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Improving hydrogen evolution reaction efficiency through lattice tuning

Nano Research 2024年第7期17卷 5907-5913页

作者： Zipeng Zhao Haotian Liu Wenpei Gao Praveen Kolla Wang Xue Zeyan Liu Jinghua Guo Sanjeev Mukerjee Xiaoqing Pan Qingying Jia Xiangfeng Duan Yu Huang Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia 92697USA Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina 27695USA Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Northeastern UniversityBostonMassachusetts 02115USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia 95064USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia 92697USA california Nanosystems Institute University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources sets a requirement for efficient energy storage to mitigate the conflict between energy supply and *** is a promising choice for energy storage due to its high energy ***,the conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy stored in hydrogen through water electrolysis suffers from low efficiency,and the electricity cost dominates the total cost of hydrogen ***,we report the study of improving the hydrogen evolution reaction activity of Pt-based catalysts by building a nanoscale surface NiO and Pt interface,further optimizing the performance via tuning the lattice parameter of the core of nanoparticles,which can be achieved by varying the dealloying annealing *** optimized PtCuNi-O/C and PtNi-O/C catalysts are demonstrated to be one of the best catalysts,with a mass activity(MA)of 9.1 and 8.7 mA/μgPt,which is 9.9-fold and 9.5-fold of that of Pt/C,respectively.

关键词： lattice tuning Pt-based catalyst hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysis

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Recent progress in MnBi2nTe3n+1 intrinsic magnetic topological insulators: crystal growth, magnetism and chemical disorder

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 65-80页

作者： Chaowei Hu Tiema Qian Ni Ni Department of Physics and Astronomy and california Nano Systems Institute University of California-Los Angeles

The search for magnetic topological materials has been at the forefront of condensed matter research for their potential to host exotic states such as axion insulators, magnetic Weyl semimetals, Chern insulators,etc. To date, the MnBi2nTe3n+1family is the only group of materials showcasing van der Waals-layered structures, intrinsic magnetism and non-trivial band topology without trivial bands at the Fermi level. The interplay between magnetism and band topology in this family has led to the proposal of various topological phenomena, including the quantum anomalous Hall effect, quantum spin Hall effect and quantum magnetoelectric effect. Among these, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has been experimentally observed at record-high temperatures, highlighting the unprecedented potential of this family of materials in fundamental science and technological innovation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in this intrinsic magnetic topological insulator family, with a focus on single-crystal growth, characterization of chemical disorder, manipulation of magnetism through chemical substitution and external pressure, and important questions that remain to be conclusively answered.

关键词： MnBi2Te4 magnetic topological insulator magnetism tuning antiferromagnetism ferromagnetism pressure chemical doping

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Pyramid diffractive optical networks for unidirectional image magnification and demagnification

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第9期13卷 1841-1864页

作者： Bijie Bai Xilin Yang Tianyi Gan Jingxi Li Deniz Mengu Mona Jarrahi Aydogan Ozcan Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA Bioengineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA california NanoSystems Institute(CNSI) University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA

Diffractive deep neural networks(D2NNs)are composed of successive transmissive layers optimized using supervised deep learning to all-optically implement various computational tasks between an input and output ***,we present a pyramid-structured diffractive optical network design(which we term P-D2NN),optimized specifically for unidirectional image magnification and *** this design,the diffractive layers are pyramidally scaled in alignment with the direction of the image magnification or *** P-D2NN design creates high-fidelity magnified or demagnified images in only one direction,while inhibiting the image formation in the opposite direction—achieving the desired unidirectional imaging operation using a much smaller number of diffractive degrees of freedom within the optical processor ***,the P-D2NN design maintains its unidirectional image magnification/demagnification functionality across a large band of illumination wavelengths despite being trained with a single *** also designed a wavelength-multiplexed P-D2NN,where a unidirectional magnifier and a unidirectional demagnifier operate simultaneously in opposite directions,at two distinct illumination ***,we demonstrate that by cascading multiple unidirectional P-D2NN modules,we can achieve higher magnification *** efficacy of the P-D2NN architecture was also validated experimentally using terahertz illumination,successfully matching our numerical simulations.P-D2NN offers a physics-inspired strategy for designing task-specific visual processors.

关键词： unidirectional illumination opposite

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Nanoscale materials transformations revealed by liquid phase TEM

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9152-9165页

作者： Qiubo Zhang Daewon Lee Haimei Zheng Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA

Nanoscale materials often undergo structural,morphological,or chemical changes,especially in solution processes,where heterogeneity and defects may significantly impact the transformation *** phase transmission electron microscopy(TEM),allowing us to track dynamic transformations of individual nanoparticles,has become a powerful platform to reveal nanoscale materials transformation pathways and address challenging issues that are hard to approach by other *** the development of modern liquid cells,implementing advanced imaging and image analysis methods,and strategically exploring diverse systems,significant advances have been made in liquid phase TEM,including improved high-resolution imaging through liquids at the atomic level and remarkable capabilities in handling complex systems and *** the past more than a decade,we spent much effort in developing and applying liquid phase TEM to elucidate how atomic level heterogeneity and defects impact various physicochemical processes in liquids,such as growth,self-assembly of nanoparticles,etching/corrosion,electrodeposition of alkali metals,catalyst restructuring during reactions,and so *** article provides a brief review of the liquid phase TEM study of nanoscale materials transformations,focusing on the growth of nanomaterials with distinct shape/hierarchical structures,such as one-dimensional(1D)growth by nanoparticle attachment,two-dimensional(2D)growth with nanoparticles as intermediates,core-shell structure ripening,solid-liquid interfaces including those in batteries and electrocatalysis,highlighting the impacts of heterogeneity and defects on broad nanoscale transformation pathways.

