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Territorial Accessibility and Decision-Making Structure Related to Debris Flow Impacts on Roads in the French Alps

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2016年第2期7卷 186-197页

作者： Marina Utasse Vincent Jomelli Delphine Grancher Frederic Leone Daniel Brunstein Clement Virmoux umr LGP:Laboratoire de Géographie Physique Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/8591 CNRS umr gred:gouvernance Risque EnvironnementDéveloppement Université Montpellier/IRD

The Alps are highly impacted by debris flows that cause major problems for companies and transport networks located in the valley bottoms. One such event occurred in the Rif Blanc catchment and affected the road network in the French Alps, as well as adjacent areas across the Italian border, for several days in June 2012. This article presents two independent approaches to vulnerability assessment. Based on investigations conducted during a survey of local authorities following the event, we compared theoretical risk management and real crisis management in terms of decision making and modes of intervention. Functional vulnerability and territorial consequences were analyzed using a best travel time model of accessibility. We show that a bottom-up approach is practiced in case of actual management planning with a central coordination of general council. Conversely theoretical crisis management shows prefect as the key actor supported by several other state institutions. Our analysis also revealed that a debris flow event with a local impact on the road network has territorial consequences at a regional scale. This study contributes to the discussion about how to minimize the vulnerability of alpine transport networks prone to debris flows. Our results could serve as a decision support tool for public authorities.

关键词： Crisis management Debris flows French Alps Road network vulnerability

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The epididymal immune balance:a key to preserving male fertility

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2019年第6期21卷 531-539页

作者： Allison Voisin Fabrice Saez Joel R Drevet Rachel Guiton Team Mechanisms of Posttesticular Infertility GReD LaboratoryCNRS UMR 6293-INSERM U1103 University of Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand 63001France

Up to 15%of male in fertility has an immuno logical origi n,either due to repetitive infections or to autoimmune resp on ses mainly affecting the epididymis,prostate,and *** observations and epidemiological data clearly contradict the idea that the testis confers immune protection to the whole male genital *** a consequenee,the epididymis,in which posttesticular spermatozoa mature and are stored,has raised some in terest in recent years when it comes to its immune mecha *** deed,sperm cells are produced at puberty,long after the establishment of self-toleranee,and they possess unique surface proteins that cannot be recognized as *** are potential targets of the immune system,with the risk of inducing autoantibodies and consequently male *** immunity is based on a finely tuned equilibrium between efficient immune responses to pathogens and strong tolerance to sperm *** processes rely on incompletely described molecules and cell *** review compiles recent studies focusing on the immune cell types populating the epididymis,and proposes hypothetical models of the organization of epididymal immunity with a special emphasis on the immune response,while also discussing important aspects of the epididymal immune regulation such as tolerance and tumour control.

关键词： epididymis immune response lymphocytes mononuclear phagocytes toleranee

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Epididymis cholesterol homeostasis and sperm fertilizing ability

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第1期13卷 11-17页

作者： Fabrice Saez Ouvrier and Joel R Drevet umr gred CNRS 6247 INSERM U931 Clermont Universite Equipe ＇Epididyme et maturation des gametes＇ Aubiere cedex 63171 France

Cholesterol, being the starting point of steroid hormone synthesis, is a long known modulator of both female and male reproductive physiology especially at the level of the gonads and the impact cholesterol has on gametogenesis. Less is known about the effects cholesterol homeostasis may have on postgonadic reproductive functions. Lately, several data have been reported showing how imbalanced cholesterol levels may particularly affect the post-testicular events of sperm maturation that lead to fully fertile male gametes. This review will focus on that aspect and essentially centers on how cholesterol is important for the physiology of the mammalian epididymis and spermatozoa.

关键词： cholesterol homeostasis epididymosomes fertility post-testicular maturation spermatozoa

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