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The Damaging Effects of Abstracting the Deep Aquifers’Groundwater in Jordan-Quality Constraints

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第3期12卷 250-278页

作者： Elias Salameh Ghaida Abdallat Taleb Odeh university of Jordan Amman Jordan The Economic and Social council of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Water Management and Environment The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan

The deep aquifers in Jordan contain non-renewable and fossil groundwater and their extraction is quasi a mining process, which ends in the depletion of these resources. although aquifers in the majority of groundwater basins in Jordan are vertically and horizontally interconnected stratification in different water quality horizons with generally increasing water salinity with the depth is observed. Many officials and planners advocate the extraction of deep salty and brackish water to be desalinated and used in household, industrial, and agricultural uses. In this article, the quality of the groundwater in the different deep aquifers and areas in Jordan is discussed. The results of this study show that the consequences of the deep groundwater exploitation are not restricted to depletion of the deep aquifers but also that the overlying fresh groundwater will, due to vertical and horizontal interconnectedness of the different aquifers, percolate down to replace the extracted deep groundwater. This will cause the down-percolating fresh groundwater to become salinized in the deep saline aquifers, which means that extracting the deep brackish and saline groundwater is not only an emptying process of the deep groundwater but also it is an emptying process of the fresh groundwater overlying them. The results allow to conclude that any extraction of the deep groundwater in areas lying to the north of Ras en Naqab Escarpment will have damaging impacts on the fresh groundwater in the overlying fresh groundwater aquifers. This article strongly advises not to extract the deep brackish and saline groundwater, but to conserve that groundwater as a base supporting the overlying fresh groundwater resources, and that will help in protecting the thermal mineralized water springs used in spas originating from these deep aquifers. The increasing water needs of the country can be covered by the desalination of seawater at Aqaba, which is the only viable option for Jordan at present and

关键词： Groundwater Salinity Sources of Salinity Interconnectedness of Aquifers Absurdity of Deep Groundwater Exploitation

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GIS-Based Factorial Ecology and Social Public Space of the Twin City of Ramallah and al-Bireh, West Bank, The Palestinian Authority

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2018年第3期10卷 261-282页

作者： Sireen al-Shawamreh Yahya Farhan Department of Geography University of Jordan Amman Jordan Member of the trustee council of al-ahliyya university Amman Jordan

In the present research, a factorial ecological approach using factor analysis was employed to evaluate the dimensionality of the urban social structure of the twin city: Ramallah and al-Bireh, West Bank, the Palestinian Authority. Through factor analysis, the 41 variables were reduced to four factors with an eigenvalue > 1.0. These factors explain 77.07 percent of the total variables used in the study. Factor I contributes 28.419% of the total variance proportion of input variables, labeled as “family, housing, and public spaces factor”. Factor II accounts for 19.57% of the variance proportion, designated as” housing and urban public spaces”. Factor III is strongly correlated with variables referring to the characteristics of the head of the family, and the availability of public spaces, and thus, is designated as “head of the family and public spaces”. It explains 16.68% of the total variance. Finally, factor IV explains 12.406% of variance proportion, and is strongly associated with variables pertaining to a lack of public social spaces. Consequently, factor IV is termed “lack of public spaces”. The spatial distribution of factor scores related to factors I to IV was mapped using Arc GIS in order to analyze the spatial patterns of the recognized four factors. It is worth noting the factor IV, which refers to the lack of urban social space and, urban public space, which persists in the twin city, and will continue to persist in the future. The lack of urban open space and public social spaces is closely connected to migration, emerged housing pattern, and family status dimensions focused on factors I to III, continuous confiscation of the Palestinian lands, and the construction of Israeli settlements. Currently, the twin city is extremely overcrowded with stone/concrete buildings at the expense of public space which has declined continuously over the last three decades. Nevertheless, the analyzed spatial pattern of factor scores indicated the homogeneous character

关键词： Urban Structure Public Spaces Factor Analysis Family Status Housing Pattern Twin City

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Spatio-Temporal Variation in Rainfall Erosivity over Jordan Using Annual and Seasonal Precipitation

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Natural Resources 2018年第6期9卷 242-267页

作者： Y. Farhan S. alnawaiseh The trustee council of al-ahliyya university Amman Jordan Geography Department Yarmouk University Irbid Jordan