关键词： liquid phase transmission electron microscopy(TEM) liquid cells nanomaterials growth transformations pathways solid-liquid interface heterogeneity and fluctuations

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Review Article Li-current collector interface in lithium metal batteries

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 8706-8728页

作者： Tian-Yu Wang Dingyi Zhao Keyue Liang Yuzhang Li Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA

Interfaces within batteries,such as the widely studied solid electrolyte interface(SEI),profoundly influence battery *** these interfaces,the solid-solid interface between electrode materials and current collectors is crucial to battery performance but has received less discussion and *** review highlights the latest research advancements on the solid-solid interface between lithium metal(the next-generation anode)and current collectors(typically copper),focusing on factors affecting the Li-current collector interface and improvement strategies from perspectives of current collector substrate(lithiophilicity,crystal facets,mechanical properties,and topological structure),electrolyte chemistry,current density,stacking pressure,SEI,electric field and temperature,and provides a future directions and opportunities on this topic.

关键词： lithium metal anode current collectors Li-current collector interface solid-solid interface improvement strategies

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All-optical complex field imaging using diffractive processors

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第6期13卷 1122-1139页

作者： Jingxi Li Yuhang Li Tianyi Gan Che-Yung Shen Mona Jarrahi Aydogan Ozcan Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA Bioengineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA california NanoSystems Institute(CNSI) University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA

Complex field imaging,which captures both the amplitude and phase information of input optical fields or objects,can offer rich structural insights into samples,such as their absorption and refractive index ***,conventional image sensors are intensity-based and inherently lack the capability to directly measure the phase distribution of a *** limitation can be overcome using interferometric or holographic methods,often supplemented by iterative phase retrieval algorithms,leading to a considerable increase in hardware complexity and computational ***,we present a complex field imager design that enables snapshot imaging of both the amplitude and quantitative phase information of input fields using an intensity-based sensor array without any digital *** design utilizes successive deep learning-optimized diffractive surfaces that are structured to collectively modulate the input complex field,forming two independent imaging channels that perform amplitude-to-amplitude and phase-to-intensity transformations between the input and output planes within a compact optical design,axially spanning~100 *** intensity distributions of the output fields at these two channels on the sensor plane directly correspond to the amplitude and quantitative phase profiles of the input complex field,eliminating the need for any digital image reconstruction *** experimentally validated the efficacy of our complex field diffractive imager designs through 3D-printed prototypes operating at the terahertz spectrum,with the output amplitude and phase channel images closely aligning with our numerical *** envision that this complex field imager will have various applications in security,biomedical imaging,sensing and material science,among others.

关键词： field. utilize collective

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Nonlinear encoding in diffractive information processing using linear optical materials

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第8期13卷 1675-1688页

作者： Yuhang Li Jingxi Li Aydogan Ozcan Electrical&Computer Engineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA Bioengineering Department University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA california NanoSystems Institute(CNSI) University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA

Nonlinear encoding of optical information can be achieved using various forms of data ***,we analyze the performances of different nonlinear information encoding strategies that can be employed in diffractive optical processors based on linear materials and shed light on their utility and performance gaps compared to the state-of-the-art digital deep neural *** a comprehensive evaluation,we used different datasets to compare the statistical inference performance of simpler-to-implement nonlinear encoding strategies that involve,e.g.,phase encoding,against data repetition-based nonlinear encoding *** show that data repetition within a diffractive volume(e.g.,through an optical cavity or cascaded introduction of the input data)causes the loss of the universal linear transformation capability of a diffractive optical ***,data repetition-based diffractive blocks cannot provide optical analogs to fully connected or convolutional layers commonly employed in digital neural ***,they can still be effectively trained for specific inference tasks and achieve enhanced accuracy,benefiting from the nonlinear encoding of the input *** results also reveal that phase encoding of input information without data repetition provides a simpler nonlinear encoding strategy with comparable statistical inference accuracy to data repetition-based diffractive *** analyses and conclusions would be of broad interest to explore the push-pull relationship between linear material-based diffractive optical systems and nonlinear encoding strategies in visual information processors.

关键词： nonlinear simpler Nonlinear

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Are hydrides under high-pressure-high-temperature superconductors?

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National Science Review 2024年第7期11卷 9-12页

作者： J.E.Hirsch Department of Physics University of California

Contrary to the current consensus, I argue that the existing evidence for high-temperature superconductivity in hydrides under high pressure is not compelling. I suggest that the focus of the field should urgently shift to establish unequivocally experimentally whether or not superconductivity in pressurized hydrides exists, instead of continuing to search for new materials that might show elusive signals of unproven superconductivity at ever higher temperatures. The implications of a negative finding for the theoretical understanding of superconductivity are discussed.

关键词： Hydrides

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Sensing nanoscale electromagnetic forces when the heat is on

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National Science Review 2024年第7期11卷 64-65页

作者： Eric O.Potma Department of Chemistry University of California

In scanning probe microscopy(SPM),a sharp tip scans across a sample to produce an image with nanometer-scale resolution or better. SPM contrast is derived from the physical interplay between the tip and the sample. A special class of SPM techniques measures forces when the tip–sample junction is illuminated by an external light source. Photo-induced forces can be sensitive to the optical properties of the sample, thus enabling nanoscale imaging with spectroscopic,material-specific contrast.

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Stretchable fiber strain sensors for wearable biomonitoring

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National Science Review 2024年第7期11卷 70-71页

作者： Shumao Xu Xiao Xiao Jun Chen Department of Bioengineering University of California

Wearable bioelectronics have gained significant attention since they may play a role in transforming current healthcare from a reactive and disease-centric model to a personalized one with a focus on disease preventio...

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