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Chinese Physics C 2016年第10期40卷 660-681页

作者： T.M. Liss F. Maltoni A. Quadt The City College of New York univ. Catholique de Louvain univ. gsttingen

A. Introduction The top quark is the Q = 2/3, T3 = ＋1/2 member of the weak-isospin doublet containing the bottom quark （see the review on the ＂Electroweak Model and Constraints on New Physics＂ for more information）. Its phenomenology is driven by its large mass. Being heavier than a W boson, it is the only quark, that decays semi-weakly, i.e., into a real W boson and a b quark. Therefore, it has a very short lifetime and decays before hadronization can occur. In addition, it is the only quark whose Yukawa coupling to the Higgs boson is order of unity. For these reasons the top quark plays a special role in the Standard Model （SM） and in many extensions thereof.

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High concentration of calcium ions in Golgi apparatus

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Cell Research 1994年第1期4卷 97-108页

作者： XUE SHAOBAI M. RoBERT NICOUD JIE CUI D.J.ARNDT JOVIN(Depariment of Biology, Beijing Normal univ.rsity, Beijing 100875, China)(Max-Planck-Institute fur Biophysikalische Chemie,Gottingen, Germany) Max-Planck-Institute fSr Biophysikalische Chemie GSttingen Germany

The interphase NIH3T3 cells were vitally fluorescentstained with calcium indicator fluo-3 and Glogi probe C6NBD-ceramide, and then the single cells were examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCFM) for subcellular distributions of Ca2+ and the location of Golgi apparatus. In these cells, the intracellular Ca2+ were found to be highly concentrated in the Golgi apparatus. The changes of distribution of cytosolic high Ca2+ region and the Golgi apparatus coincided with the cell cycle *** calcium free medium, when the plasma membrane of the cells which had been loaded with fluo-3/AM were permeated by digitonin, the fluorescence of the Golgi region decreased far less than that of the cytosol. Our results indicated that the Glogi lumen retained significantly high concentration of free calcium.

关键词： intracellular free calcium fluo-3/AM Golgi apparatus C6-NBD-ceramide laser scanning confocal microscopy intracellular calcium store

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Lagrangian view of time irreversibility of fluid turbulence

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2016年第1期59卷 7-15页

作者： HaiTao Xu Center for Combustion Energy and Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Max Planck Institute for Dynamics&Self-Organization(MPIDS) Gottingen D-37077Germany Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Lyon F-69007France Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics University of Gottingen GSttingen D-37077Germany Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell UniversityIthaca NY 14853USA

A turbulent flow is maintained by an external supply of kinetic gradients. The scale at which energy is supplied greatly differs energy, which is eventually dissipated into heat at steep velocity from the scale at which energy is dissipated, the more so as the turbulent intensity （the Reynolds number） is larger. The resulting energy flux over the range of scales, intermediate between energy injection and dissipation, acts as a source of time irreversibility. As it is now possible to follow accurately fluid particles in a turbulent flow field, both from laboratory experiments and from numerical simulations, a natural question arises： how do we detect time irreversibility from these Lagrangian data？ Here we discuss recent results concerning this problem. For Lagrangian statistics involving more than one fluid particle, the distance between fluid particles introduces an intrinsic length scale into the problem. The evolution of quantities dependent on the relative motion between these fluid particles, including the kinetic energy in the relative motion, or the configuration of an initially isotropic structure can be related to the equal-time correlation functions of the velocity field, and is therefore sensitive to the energy flux through scales, hence to the irreversibility of the flow. In contrast, for single- particle Lagrangian statistics, the most often studied velocity structure functions cannot distinguish the ＂arrow of time＂. Recent observations from experimental and numerical simulation data, however, show that the change of kinetic energy following the particle motion, is sensitive to time-reversal. We end the survey with a brief discussion of the implication of this line of work.

关键词： fluid turbulence time irreversibility energy cascade Lagrangian description

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