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Copy numbers of mitochondrial genes change during melon leaf development and are lower than the numbers of mitochondria

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Horticulture Research 2019年第1期6卷 547-555页

作者： Jia Shen Yuejian Zhang Michael J.Havey Weisong Shou Institute of Vegetables Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences310021 HangzhouChina 2USDA-ARS and Department of HorticultureUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI 53706USA

Melon is a useful plant species for studying mitochondrial genetics because it contains one of the largest and structurally diverse mitochondrial genomes among all plant species and undergoes paternal transmission of *** used droplet digital(dd)PCR in combination with flow cytometric determination of nuclear DNA quantities to determine the absolute per-cell copy numbers of four mitochondrial genes(nad9,rps1,matR,and atp6)across four stages of melon leaf *** copy numbers of these mitochondrial genes not only varied during leaf development but also differed among each other,and there was no correlation between the copy numbers of the mitochondrial genes and their transcript *** gene copy numbers varied from approximately 36.8±4.5(atp6 copies in the 15th leaf)to approximately 82.9±5.7(nad9 copies in the 9th leaf),while the mean number of mitochondria was approximately 416.6±182.7 in the 15th leaf and 459.1±228.2 in the 9th *** observations indicate that the leaf cells of melon do not contain sufficient copies of mitochondrial genes to ensure that every mitochondrion possesses the entire mitochondrial *** this cytological evidence,our results indicate that mtDNA in melon exists as a sub-genomic molecule rather than as a single-master circle and that the copy numbers of individual mitochondrial genes may vary *** improved understanding of the molecular mechanism(s)controlling the relative prevalence and transmission of sub-genomic mtDNA molecules should provide insights into the continuity of the mitochondrial genome across generations.

关键词： development quantities circle

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Analysis of vegetation indices derived from aerial multispectral and ground hyperspectral data

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International Journal of agricultural and Biological engineering 2009年第3期2卷 33-40页

作者： Huihui Zhang Yubin Lan Ronald Lacey W.C.Hoffmann Yanbo Huang Department of Biological and agricultural engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA usda-ars College StationTexasUSA usda-ars APTRU141 Experiment Station RoadStonevilleMississippiUSA

Aerial multispectral images are a good source of crop,soil,and ground coverage *** reflectance indices provide a useful tool for monitoring crop growing status.A series of aerial images were obtained by an airborne MS4100 multispectral imaging system on the cotton and soybean *** hyperspectral data were acquired with a ground-based integration system at the same *** Normalized Difference Vegetative Index(NDVI),Simple Ratio(SR),and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(SAVI)calculated from both systems were analyzed and *** information derived from aerial multispectral images has shown the potential to monitor the general growth status of crop *** vegetation indices derived from both systems were significantly different(p-value was 0.073 atα=0.1 level)at the early growing stage of *** correlation coefficients of the image NDVI and ground NDVI were 0.3029 for soybean field and 0.338 for cotton *** and SR were not correlated.

关键词： airborne multispectral image hyperspectral reflectance vegetation index remote sensing crop growth condition

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Survival of boll weevil （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） adults after feeding on pollens from various sources

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Insect Science 2007年第6期14卷 503-510页

作者： SHOIL M. GREENBERG GRETCHEN D. JONES FRANK EISCHEN RANDY J. COLEMAN JOHN J. ADAMCZYK, JR. TONG-XIAN LIU MAMOUDOU SETAMOU usda-ars KSARC-BIRU Weslaco usda-ars APMRU College Station usda-ars KSARC-Honey Bee Research Unit Department of Entomology Texas AgriLife Research Texas A&M University System Texas A&M University Kingsville Citrus Center Weslaco Texas USA

