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Application of Principles of Integrated Agricultural Systems： Results from Farmer Panels

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2011年第5期1卷 638-644页

作者： J. M. Halloran G. F. Sassenrath D. W. Archer J. R. Hendrickson J. D. Hanson P. Vadas usda-ars new england plant Soil and Water Research Lab University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA usda-ars Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS 38776 USA usda-ars Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory P.O. Box 459 Mandan ND 58554 USA usda-ars Dairy Forage Center Madison W153706 USA

The Integrated Agricultural Systems workgroup is examining agricultural systems of the US to determine fundamental principles that underlie successful production systems. Our hypothesis is that principles are applicable across regions, but key drivers interact to influence producer decisions and create distinct production systems. We interviewed agricultural producers to examine the underlying rationale for producer decisions and discern primary factors influencing production and marketing practices. While drivers are common among regions, interactions between drivers and influences on decision-makers vary substantially to create unique production systems. The internal social driver that values farming lifestyle is the principal factor that leads people to farming. The type of farming is partly a lifestyle choice and is influenced by other factors. Economic drivers and marketing options are primary drivers influencing production systems and management choices, as farmers provide an economic foundation for their families. While all producers employed strategies to manage production and marketing risks, these varied with different marketing channels. Identification of key drivers and principles can be used by producers, scientists and policy makers to direct agricultural production and agricultural research. new management systems can be developed that are flexible enough to respond to changing societal demands, and are environmentally and economically sustainable.

关键词： Agricultural markets economic drivers social drivers risk management entrepreneurial strategies integrated agricultural systems.

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Differences in Modified Morgan Phosphorus Levels Determined by Colorimetric and Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2012年第3期2卷 256-262页

作者： Zhongqi He Hailin Zhang O. Modesto Olanya Jonathan M. Frantz Robert P. Larkin Department of plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA usda-ars Application Technology Research Unit University of Toledo MS#604 Toledo OH 43606 USA usda-ars Eastern Regional Research Center 600 East Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA usda-ars New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory Orono ME 04469 USA usda-ars Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA

Phosphorus (P) fertilization is frequently needed for profitable crop production. Modified Morgan P (MMP) is a soil test P used to estimate plant available P in soils. The critical values of MMP for P fertilization and maintenance recommendations are based on the P concentrations measured by a common colorimetric molybdenum blue method although other P quantification methods have also been used for MMP measurements. In this study, we collected 120 surface soil samples of Caribou Sandy loam under potato cultivation or its rotation crops from Maine, USA, and 72 soil samples of Cecil sandy loam with cotton/corn crops under conventional tillage and no-till management with chemical and poultry litter fertilization in Georgia, USA. The MMP levels in all 192 dry samples were greater when they were measured by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-based method, compared to the corresponding data produced from colorimetry. Our results show the two sets of data were positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.93, P –1 with standard deviation of 12.9, compared to the average of colorimetric MMP level of 14.9 mg P kg–1 with standard deviation of 8.8. Based on the observations in this work, both colorimetric and ICP-based methods can be used for P fertilizer recommendation, but a conversion factor should be applied for ICP data as the current recommendation systems are based on colorimetric M&R data.

关键词： Phosphorus Measurement Soil Test Phosphorus Modified Morgan Phosphorus ICP Molybdenum Blue Method

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The potential of rapid visco-analysis starch pasting profiles to gauge the quality of sorghum as a feed grain for chicken-meat production

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第1期3卷 11-18页

作者： Ha H.Truong Ali Khoddami Amy F.Moss Sonia Y.Liu Peter H.Selle Poultry Research Foundation Faculty of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Australian Poultry CRC University of New England Department of plant and Food Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Environment The University of Sydney

Thirteen extensively characterised grain sorghum varieties were evaluated in a series of 7 broiler bioassays. The efficiency of energy utilisation of broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets is problematic and the bulk of dietary energy is derived from sorghum starch. For this reason, rapid visco-analysis(RVA)starch pasting profiles were determined as they may have the potential to assess the quality of sorghum as a feed grain for chicken-meat production. In review, it was found that concentrations of kafirin and total phenolic compounds were negatively correlated with peak and holding RVA viscosities to significant extents across 13 sorghums. In a meta-analysis of 5 broiler bioassays it was found that peak, holding,breakdown and final RVA viscosities were positively correlated with ME:GE ratios and peak and breakdown RVA viscosities with apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen(AMEn) to significant extents. In a sixth study involving 10 sorghum-based diets peak, holding and breakdown RVA viscosities were positively correlated with ME:GE ratios and AMEn. Therefore, it emerged that RVA starch pasting profiles do hold promise as a relatively rapid means to assess sorghum quality as a feed grain for chicken-meat production. This potential appears to be linked to quantities of kafirin and total phenolic compounds present in sorghum and it would seem that both factors depress RVA starch viscosities in vitro and, in turn, also depress energy utilisation in birds offered sorghum-based diets. Given that other feed grains do not contain kafirin and possess considerably lower concentrations of phenolic compounds, their RVA starch pasting profiles may not be equally indicative.

