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report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china 2022:an Updated Summary

生物医学与环境科学:英文版 2023年第8期36卷 669-701页

作者： the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china

In the past 30 years,the accessibility and quality index of medical care have made remarkable progress in china,ranking the first among middle-income countries.Many cardiovascular technologies are at or near the world's leading level,and significant progress has been achieved in china solving the problem of“treatment difficulty”of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).However,due to the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among Chinese residents,a huge population with CVD risk factors,accelerated population aging,and other reasons,the incidence and mortality rate of CVD are still increasing,and the turning point of the decline in disease burden has not appeared yet in china.In terms of proportions of disease mortality among urban and rural residents,CVD still ranks the first.In 2020,CVD accounted for 48.00%and 45.86%of the causes of death in rural and urban areas,respectively;two out of every five deaths were due to CVD.It is estimated that the number of current CVD patients in china is around 330 million,including 13 million stroke,11.39 million coronary heart disease,8.9 million heart failure,5 million pulmonary heart disease,4.87 million atrial fibrillation,2.5 million rheumatic heart disease,2 million congenital heart disease,45.3 million peripheral artery disease,and 245 million hypertension cases.china has entered a new stage of transformation from high-speed development to high-quality development,and the prevention and control of CVD in china should also shift from previous emphasis on scale growth to strategies focusing more on strategic and key technological development in order to curb the trend of increasing incidence and mortality rates of CVD.

关键词： cardiovascular disease Epidemiology health influencing factor Risk factor Prevalence Mortality Community-based prevention and control Rehabilitation Basic research Medical device development

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cardiovascular Risk Factors in china

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第2期21卷 153-199页

作者： Sheng-Shou HU the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina 不详

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022) intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in china. This section dissects cardiovascular risk factors in china which including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and air pollution. Hypertension prevalence has steadily increased in china,with efforts to control it facing challenges in achieving optimal rates, especially in rural areas. Interventions like salt substitutes and intensive blood pressure control show promise but need improvement. Abnormal lipid levels, indicative of dyslipidemia,have risen significantly, posing a risk for cardiovascular diseases. Despite efforts, many patients struggle to achieve target lipid levels, necessitating improved treatment strategies. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus affect millions of adults in china,with long-term complications adding to the disease burden. Early intervention and effective management are crucial to mitigate its impact. Prevalent among older adults, chronic kidney disease is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, necessitating comprehensive management approaches. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, characterized by a cluster of risk factors, has increased in both adults and adolescents, calling for lifestyle modifications and public health interventions. Ambient and household air pollution remain significant environmental risk factors, despite some improvements in air quality. Continued efforts to reduce emissions are essential for mitigating associated health risks. Addressing these risk factors requires a multifaceted approach, including public health initiatives, policy interventions, and individual-level strategies to promote healthy lifestyles and reduce environmental exposures. Surveillance and research efforts are crucial for monitoring trends and developing effective strategies to lessen the burden of cardiovascular diseases in china.

关键词： landscape adding spite

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report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china 2021: an updated summary

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2023年第6期20卷 399-430页

作者： the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china Sheng-Shou HU the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china 机构不详

In 2019,cardiovascular disease(CVD)accounted for 46.74%and 44.26%of all deaths in rural and urban areas,respectively.Two out of every five deaths were attributed to CVD.It is estimated that approximately 330 million individuals in china are affected by CVD.Among them,there are 13 million cases of stroke,11.4 million cases of coronary heart disease,5 million cases of pulmonary heart disease,8.9 million cases of heart failure,4.9 million cases of atrial fibrillation,2.5 million cases of rheumatic heart disease,2 million cases of congenital heart disease,45.3 million cases of lower extremity artery disease,and 245 million cases of hypertension.With the dual challenges of population aging and a steady increase in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors,the burden of CVD in china is expected to continue rising.Consequently,new demands arise for CVD prevention,treatment,and the allocation of medical resources.Emphasizing primary prevention to reduce disease prevalence,increasing the allocation of medical resources for CVD emergency and critical care,and providing rehabilitation services and secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrence,rehospitalization,and disability among CVD survivors are of paramount importance.Hypertension,dyslipidemia,and diabetes affect millions of individuals in china.Since blood pressure,blood lipids,and blood sugar levels often rise insidiously,vascular disease and serious events such as myocardial infarction and stroke occur by the time they are detected in this population.Therefore,it is crucial to implement strategies and measures to prevent risk factors such as hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,obesity,and smoking.Furthermore,greater efforts should be directed towards assessing cardiovascular health status and conducting research on early pathological changes to enhance prevention,treatment,and understanding of CVD.