The survival of overwintering boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis （Boheman）, adults on non-cotton hosts in the Lower Rio Grande Valley （LRGV） of Texas was examined from 2001 to 2006. The success of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program, which was reintroduced into the LRGV in 2005, depends on controlling overwintering boll weevil populations. Laboratory studies were conducted using boll weevil adults that were captured in pheromone traps from September through March. The number of adults captured per trap declined significantly in the field from fall to the beginning of spring （3.5-7.0-fold）. The proportion of trapped males and females did not differ significantly. The mean weight of boll weevil adults captured in September was 13.3 mg, while those of captured adults from November to February were significantly lower and ranged from 6.7 to 7.8 mg. Our results show that boll weevil adults can feed on different plant pollens. The highest longevity occurred when adults were fed almond pollen or mixed pollens （72.6 days and 69.2 days, respectively） and the lowest when they fed on citrus pollen or a non-food source （9.7 days or 7.4 days, respectively）. The highest adult survival occurred on almond and mixed pollens [88.0%-97. 6% after 1st feeding period （10 days）, 78.0%-90.8% after 3rd feeding period （10 days）, 55. 0%-83.6% after 5th feeding period （10 days）, and 15.2%-32.4% after lOth feeding period （10 days）]. The lowest adult survival occurred on citrus pollen [52.0%-56.0% after 1st feeding period （10 days）, 13.3% after 3rd and 5th feeding periods （10 days）, and 0 after 6th feeding period （10 days）]. Pollen feeding is not a behavior restricted to adult boll weevils of a specific sex or physiological state. Understanding how boll weevil adults survive in the absence of cotton is important to ensure ultimate success of eradicating this pest in the subtropics.

关键词： boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis Curculionidae subtropics pollen

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Modeling Cadmium Transport in Neutral and Alkaline Soil Columns at Various Depths

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Pedosphere 2012年第3期22卷 273-282页

作者： QI Zhi-Ming FENG Shao-Yuan M.J.HELMERS usda-ars agricultural Systems Research Unit Fort CollinsCO 80526(USA) College of Hydraulic Science and engineering Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009(China) Department of agricultural and Biosystems engineering Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011(USA)

Human health has been potentially threatened by cadmium (Cd) contained in sewage irrigation *** studies of Cd transport in soils were mainly conducted using small soil cores with pH values less than *** objectives of this study were to determine the parameters of the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) for Cd transport in relatively larger columns with neutral and alkaline soils,and to investigate the parameters' variability with *** soil columns were 50 cm in length and 12.5 cm in *** suction lysimeters were buried at depths of 2.5,7.5,17.5,27.5,and 37.5 cm to abstract soil *** concentration in the soil solution samples were subsequently analyzed to obtain breakthrough curves (BTCs).Equilibrium and nonequilibrium models in CXTFIT program were used to estimate parameters of the *** results suggested that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium models performed well in modeling Cd *** hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D) ranged from 0.18 to 10.70 cm 2 h 1,showing large differences among different *** retardation factor (R d) ranged from 25.4 to 54.7 and the standard deviation of R d value was lower than 30% of the mean *** coefficient (R p) decreased consistently with increasing depth,varying from 1.000 × 10 10 to 0.661 h *** tests showed that D was less sensitive than R *** results would be helpful in understanding the transport and retention of Cd in non-acidic soils.

关键词： convection-dispersion equation (CDE) CXTFIT dispersion retardation sewage effluent irrigation

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Understanding temporal stability:a long-term analysis of usda ars watersheds

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2021年第10期14卷 1243-1254页

作者： Evan J.Coopersmith Michael H.Cosh Patrick J.Starks David D.Bosch Chandra Holifield Collins Mark Seyfried Stan Livingston John Prueger Soil Insight LLCWashington D.C.USA usda-agricultural Research Service Beltsville Agricultural Research CenterHydrology and Remote Sensing LaboratoryBeltsvilleUSA usda-agricultural Research Service-Grazinglands Research Laboratory El RenoUSA usda-agricultural Research Service-Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory TiftonUSA usda-agricultural Research Service-Southwest Watershed Research Center TucsonUSA usda-agricultural Research Service-Northwest Watershed Research Laboratory BoiseUSA usdaagricultural Research Service-National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory West LafayetteUSA usda-agricultural Research Service-National Laboratory for Agriculture and Environment AmesUSA

The *** of Agriculture’s agricultural Research Service(usdaars)maintains seven in situ soil moisture networks throughout the continental United States,some since *** networks are crucial for understanding the spatial and temporal extent of droughts in their historical context,parameterization of hydrologic models,and local agricultural decision ***,the estimates from these networks are dependent upon their ability to provide reliable soil moisture information at a large *** is also not known how many network stations are sufficient to monitor watershed scale ***,the objectives of this research were to:(1)determine how temporally stable these networks are,including the relationships between various sensors on a year-to-year and seasonal basis,and(2)attempt to determine how many sensors are required,within a network,to approximate the full network *** data from seven in situ,it is concluded that approximately 12 soil moisture sensors are sufficient in most environments,presuming their locations are distributed to capture the hydrologic heterogeneity of the *** is possible to install a temporary network containing a suitable number of sensors for an appropriate length of time,glean stable relationships between locations,and retain these insights moving forward with fewer sensor resources.