The objective of this research is to estimate the annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity over Jordan based on three different regression models. Readily available annual and seasonal precipitation data with long records (40 - 53 years) pertaining to 40 weather stations were utilized to estimate rainfall erosivity. The spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity over Jordan is controlled largely by morphological (relief) and climatic factors. The lowest R-values (28 MJ ***-1) are found in the arid zone, where the average annual rainfall is below 100 mm, whereas the highest R-values are found in the northern highlands (505 MJ ***-1) where the average annual rainfall approaches 650 mm. The correlation between annual and seasonal precipitation (mm) and annual erosivity exhibits a very strong relationship (R varies from 0.964 to 1.0, and all correlations are significant at 0.01 level [2-tailed test]). Moderate positive correlations were achieved between latitude (N) and the mean annual/seasonal precipitation (R ranges from 0.407 to 0.642, and all correlations are significant at 0.01 level [2-tailed test]). Spatial differences observed in erosivity, afforded a substantial source of information and maps for predicting erosion in Jordan. According to the present analysis, two parameters proved to be useful to predict rainfall erosivity on a national level. These parameters are the average annual precipitation, and latitude.

关键词： Rainfall Erosivity Regression Models Pearson Correlation Annual and Seasonal Precipitation Soil Erosion

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Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds in a Large Semi-Arid Drainage Basin (Southern Jordan) Using Morphometric Analysis, GIS, and Multivariate Statistics

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第4期9卷 437-468页

作者： Yahya Farhan ali Anbar Nisreen al-Shaikh Haifa almohammad Sireen alshawamreh Manal Barghouthi Member of trustee council in al-ahliyya amman university Amman Jordan Department of Geography University of Jordan Amman Jordan Sustainability Land Management Member Amman Jordan

GIS-based morphometric analysis was employed to prioritize the W. Mujib-Wala watershed southern Jordan. Seventy six fourth-order sub-watersheds were prioritized using morphometric analysis of ten linear and shape parameters. Each sub-watershed is prioritized by designated ranks based on the calculated compound parameter (Cp). The total score for each sub-basin is assigned as per erosion threat. The 76 sub-basins were grouped into four categories of priority: very high (12 sub-basins, 15.8% of the total), high (32 sub-watersheds, 42.1% of the total), moderate (25 sub-watersheds, 32.9% of the total), and low (7 sub-watersheds, 9.2% of the total). Sub-watersheds categorized as very high and high are subjected to high erosion risk, thus creating an urgent need for applying soil and water conservation measures. The relative diversity in land use practices and land cover, including variation in slope and soil types, are considered in proposing suitable conservation structures for sub-watersheds connected to each priority class. The adaptation of soil conservation measures priority-wise will reduce the erosivity effect on soil loss;while increasing infiltration rates;and water availability in soil profile. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduces the basic parameters and erosion risk parameters to three components, explaining 88% of the variance. The relationships of these components to the basic and erosion risk parameters were evaluated, and then the degree of inter-correlation among the morphometric parameters was explored. The verification of priority classes obtained through morphometric analysis was tested using Discriminant Analysis (DA). The results show a complete separation existing between the identified priority classes. Thus, soil erosion risk and geomorphic conditions are found entirely different from one class to another. The present results are intended to help decision makers to plan for efficient soil and water conservation measures to achieve future ag

关键词： Prioritization Morphometric Analysis GIS Discriminant Analysis Principal Component Analysis

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Prioritization of W. Mujib Catchment (South Jordan) through Morphometric and Discriminant Analysis, GIS, and RS Techniques

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第4期6卷 141-171页

作者： Yahya Farhan Dalal Zreqat ali Anbar Haifa almohammad Sireen alshawamreh trustee council of al-ahliyya amman university Amman Jordan Department of Geography University of Jordan Amman Jordan FAO Sustainability Land Management Member Amman Jordan

