level. The new restructured version of SWAT (SWAT+) is compared with the older version to determine whether the new changes incorporated in SWAT+ have improved model performance, particularly for small watersheds. The three models were used to simulate the edge of field processes for a 6.6 ha plot located at the USDA-Agricultural Research Station near Riesel, Texas, and to predict water yield, soil, and mineral phosphorous loss from the micro watershed. Results showed that all the uncalibrated models over-predict soil and phosphorous loss in a micro watershed. Uncalibrated SWAT and SWAT+ models simulated water yield satisfactory albeit with low-performance metrics. The calibrated versions simulated water yield with indices close to optimal values. PBIAS as a performance assessment metric was determined to be overly sensitive and prone to numerical errors. SWAT+ will be helpful in the understanding of hydrological and water quality processes at micro watersheds considering that it addresses structural flaws associated with the older version, and the manually calibrated version matches the performance of both APEX and SWAT, despite the latter two undergoing rigorous automatic calibration.

关键词： Erosion Modelling Phosphorous Loss Riesel Water Yield

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The impact of attractants on pocket gopher trapping

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Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 472-478页

作者： Roger A. BALDWIN Ryan MEINERZ Steve B. ORLOFF Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California-Davis Davis CA 95616 USA University of california cooperative extension 1655 South Main Street Yreka CA 96097 USA

Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) have an extensive impact on both natural and agricultural systems. Trapping is a technique often used to sample and manage these populations. The identification of an attractant that increases capture rates of pocket gophers would greatly assist researchers and pest management professionals alike. Therefore, we tested the attractiveness of four attractants (peanut butter, anise, grapefruit attractant, and carrot) plus a control (no attractant) using uncovered and covered trap sets to determine what impact they have on visitation and capture rates of pocket gophers. We also determined how the impact of cover status and attractants differ across varying weights and gender of pocket gophers. We found no direct effect of any attractant on visitation and capture rates of pocket gophers, nor on the gender of captured individuals. However, when no attractant was used, the number of pocket gophers captured per 100 trap nights was greater when trap sets were uncovered vs. when covered, and capture rates were generally high and consistent when using peanut butter as an attractant. Additionally, we noted that covered trap sets that were baited with peanut butter yielded heavier pocket gopher captures than uncovered trap sets using this same attractant. This is key, given the difficulty associated with capturing older, more experienced individuals. Combined with data from a previous investigation, this suggests that there is no advantage to using any attractant when utilizing uncovered trap sets, but there is likely some benefit to using peanut butter in covered trap sets [Current Zoology60 (4): 472–478, 2014].

关键词：捕获率引诱地鼠口袋病虫害管理花生酱农业系统专业人士

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Age and sex specific timing, frequency, and spatial distribution of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay:Insights from a large-scale radio telemetry array

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Current Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 563-574页

作者： David R.SMITH Lorne J.BROUSSEAU Mary T. MANDT Michael J.MILLARD USGS Leetown Science Center Cornell University cooperative extension U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent (>100 km),we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout Delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and archival tags on adulthorseshoe crabs prior to their spawning *** tagged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females *** array covered approximately 140 km of *** rates were >70% with multi-year *** categorizedadult age by carapace *** females tended to spawn earlier in the season and more frequently than young females,but those tendencies were more apparent in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier than in 2005 when spawning was delayedpossibly due to decreased water *** of initial spawning within a year was correlated with water *** adjusting for day of first spring tide,the day of first spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree (℃) rise in meandaily water temperature in *** nine % of spawning occurred during nighttime high *** five % of spawning occurredwithin 3 d of a spring tide,which was slightly higher than the 47% expected if spawning was uniformly distributed regardlessof tidal *** the same spawning season,males and females were observed spawning or intertidally resting atmore than one beach separated by >5 *** years,most (77%) did not return to spawn at the same *** ofstranding was strongly age dependent for males and females with older adults experiencing higher stranding *** staging in the shallow waters east of the channel spawned exclusively along the eastern (NJ) shoreline,but those stagingwest of the channel spawned throughout the ***,several insights emerged from the use of radio telemetry,which advancesour understanding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab populationand