关键词： Soil moisture temporal stability in situ networks

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Volatiles induced by the larvae of the Asian corn borer （Ostrinia furnacalis） in maize plants affect behavior of conspecific larvae and female adults

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Insect Science 2009年第4期16卷 311-320页

作者： Cui-Hong Huang Feng-Ming Yan John A. Byers Rong-Jiang Wang Chong-Ren Xu College of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing College of Plant Protection Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China U.S. Arid-Land agricultural Research Center USDA-ARS 21881 North Cardon Lane Maricopa Arizona 85238 USA

Effects of maize （Zea mays L.） volatiles induced by larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostriniafurnacalis （Guenee）, on the orientation behaviors of Asian corn borer larvae and oviposition of the females were investigated. Nineteen volatile chemicals, with terpenes being the major components, were identified from maize plants attacked by third instar Asian corn borer larvae. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection （GC-EAD） analyses revealed some electroantennographic differences between female and male Asian corn borer antennae in response to larvae-induced maize volatiles; female responded to （E）-2-hexenal, nonanal, （Z）-3-hexen-l-ol and three unknown compounds while the male only responded to （E）-2-hexenal, nonanal and one unknown compound. In laboratory orientation bioassays, Asian corn borer neonate larvae were attracted to extracts collected from Asian corn borer-damaged plants as well as to synthetic farnesene, but were repelled by （Z）-3-hexen- 1 -ol. In laboratory oviposition bioassays, gravid females laid fewer eggs on plants damaged by larvae than on mechanically damaged plants or undamaged plants. Adult Asian corn borer females deposited fewer eggs on wax paper treated with （E）-2-hexenal or （Z）-3-hexen-l-ol than on wax paper treated with hexane （control）. The results suggest that Asian corn borer can affect the behaviors of conspecific larvae and adults by changing host plant volatiles.

关键词： behaviors conspecific adults and larvae induced volatiles Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) Zea mays L.

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Pilfering of western juniper seed caches by scatter-hoarding rodents varies by microsite and canopy type

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第2期17卷 192-205页

作者： Lindsay A.DIMITRI William S.LONGLAND agricultural Research Service Great Basin Rangeland ResearchUSDAUSA

Scatter-hoarding rodents store seeds throughout their home ranges in superficially buried caches which,unlike seeds larder-hoarded in burrows,are difficult to *** seeds are often pilfered by other scatter-hoarders and either re-cached,eaten or *** seed movements can influence seedling recruitment,because only seeds remaining in caches are likely to *** the importance of scatter-hoarding rodents in the dispersal of western juniper seeds has recently been revealed,the level of pilfering that occurs after initial burial is *** traits,soil moisture,and substrate can influence pilfering processes,but less is known about how pilfering varies among caches placed in open versus canopy microsites,or how cache discovery and removal varies among different canopy-types,tree versus *** compared the removal of artificial caches between open and canopy microsites and between tree and shrub canopies at two sites in northeastern California during late spring and *** also used trail cameras at one site to monitor artificial cache removal,identify potential pilferers,and illuminate microsite use by *** of artificial caches was faster in open microsites at both sites during both seasons,and more caches were removed from shrub than tree *** kangaroo rats were the species observed most on cameras,foraging most often in open microsites,which could explain the observed pilfering *** is the first study to document pilfering of western juniper seeds,providing further evidence of the importance of scatter-hoarding rodent foraging behavior in understanding seedling recruitment processes in juniper woodlands.