GIS and remote sensing were utilized for prioritizing the W. Mujib catchment. Fifty three fourth-order sub-watersheds were prioritized based on morphometric analysis of linear and shape parameters. ASTER DEM (v.2), topographical maps, and Arc GIS (10.1) software, have been employed to delineate the 53 sub-basins, to extract the drainage networks, and to compute the required basic, linear, and shape parameters, and to compile the necessary thematic maps such as elevation and slope categories. The land use/land cover map was generated using ERDAS Imagine (2015), LANDSAT 8 image, and supervised classification (Maximum Likelihood Method). Soil map was digitized using the Arc GIS tool. Each sub-basin is prioritized by assigning ranks based on the calculated compound parameter (Cp). The final score for each sub-basin is ascribed as per erosion threat. The 53 sub-watersheds were grouped into four categories of priority: very high (15 sub-basins, 28.3% of the total), high (17 sub-basins, 32% of the total), moderate (16 sub-basins, 30.2% of the total), and low (5 sub-basins, 9.5% of the total). Sub-basins categorized as very high and high priority (60.3% of the total) are subjected to high erosion risk, thus, creating an urgent need for applying soil and water conservation measures. The validity of the prioritized four groups was tested statistically by means of Discriminant Analysis (DA), and a significant difference was found between the four priority classes. A relatively complete separation exists between the recognized priority classes;thus, they are statistically valid, distinct, and different from each other. The present results intend to help decision makers pay sufficient attention to soil and water conservation programs, and to encourage tree plantation over the government-owned sloping land. Such procedures are essential in order to minimize soil erosion loss, and to increase soil moisture on farms, thus, reducing the impact of recurrent droughts and the possibili

关键词： Morphometric Analysis Prioritization Discriminant Analysis GIS Soil Conservation W. Mujib

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Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Changing Housing Patterns on Urban Open Public Spaces of amman, Jordan: A GIS and RS Perspective

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第1期10卷 57-79页

作者： Yahya Farhan Sireen al-Shawamreh The trustee council of al-Ahliya university Amman Jordan Department of Geography University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Rapid urbanization and population growth of the amman Area were combined with land resource degradation when the city was heading for mounting urbanization from the early 1950s. The deterioration of natural resources and green areas, was coupled with the creation of different urban public open spaces in the city. The transformation from large single-family houses to dense residential apartments was associated with social and behavioral changes among the inhabitants living in the dense apartments. Consequently, a large private sector has been developed to provide public and social spaces. Photo-interpretation and satellite images were used to map and characterize land use/cover changes have been occurred in the amman area between 1953 and 2017. Maximum Likelihood Classification method was employed to identify land use/cover changes between 1986 and 20017, and GIS was utilized also to map examples of the recently emerged socio-economic open spaces. Excessive urban development in the last two decades, and the adoption of neo-liberal privatization policies by the government, enhanced social stratification and residential segregation. So, instead of encouraging outdoor activity and social interaction among all groups of amman residents, the freedom of accessibility to major open spaces has been restricted within the same urban fabric, thus, the “two ammans” paradigm, a “tale of two cities”, has been recently acknowledged.

关键词： Urban Public Space Private Space Landsat Images Air Photos Land Use/Cover amman

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Prioritization of W. alarab Sub-Watersheds (North Jordan) for Conservation Measures Using RS, GIS, and Multi-Criteria Analysis

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第8期11卷 995-1023页

作者： Yahya Farhan Samer Nawaieh The trustee council for al-Ahliya university Amman Jordan Yarmouk university Department of Geography Irbid Jordan

Soil erosion and high sediment flow are of eminent environmental concern in Wadi alarab catchment, northern Jordan. The objective of this research is to conduct a prioritization scheme using RS, GIS, and multi-criteria analysis approach based on morphometric analysis, land use/land cover (LULC) change analysis, and soil loss modeling based on RUSLE model factors. ASTER GDEM and Arc GIS were utilized to delineate watersheds and extract the drainage networks using the Arc Hydro tool. Five basic morphometric parameters, five linear and five shape parameters, six LULC classes, and five soil erosion risk classes are applied to prioritize 13 sub-watersheds connected to W. alarab basin. LANDSAT images were subjected to supervised classification (the Maximum Likelihood Method) to determine land use/cover changes and to establish the LULC map/layer. Soil erosion risk classes were estimated using the RULSE model. RULSE factors (R, K, L, S, C, and P) were calculated in a GIS environment, then multiplied together so as to estimate soil loss (ton·ha-1·yr-1) and to establish a soil erosion risk map for the entire watershed and the thirteen sub-watersheds. A GIS-based integration of the three layers compiled for each criterion reveals that six sub-watersheds (1, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11) are categorized under low priority. Further, three sub-basins (4, 12, and 13) are fall under moderate priority, and four sub-basins (2, 3, 6, and 7) are designated as of high priority. It is obvious that 53.8% of these sub-basins must be prioritized immediately for soil and conservation measures. The validity of the achieved priority classes was tested statistically using Discriminant Analysis (DA), and the results showed that morphometric parameters, LULC analysis, and soil loss are accepted criteria for prioritization. These results are intended to help decision-makers to prepare reliable soil erosion management plans.

