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GUARDIAN: A Multi-Tiered Defense Architecture for Thwarting Prompt Injection Attacks on LLMs

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 43-68页

作者： Parijat Rai Saumil Sood Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

This paper introduces a novel multi-tiered defense architecture to protect language models from adversarial prompt attacks. We construct adversarial prompts using strategies like role emulation and manipulative assistance to simulate real threats. We introduce a comprehensive, multi-tiered defense framework named GUARDIAN (Guardrails for Upholding Ethics in Language Models) comprising a system prompt filter, pre-processing filter leveraging a toxic classifier and ethical prompt generator, and pre-display filter using the model itself for output screening. Extensive testing on Meta’s Llama-2 model demonstrates the capability to block 100% of attack prompts. The approach also auto-suggests safer prompt alternatives, thereby bolstering language model security. Quantitatively evaluated defense layers and an ethical substitution mechanism represent key innovations to counter sophisticated attacks. The integrated methodology not only fortifies smaller LLMs against emerging cyber threats but also guides the broader application of LLMs in a secure and ethical manner.

关键词： Large Language Models (LLMs) Adversarial Attack Prompt Injection Filter Defense Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Cybersecurity

Whispered Tuning: Data Privacy Preservation in Fine-Tuning LLMs through Differential Privacy

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 1-22页

作者： Tanmay Singh Harshvardhan Aditya Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various sectors underscored the urgency of addressing potential privacy breaches. Vulnerabilities, such as prompt injection attacks and other adversarial tactics, could make these models inadvertently disclose their training data. Such disclosures could compromise personal identifiable information, posing significant privacy risks. In this paper, we proposed a novel multi-faceted approach called Whispered Tuning to address privacy leaks in large language models (LLMs). We integrated a PII redaction model, differential privacy techniques, and an output filter into the LLM fine-tuning process to enhance confidentiality. Additionally, we introduced novel ideas like the Epsilon Dial for adjustable privacy budgeting for differentiated Training Phases per data handler role. Through empirical validation, including attacks on non-private models, we demonstrated the robustness of our proposed solution SecureNLP in safeguarding privacy without compromising utility. This pioneering methodology significantly fortified LLMs against privacy infringements, enabling responsible adoption across sectors.

关键词： NLP Differential Privacy Adversarial Attacks Informed Decisions

Smaller & Smarter: Score-Driven Network Chaining of Smaller Language Models

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 23-42页

作者： Gunika Dhingra Siddansh Chawla Vijay K. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

With the continuous evolution and expanding applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a noticeable surge in the size of the emerging models. It is not solely the growth in model size, primarily measured by the number of parameters, but also the subsequent escalation in computational demands, hardware and software prerequisites for training, all culminating in a substantial financial investment as well. In this paper, we present novel techniques like supervision, parallelization, and scoring functions to get better results out of chains of smaller language models, rather than relying solely on scaling up model size. Firstly, we propose an approach to quantify the performance of a Smaller Language Models (SLM) by introducing a corresponding supervisor model that incrementally corrects the encountered errors. Secondly, we propose an approach to utilize two smaller language models (in a network) performing the same task and retrieving the best relevant output from the two, ensuring peak performance for a specific task. Experimental evaluations establish the quantitative accuracy improvements on financial reasoning and arithmetic calculation tasks from utilizing techniques like supervisor models (in a network of model scenario), threshold scoring and parallel processing over a baseline study.

关键词： Large Language Models (LLMs) Smaller Language Models (SLMs) Finance Networking Supervisor Model Scoring Function

Different mechanisms underlie similar species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes

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Plant Diversity 2024年第2期46卷 238-246页

作者： Shengchun Li Tieyao Tu Shaopeng Li Xian Yang Yong Zheng Liang-Dong Guo Dianxiang Zhang Lin Jiang Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationSchool of Ecological and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Jiangxi Academy of Forestry Nanchang 330032China Institute of Eco-Chongming(IEC) Shanghai 202162China State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of EcologySun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou 350007China State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Despite much research in the field of island biogeography,mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive.Here,we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes in the South China Sea.We found positive plant species-area relationships for both coral and continental archipelagoes.However,our results showed that different mechanisms contributed to similar plant species-area relationships between the two archipelagoes.For coral islands,soil nutrients and spatial distance among communities played major roles in shaping plant community structure and species diversity.By contrast,the direct effect of island area,and to a lesser extent,soil nutrients determined plant species richness on continental islands.Intriguingly,increasing soil nutrients availability(N,P,K)had opposite effects on plant diversity between the two archipelagoes.In summary,the habitat quality effect and dispersal limitation are important for regulating plant diversity on coral islands,whereas the passive sampling effect,and to a lesser extent,the habitat quality effect are important for regulating plant diversity on continental islands.More generally,our findings indicate that island plant species-area relationships are outcomes of the interplay of both niche and neutral processes,but the driving mechanisms behind these relationships depends on the type of islands.

关键词： Coral and continental islands Plant diversity Soil nutrients Species-area relationships The sampling effect

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Anopheles gambiae strain(Ag55)cultured cells originated from Anopheles coluzzii and are phagocytic with hemocyte-like gene expression

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Insect Science 2022年第5期29卷 1346-1360页

作者： Ruchir Mishra Gang Hua Ujwal R.Bagal Donald E.Champagne Michael J.Adang Department of Entomology College of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA Department of Entomology and Nematology University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Institute of Bioinformatics University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA

Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii are closely related species that are predominant vectors of malaria in Africa.Recently,A.gambiae form M was renamed A.coluzzii and we now conclude on the basis of a diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay that Ag55 cells were derived from A.coluzzii.We established an Ag55 cell transcriptome,and KEGG pathway analysis showed that Ag55 cells are enriched in phagosome pathway transcripts.The Ag55 transcriptome has an abundance of specific transcripts characteristic of mosquito hemocytes.Functional E.coli bioparticle uptake experiments visualized by fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry establish the phagocytic competence of Ag55 cells.Results from this investigation of Ag55 cell properties will guide researchers in the use and engineering of the Ag55 cell line to better enable investigations of Plasmodium,other microbes,and insecticidal toxins.