关键词：产卵时间无线电遥测年龄空间分布马蹄阵列性别蟹

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Resistance status of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae to selected acaricides on strawberries

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Insect Science 2016年第1期23卷 88-93页

作者： Jian-Long Bi Zi-Mian Niu Lu Yu Nick C. Toscano University of california cooperative extension Safnas Califomia USA Modem Agricultural Research Center Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Taiyuan Shanxi China Department of Entomology University of Cafifomia Riverside California USA

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval） and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, are serious pests of strawberries and many other horticultural crops. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical acaricides. Objectives of this study were to determine the resistance status of these two pest species to commonly used acaricides on strawberries in a year-round inten- sive horticultural production region. LC90 of abamectin for adult carmine spider mites was 4% whereas that for adult twospotted spider mites was 24% of the top label rate. LC90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 0.5%, 0.5%, 1.4% and 83% of their respective highest label rates for carmine spider mite eggs, 0.7%, 2.7%, 12.1% and 347% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. LC90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 4.6%, 11.1%, 310% and 62% of their respec- tive highest label rates for twospotted spider mite eggs, 3%, 13%, 432,214% and 15% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. Our results suggest that T. cinnabarinus have developed resistance to bifenazate and that the T. urticae have developed resistance to hexythiazox. These results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.

关键词： acaricides carmine spider mite strawberries twospotted spider mitt

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Organic Amendments with Poultry Manure and Cow Dung Influence the Yield and Status of Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第7期13卷 994-1005页

作者： Md. Abul Kalam Azad Tazuddin Ahmed Touria El-Jaoual Eaton Md. Mukhtar Hossain Department of Crop Science & Technology Rajshahi University Rajshahi Bangladesh cooperative extension and Research Lincoln University of Missouri Jefferson MO USA

The field experiment cultivating wheat during the winter season from November 2014 to March 2015 was conducted in the “North Eastern Barind Tract Soils” at Kushadaha, Nawabganj, Dinajpur in Bangladesh. The wheat variety BARI Gom 26 was selected in focusing to evaluate the effects of organic amendments using poultry manure (PM) and cow dung (CD) on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by the plant. The texture of the field soil was clay with acidic nature (pH 5.61). The trials comprise three treatments following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. Results showed that significantly greater plant height, number of tillers per hill and straw yield were 98.10 cm, 3.66 and 5425 kg/ha respectively in receiving the treatment T2 than T3 (95.66 cm, 3.38 and 4483 kg/ha) and T1 (control). Spike length, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were 9.23 cm, 39.81 kg/ha and 3100 kg/ha respectively also higher in T2 treatment than T3 (8.76 cm, 38.51 kg/ha, 3091 kg/ha) with no statistical differences among them. Therefore, the treatment T2 (PM) comprised of poultry manure and NPK exhibited as the best treatment for producing the highest in all growth and yield parameters of wheat. In wheat grain, the content of N, P, K, S, Mg, Zn and B ranged from 1.080% to 1.380% N, 0.390% to 0.398% P, 0.780% to 0.840% K, 0.079% to 0.111% S, 0.181% to 0.187% Mg, 25.56 to 29.77 ppm Zn and 10.12 to 12.54 ppm B. Similarly in straw, nutrients content ranged from 0.220 to 0.300% N, 0.045% to 0.074% P, 0.970% to 1.250% K, 0.152% to 0.191% S, 0.097% to 0.101% Mg, 10.78 to 13.23 ppm Zn and 27.98 to 2989 ppm B. Therefore, organic amendment with 5-ton cow dung (CD) ha-1 with a recommended dose of NPK significantly increased the content of N, S, Mg, Zn and B in the grain and straw of wheat. Alternatively, the poultry manure treatment with NPK significantly increased the content of P and K in the grain and straw of

关键词： Wheat Cultivation Poultry Manure Cow Dung Chemical Fertilizers Micronutrients Straw and Grain Yield

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