关键词： Dipodomys californicus Juniperus Perognathus parvus Peromyscus truei seed caching seed dispersal

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CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION USING STIFF GRASSES

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2005年第4期20卷 319-332页

作者： F. D. SHIELDS, Jr. S. M. DABNEY E. J. LANGENDOEN D. M. TEMPLE Research Hydraulic engineer USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory Oxford Mississippi Research Argonomist USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory Oxford Mississippis Research Hydraulic engineer USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory Oxford Mississippi usda-ars Hydraulic engineering Research Unit Stillwater

Concentrated flow can cause gully formation on sloping lands and in riparian zones. Current practice for riparian gully erosion control involves blocking the gully with a structure comprised of an earthen embankment and a metal or plastic pipe. Measures involving native vegetation would be more attractive for habitat recovery and economic reasons. To test the hypothesis that switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) hedges planted at 0.5-m vertical intervals within a gully would control erosion, a series of hedges was established in four concentrated flow channels. Two of the channels were previously eroded trapezoidal channels cut into compacted fill in an outdoor laboratory. The other two channels were natural gullies located at the edge of floodplain fields adjacent to an incised stream. While vegetation was dormant, artificial runoff events were created in the two laboratory gullies and one of the natural gullies using synthetic trapezoidal-shaped hydrographs with peak discharge rates of approximately 0.03, 0.07, and 0.16 m3/s. During these tests flow depth, velocity, turbidity, and soil pore water pressures were monitored. The fourth gully was subjected to a series of natural runoff events over a five-month period with peaks up to 0.09 m3/s. Flow depths in all tests were generally 1 for step heights 1 m, consistent with the experimental observations.

关键词： Erosion Gully Grass hedges Buffers

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Effects of different brush border membrane vesicle isolation protocols on proteomic analysis of Cry1Ac binding proteins from the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera

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Insect Science 2008年第6期15卷 497-503页

作者： Li-Zhen Chen Ge-Mei Liang Brian G. Rector Jie Zhang Kong-Ming Wu Yu-Yuan Guo State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China usda-ars European Biological Control Laboratory Montpellier France

Brush border membrane vesicles （BBMV） isolated from insect midguts have been widely used to study CrylA binding proteins. Sample preparation is important in two- dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE）, so to determine a suitable BBMV preparation method in Helicoverpa armigera for 2-DE, we compared three published BBMV preparation methods mostly used in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS- PAGE）. All methods yielded similar types and numbers of binding proteins, but in different quantities. The Abdul-Rauf and Ellar protocol was the best of the three, but had limitations. Sufficient protein quantity is important for research involving limited numbers of insects, such as studies of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in the field. Consequently, we integrated the three BBMV isolation methods into a single protocol that yielded high quantities of BBMV proteins from H. armigera larval midguts, which proved suitable for 2- DE analysis.

关键词： Bacillus thuringiensis binding protein brush border membrane vesicles Cry1Ac Helicoverpa armigera two-dimensional electrophoresis

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A systematic analysis of apple root resistance traits to Pythium ultimum infection and the underpinned molecular regulations of defense activation

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Horticulture Research 2020年第1期7卷 1878-1888页

作者： Yanmin Zhu Melody Saltzgiver usda-ars Tree Fruit Research LaboratoryWenatcheeWA 98801USA

Apple replant disease(ARD),caused by a pathogen complex,significantly impacts apple orchard *** molecular regulation on ARD resistance has not been investigated until recently.A systematic phenotyping effort and a series of transcriptomic analyses were performed to uncover the underpinned molecular mechanism of apple root resistance to ***,a representative member in ARD pathogen ***-specific plant survival rates and biomass reduction corresponded with microscopic features of necrosis progression patterns along the infected *** presence of defined boundaries separating healthy and necrotic sections likely caused delayed necrosis expansion in roots of resistant genotypes compared with swift necrosis progression and profuse hyphae growth along infected roots of susceptible *** datasets from a series of transcriptome analyses generated the first panoramic view of genome-wide transcriptional networks of defense activation between resistant and susceptible apple *** and stronger molecular defense activation,such as pathogen perception and hormone signaling,may differentiate resistance from susceptibility in apple *** and interrupted activation of multiple defense pathways could have led to an inadequate resistance *** the panel of apple rootstock germplasm with defined resistant and susceptible phenotypes,selected candidate genes are being investigated by transgenic manipulation including CRISPR/Cas9 tools for their specific roles during apple root defense toward *** *** apple genes with validated functions regulating root resistance responses can be exploited for developing molecular tools for accurate and efficient incorporation of resistance traits into new apple rootstocks.

关键词： roots separating likely

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