关键词： Kafirin Phenolics Poultry Rapid visco-analysis Sorghum Starch

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Phosphorus features in FT-IR spectra of natural organic matter

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2006年第B08期25卷 259-260页

作者： Zhongqi HE C. Wayne Honeycutt Tsutomu Ohno James F. Hunt Barbara J. Cade-Menun usda-ars New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory Orono ME 04469 USA Dept. of plant Soil and Environmental Sciences Univ. of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA Geol. ＆ Environ. Sci. Dept. Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA

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Phosphorus features in FT-IR spectra of natural organic matter

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Acta Geochimica 2006年第S1期 259-260页

作者： C. Wayne Honeycutt Tsutomu Ohno James F. Hunt Barbara J. Cade-Menun usda-ars New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory Orono ME 04469 USA Dept. of plant Soil and Environmental Sciences Univ. of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA Geol. & Environ. Sci. Dept. Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA

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Economic Potential of Compost Amendment as an Alternative to Irrigation in Maine Potato Production Systems

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American Journal of plant Sciences 2013年第2期4卷 238-245页

作者： John M. Halloran Robert P. Larkin Sherri L. DeFauw O. Modesto Olanya Zhongqi He Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA usda Agricultural Research Service New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory Orono ME USA

Potato productivity in the northeastern US has been relatively constant for over 50 years, raising questions about what factors are limiting productivity. Research was initiated in 2004 to identify key constraints to potato productivity by evaluating Status Quo (SQ), Soil Conserving (SC), and Soil Improving (SI) cropping systems under both rainfed and irrigated management, and it was found that addition of compost or irrigation substantially increased yield. In this study, we employed partial budgeting to determine cost differences and their impact on net revenue for these cropping systems. Differences in systems were primarily associated with rotation length, tillage operations, compost and application expenses, and water management practices. When compost (as composted dairy manure) was annually applied at 19 Mg haf-1 and evaluated over the entire 3-year crop rotation cycle, the compost-amended rainfed SI system was more expensive to maintain than the irrigated SC system if compost cost exceeded $3.63 Mg-1. Average marketable yields were used to calculate gross and net revenue for each system. Because average potato yield for the irrigated SQ system (28.4 Mg·ha-1) equaled that in the rainfed SI system (28.3 Mg·ha-1), we were able to compare cost of irrigation versus compost for achieving comparable yield. The compost-amended SI system under rainfed management generated more net revenue from the potato crop than the irrigated SQ system when compost costs were less than $7.42 Mg-1. When compared to the commonly used rainfed SQ system, rainfed SI achieved higher net revenue as long as compost cost was less than $22.95 Mg-1. The rainfed SI system achieved higher net revenue than the irrigated SC system when compost cost was $9.43 Mg-1or less, but generated greater net revenue than the rainfed SC system regardless of compost costs, due to substantially higher yields associated with compost amendment. This investigation demonstrates that compost is a potentially viable

关键词： Compost Cropping Systems Economic Potential Irrigation Partial Budgeting Potato Production Water Stress Yield

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Induction of defence gene expression by oligogalacturonic acid requires in- creases in both cytosolic calcium and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Cell Research 2004年第3期14卷 234-240页

作者： Steven J NEILL Centre for Research in plant Science University of the West of england Bristol Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY UK

Responses to oligogalacturonic acid （OGA） were determined in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing the calcium reporter protein aequorin. OGA stimulated a rapid, substantial and transient increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium （[Ca2+]cyt） that peaked after ca. 15 s. This increase was dose-dependent, saturating at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/ml of OGA. OGA also stimulated a rapid generation of H2O2. A small, rapid increase in H2O2 content was followed by a much larger oxidative burst, with H2O2 content peaking after ca. 60 min and declining thereafter. Induction of the oxidative burst by OGA was also dose-dependent, with a maximum response again being achieved at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/mL. Inhibitors of calcium fluxes inhibited both increases in [Ca2+]cyt and [H2O2], whereas inhibitors of NADPH oxidase blocked only the oxidative burst. OGA increased strongly the expression of the defence-related genes CHS, GST, PAL and PR-1. This induction was suppressed by inhibitors of calcium flux or

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic calcium defence gene expression hydrogen peroxide OGA.