关键词： Prioritization Morphometric Analysis LULC Soil Erosion Modeling Validation Discriminant Analysis (DA)

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Health status of working children in Jordan: Comparison between working and nonworking children at schools and industrial sites

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Open Journal of Nursing 2013年第1期3卷 55-62页

作者： Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour Ekhlas al-Gamal Mai K. Sultan Reema Matrouk Maram al Nawaiseh al-Bashir Hospital Ministry of Health Amman Jordan Department of Community Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing The University of Jordan Amman Jordan The National council for Family Affairs Amman Jordan

The purpose of this study is to explore the psychosocial and physical health impact of child labor and in Jordan and compare between working and nonworking children at schools and industrial sites. Methods: A sample of 4008 children at schools and industrial sites answered the self-report questionnaires that include physical and psychosocial health concerns, health screening survey, anger expression and child abuse survey. The results showed that both nonschool and school working children have various physical and psychosocial health problems. Physical complaints included common cold, flu, hearing and vision problems. Psychosocial ones included feeling lonely, feeling depressed, problems at home and work, and high level of anger expression, smoking cigarettes and using drugs. The study’s implications for health, education, counseling, and research interventions were discussed.

关键词： Child Labor School Children Psychosocial Health Child Abuse Physical Health Jordan

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Users’ Perception and Satisfaction of Current Situation of Home Health Care Services in Jordan

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Health 2014年第7期6卷 549-558页

作者： Hania A. Dawani Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour Musa T. Ajlouni Department of Community Health Al Farabi College Riyadh KSA Faculty of Administrative and Financial Sciences Philadelphia University Amman Jordan Jordanian Nursing council Amman Jordan

Background: The healthcare system in Jordan is evolving and has to continuously respond to the changing risk profile of the population. The purpose of this study was to examine perception of users and providers of the quality of home health care services. Methods: A descriptive design was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 82 users of home health care services. Results: Users had low to fair satisfaction (30.5% - 69.5%) about the quality of care provided, had moderate satisfaction (72.0% to 81.7%) about the information received, and had low to fair satisfaction about education related to goal of treatment and medication (46.4% - 53.3%). Users had high level of agreement (>70%) that health agencies provided interpersonal care. Conclusion: The ability of the frail people to choose from a variety of cost-effective long-term care services is limited.

关键词： Home Health Care Services Users’ Perception Jordan

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Solriamfetol impurities:Synthesis,characterization,and analytical method(UPLC-UV)validation

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2023年第4期13卷 403-411页

作者： Nafisah al-Rifai Anas alshishani Fouad Darras Ola Taha Shereen Abu-Jalloud Lena Shaghlil Yousef al-Ebini Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department School of Medical SciencesGerman Jordanian UniversityAmmanJordan Faculty of Pharmacy Zarqa UniversityZarqaJordan Research and Development Department Resonance Research LabAmmanJordan Department of Pharmaceutics College of PharmacyKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia

Given that impurities may affect the quality and safety of drug products,impurity identification and profiling is an integral part of drug quality control and is particularly important for newly developed medications such as solriamfetol,which is used to treat excessive daytime *** the highperformance liquid chromatography analysis of commercial solriamfetol has revealed the presence of several impurities,their synthesis,structure elucidation,and chromatographic determination have not been reported *** bridge this gap,we herein identified,synthesized,and isolated eight processrelated solriamfetol impurities,characterized them using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques,and proposed plausible mechanisms of their ***,we developed and validated a prompt impurity analysis method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection,revealing that its selectivity,linearity,accuracy,precision,and quantitation limit meet the acceptance criteria of method validation stipulated by the International council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human ***,the developed method was concluded to be suitable for the routine analysis of solriamfetol substances.

关键词： Solriamfetol Impurity analysis Impurity synthesis UPLC Method validation

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