关键词： prevention cardiovascular sugar

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Community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第3期21卷 315-322页

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in china.This is the third section of the report with a specific focus on community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).This section of the report underscores the importance of initiatives outlined in the"healthy china 2030 Plan,"emphasizing the comprehensive prevention and control strategy for chronic diseases.A key aspect of this plan involves the establishment of national demonstration areas aimed at comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases.By 2020,488 such areas had been set up across china,surpassing the initial target and covering a significant proportion of counties and districts.The report highlights the successful implementation of these strategies in Lishan district,Anshan city,where demonstration areas for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases were launched in 2013.Over the course of seven years,the number of healthy units increased substantially,leading to improvements in managing risk factors for CVD among residents.Significant reductions in prevalence rates of overweight,obesity,smoking,passive smoking,and drinking were observed,along with the development of healthier behaviors among residents.Similarly,Qiaokou district in Wuhan City,designated as a national demonstration area in 2014,implemented comprehensive public health promotion initiatives.Notably,special clinics for hypertension intervention were established,contributing to an increase in self-reported rates of hypertension,a slight decrease in prevalence,and a remarkable improvement in the control rate among treated patients.Overall,these efforts underscore the effectiveness of community-based approaches in driving positive health outcomes and advancing the comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases,particularly cardiovascular diseases,in china.

关键词： prevention district treatment

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Heart failure in china:epidemiology and current management

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第6期21卷 631-641页

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascularhealth in china.In connection with the previous section,this sixth section of the report offers a comprehensive analysis of heart failure(HF)in china.HF is one of the most important cardiovascular disease in the 21st century.Its mortality is equivalent to that of cancer.It is an important public health problem that seriously affects the health of Chinese residents.In recent years,with the deepeningof understanding,the change of treatment principles,the innovation of treatment methods and the update of treatment guidelines,the in-hospital mortality of HF patients has declined,and the long-term prognosis is also improving.However,there are stilldifferences in the management level of HF among different hospitals in china.How to improve the standardized diagnosis andtreatment level of HF in china remains an important challenge.

关键词： epidemiology diagnosis treatment

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report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china 2021:An Updated Summary

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期35卷 573-603页

作者： The writing committee of the report on C the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china

In 2019,cardiovascular disease(CVD)accounted for 46.74%and 44.26%of all deaths in rural and urban areas,respectively.Two out of every five deaths were due to CVD.It is estimated that about 330 million patients suffer from CVD in china.The number of patients suffering from stroke,coronary heart disease,heart failure,pulmonary heart disease,atrial fibrillation,rheumatic heart disease,congenital heart disease,lower extremity artery disease and hypertension are 13.00 million,11.39 million,8.90 million,5.00 million,4.87 million,2.50 million,2.00 million,45.30 million,and 245.00 million,respectively.Given that china is challenged by the dual pressures of population aging and steady rise in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors,the burden caused by CVD will continue to increase,which has set new requirements for CVD prevention and treatment and the allocation of medical resources in china.It is important to reduce the prevalence through primary prevention,increase the allocation of medical resources for CVD emergency and critical care,and provide rehabilitation services and secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrence,re-hospitalization and disability in CVD survivors.The number of people suffering from hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes in china has reached hundreds of millions.Since blood pressure,blood lipids,and blood glucose levels rise mostly insidiously,vascular disease or even serious events such as myocardial infarction and stroke often already occured at the time of detection in this population.Hence,more strategies and tasks should be taken to prevent risk factors such as hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,obesity,and smoking,and more efforts should be made in the assessment of cardiovascular health status and the prevention,treatment,and research of early pathological changes.

关键词： cardiovascular disease Epidemiology health influencing factors Risk factors Prevalence Mortality Community-based prevention and control Rehabilitation Basic research Medical device development

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Epidemiology and current management of cerebrovascular disease in china

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第5期21卷 465-474页

作者： Sheng-Shou HU the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in china.In connection with the previous section,this fifth section of the report continues the dissection on the manage-ment of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).Cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death and loss of healthy life among Chinese residents.Based on the results of GBD 2019,from 1990 to 2019,the years of life lost due to premature death caused by stroke showed a decreasing trend,while the years lived with disability still increased continuously.At present,national mortal-ity surveillance system can provide national and provincial representative annual death data on cerebrovascular disease,but the national representative data on some other important epidemiological indicators(such as incidence,prevalence,disability rate,and case fatality rate)are scarce in china.With the construction of large cohort population and extension of follow-up time,re-search on stroke-related risk factors is increasing,providing a basis for the prevention and control of risk factors.Due to limited large-scale population-based intervention studies,there is a lack of epidemiological evidence to transform into feasible interven-tion strategies and measures.In recent years,great progress in endovascular treatment for basilar-artery occlusion has been achieved in china,but there is still much room for improvement of guideline-based anticoagulant treatment and lipid-lowering treatment,as well as standardized diagnosis and treatment among patients with ischemic stroke.