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Truffle-like fungi sporocarps in a eucalypt-dominated landscape: patterns in diversity and community structure

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Fungal Diversity 2013年第1期58卷 143-157页

作者： Melissa Danks Teresa Lebel Karl Vernes Nigel Andrew Ecosystem Management University of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales 2351Australia National Herbarium of Victoria Royal Botanic Gardens MelbourneSouth YarraVictoria 3141Australia Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology ZoologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales 2351Australia

Truffle-like fungi are highly diverse yet poorly known in *** assess the species richness,biomass,and community assemblages of truffle-like fungi in different habitats we sampled sporocarps of truffle-like fungi in three eucalypt-dominated forest types(grassy woodland,wet sclerophyll forest,and dry sclerophyll forest)once in summer and once in winter,at two sites(Mount Kaputar and new england)in northern new South Wales,*** hundred and eighteen species in 35 genera were collected;over half(51.7%)of the species were *** woodland and wet forest communities had greater species richness and a lower standing crop than dry forest *** richness and standing crop was greater in winter than in ***,species from the family Russulaceae,and the genera Dermocybe,Descomyces,and Hysterangium were *** composition varied among forest types and each forest type exhibited a suite of unique and common species,although much variation was *** in community structure was associated with some habitat attributes;at Mount Kaputar,woody plant species richness,canopy cover,litter depth,soil phosphorous,and elevation helped explain the sporocarp communities of different forest types,while at new england,woody plant species richness,rainfall,topographic aspect,soil texture,and soil nitrogen helped explain *** work contributes to knowledge of trufflelike fungal diversity,the factors affecting sporocarp distribution across landscapes,and the availability of sporocarps as a food resource for mycophagous *** understanding of fungal diversity and mammal-fungal interactions also has important implications for managing forest biodiversity.

关键词： Basidiomycetes Biodiversity Forest ecology Fungal diversity Mycorrhizal fungi Sequestrate fungi

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Using strategically applied grazing to manage invasive alien plants in novel grasslands

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 275-285页

作者： Jennifer Firn Jodi N Price Ralph DB Whalley School of Earth Environmental and Biological SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia School of plant Biology University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia Botany University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW 2352Australia

Introduction:Novel ecosystems that contain new combinations of invasive alien plants(IAPs)present a challenge for ***,control strategies that focus on the removal of the invasive species and/or restoring historical disturbance regimes often do not provide the best outcome for long-term control of IAPs and the promotion of more desirable plant ***:This study seeks to identify the primary drivers of grassland invasion to then inform management practices toward the restoration of native *** revisiting both published and unpublished data from experiments and case studies within mainly an Australian context for native grassland management,we show how alternative states models can help to design control strategies to manage undesirable IAPs by manipulating grazing ***:Ungulate grazing is generally considered antithetical to invasive species management because in many countries where livestock production is a relatively new disturbance to grasslands(such as in Australia and new Zealand as well as Canada and the USA),selective grazing pressure may have facilitated opportunities for IAPs to *** find that grazing stock can be used to manipulate species composition in favour of the desirable components in pastures,but whether grazing is rested or strategically applied depends on the management goal,sizes of populations of the IAP and more desirable species,and climatic and edaphic ***:Based on our findings,we integrated these relationships to develop a testable framework for managing IAPs with strategic grazing that considers both the current state of the plant community and the desired future state—*** application of the principles behind reclamation,rehabilitation,restoration or all three—over time.

关键词： grassland grazing Canada

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Living mycelium composites discern weights via patterns of electrical activity

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2022年第1期7卷 26-32页

作者： Andrew Adamatzky Antoni Gandia Unconventional Computing Laboratory University of the West of EnglandBristolUK Institute for plant Molecular and Cell Biology CSIC-UPVValenciaSpain

Fungal construction materials-substrates colonised by mycelium-are getting increased recog-nition as viable ecologically friendly alternatives to conventional building materials.A function-ality of the constructions made from fungal materials would be enriched if blocks with living mycelium,known for their ability to respond to chemical,optical and tactile stimuli,were *** investigated how large blocks of substrates colonised with mycelium of Ganoderma resinaceum responded to stimulation with heavy *** analysed details of the electrical re-sponses to the stimulation with weights and show that ON and OFF stimuli can be discriminated by the living mycelium composites and that a habituation to the stimulation *** of the results cast in the reporting on changes in electrical spiking activity of mycelium bound composites in response to a heavy loads.

关键词： Fungi Unconventional materials Electrical activity Bionics

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