关键词： prevention diagnosis Epidemiology

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Influencing Factors on cardiovascular health in china

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第1期21卷 4-33页

作者： Sheng-Shou HU 无 Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences BeijingChina the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in china.This is the first section of the report,which dissects influential factors across diverse domains.The investigation identifies tobacco use as a paramount concern,portraying china as the global epicenter of tobacco consumption.Cigarette smoking,exacerbated by second-hand smoke exposure,emerges as a critical and preventable risk factor,contributing to a surge in attributable deaths over the past three decades.In the realm of dietary nutrition,the study discerns an overall improvement,yet discerns worrisome deviations,notably an escalating fat intake surpassing recommended guidelines.The shifting dietary structure reveals diminished consumption of cereals and vegetables juxtaposed with an uptick in animal foods,while excessive intake of cooking oil and salt persists,straying substantially from endorsed levels.The exploration of physical activity patterns unfolds a nuanced narrative.Varied trends are observed among students,with concerns arising from sedentary behaviors and inadequate adherence to recommended guidelines.The analysis spans a trajectory of declining physical activity in Chinese adults,coupled with an alarming surge in sedentary leisure time,ultimately linking these factors to heightened risks of cardiovascular diseases and increased adiposity.An examination of overweight and obesity trends uncovers a relentless upward trajectory,projecting substantial prevalence by 2030.Noteworthy prevalence rates underscore the imperative for targeted interventions to curtail this burgeoning health crisis,with the anticipated prevalence extending to nearly two-thirds of the adult population.Psychological factors,notably depression,constitute an integral facet of cardiovascular health.Prevalence rates among patients with coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction underscore the intricate interplay between mental health and cardiovascular outcomes.Additionally,persistent depressive sym

关键词： Influencing smoke linking

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Epidemiology and current management of cardiovascular disease in china

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2024年第4期21卷 387-406页

作者： Sheng-Shou HU the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and Dis-eases in china Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina

The Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china(2022) intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in china. This is the fourth section of the report with a specific focus on epidemiology and current management of cardiovascular disease(CVD) in china. This section of the report highlights the epidemiological trends of CVD in china. It reveal a concerning rise in prevalence, with approximately 330 million affected individuals, including significant numbers with stroke, coronary artery disease(CAD), heart failure, and other conditions. CVD stands as the primary cause of mortality among both urban and rural populations, accounting for nearly half of all deaths in 2020. Mortality rates are notably higher in rural areas compared to urban centers since 2009. While age-standardized mortality rates have decreased, the absolute number of CVD deaths has increased, primarily due to population aging. Ischemic heart disease, hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes are the leading causes of CVD-related deaths. Notably, the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has risen substantially, with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease-related deaths increasing from 1990 to 2016. The incidence of ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease has shown similar increasing trends over the past three decades. CAD mortality, particularly acute myocardial infarction, has been on the rise, with higher mortality rates observed in rural areas since 2016. The prevalence of CAD has increased significantly, with over 11 million patients identified in 2013. Studies assessing hospital performance in managing acute coronary syndrome reveal gaps in adherence to guideline-recommended strategies, with disparities in care quality across hospitals. However, initiatives like the china Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events(PEACE)-Retrospective AMI Study and the Improving Care for cardiovascular Disease in china-Acute Coronary Syndrome(CCC-ACS) project aim to improve patient outcomes through enhanced care protocols. More

关键词： epidemiology landscape deaths

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Summary of the 2022 report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china

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Chinese Medical Journal 2023年第24期136卷 2899-2908页

作者： Zengwu Wang Liyuan Ma Mingbo Liu Jing Fan Shengshou Hu on behalf of the writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china National Center for cardiovascular diseases Fuwai HospitalBeijing 100037China 不详

Recent decades have seen the remarkable development of china in medical accessibility and quality index,and the application of a number of new advanced cardiovascular technologies benefits more patients.However,according to the Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in china published in this article,which was organized and summarized by National Center for cardiovascular diseases,there is still a huge population living with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases(CVD),and the morbidity and mortality of CVD are increasing.It is estimated that there are around 330 million patients suffering from CVD currently,including 245 million of hypertension,13 million of stroke,45.3 million of peripheral artery disease,11.39 million of coronary heart disease(CHD),8.9 million of heart failure,5 million of pulmonary heart disease,4.87 million of atrial fibrillation,2.5 million of rheumatic heart disease,and 2 million of congenital heart disease.Tobacco use,diet and nutrition factors,physical activity,overweight and obesity,and psychological factors are what affect cardiovascular health,while hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,chronic kidney disease,metabolic syndrome,and air pollution are the risk factors for CVD.In this article,in addition to risk factors for CVD,we also report the epidemiological trends of CVD,including CHD,cerebrovascular disease,arrhythmias,valvular heart disease,congenital heart disease,cardiomyopathy,heart failure,pulmonary vascular disease and venous thromboembolism,and aortic and peripheral artery diseases,as well as the basic research and medical device development in CVD.In a word,china has entered a new stage of transforming from high-speed development focusing on scale growth to high-quality development emphasizing on strategic and key technological development to curb the trend of increasing incidence and mortality of CVD.

关键词： Epidemiology cardiovascular disease Mortality Hypertension Valvular heart disease Heart failure Cardiomyopathy

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