关键词： Anopheles coluzzii transcriptome Anopheles gambiae confocal microscopy flow-cytometry FPKM hemocyte-like phagocytosis

Attenuated retinoic acid signaling is among the early responses in mouse uterus approaching embryo attachment

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生殖与发育医学(英文) 2024年第1期08卷 61-65页

作者： Diao Honglu Xiao Shuo Zhou Tong Martin Taylor E. Watford Wendy T. Ye Xiaoqin Department of Infectious Diseases Department of Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine 3. university of georgia 4. Athens 5. GA 30602 6. USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology university of Nevada 9. Reno School of Medicine 10. Reno 11. NV 89557

The uterus is transiently receptive for embryo implantation. It remains to be understood why the uterus does not reject a semi-allogeneic embryo (to the biological mother) or an allogeneic embryo (to a surrogate) for implantation. To gain insights, we examined uterine early response genes approaching embryo attachment on day 3 post coitum (D3) at 22 hours when blue dye reaction, an indication of embryo attachment, had not manifested in mice. C57BL/6 pseudo-pregnant (control) and pregnant mouse uteri were collected on D3 at 22 hours for microarray analysis. The self-assembling-manifold (SAM) algorithm identified 21,858 unique probesets. Principal component analysis indicated a clear separation between the pseudo-pregnant and pregnant groups. There were 106 upregulated and five downregulated protein-coding genes in the pregnant uterus with fold change (fc) >1.5 andq value <5%. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the 106 upregulated genes revealed 38 significant GO biological process (GOBP) terms (P <0.05), and 32 (84%) of them were associated with immune responses, with a dominant natural killer (NK) cell activation signature. Among the top eight upregulated protein-coding genes,Cyp26a1 inactivates retinoic acid (RA) whileLrat promotes vitamin A storage, both of which are expected to attenuate RA bioavailability;Atp6v0d2 andGjb2 play roles in ion transport and transmembrane transport;Gzmb,Gzmc, andIl2rb are involved in immune responses; andTdo2 is important for kynurenine pathway. Most of these genes or their related pathways have functions in immune regulations. RA signaling has been implicated in immune tolerance and immune homeostasis, and uterine NK cells have been implicated in immunotolerance at the maternal-fetal interface in the placenta. The mechanisms of immune responses approaching embryo attachment remain to be elucidated. The coordinated effects of the early response genes may hold the keys to the question of why the uterus does not reject an implanting embryo.

关键词： Embryo attachment Pseudo-pregnant uterus Pregnant uterus Natural killer cell activation signature Retinoic acid bioavailability Transmembrane transport and ion transport

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应用题中无关信息处理的研究

心理科学通讯 1989年第4期12卷 29-32,67页

作者：叶仁敏王初宪 K.Denise Muth 上海师范大学 georgia大学

本研究由中美两国教育心理研究工作者合作进行。研究对在应用题中加入了无关信息后对小学生解题产生的影响,从时间、正确列式、正确答案三项指标进行了分析。结果表明,中国学生无论是哪个年级、性别或地区,无关信息的加入对解题的影响... 详细信息

本研究由中美两国教育心理研究工作者合作进行。研究对在应用题中加入了无关信息后对小学生解题产生的影响,从时间、正确列式、正确答案三项指标进行了分析。结果表明,中国学生无论是哪个年级、性别或地区,无关信息的加入对解题的影响非常显著。此外,本文还对中国学生解题中各年级、男女、城乡学生之间的数据作了比较,以及应用题的列式与语文、算术成绩的关系进行了分析与讨论。

关键词：算术应用题城乡学生正确答案试卷阅读分析能力阅读能力语文成绩研究工作数学应用题教学内容

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合理设计多电子转移机制实现更好的水系锌-有机电池

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Science China Materials 2024年第5期67卷 1367-1378页

作者： Kovan Khasraw Abdalla 王越洋 Kozhi Khasraw Abdalla 熊嘉伟李琦王斌孙晓明赵逸 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China Department of Biomedical Science Komar University of Science and TechnologySulaimaniyahIraq College of Education University of GeorgiaAthensGA30605USA Minmetals Exploration&Development CO. LTDBeijing100010China Advanced Technology Research Institute Beijing Institute of TechnologyJinan250300China

由于环境相容性好、分子结构可定制和有机物资源丰富等优势,水系锌-有机物电池(AZOBs)成为构建新一代大规模储能系统的关键技术.然而,电导率差、有机物溶解和单一活性基团等问题严重限制了有机物正极材料的倍率性能、稳定性和比容量.因... 详细信息

由于环境相容性好、分子结构可定制和有机物资源丰富等优势,水系锌-有机物电池(AZOBs)成为构建新一代大规模储能系统的关键技术.然而,电导率差、有机物溶解和单一活性基团等问题严重限制了有机物正极材料的倍率性能、稳定性和比容量.因此,具备多氧化还原中心和稳定骨架的有机物正极材料对于实现高性能有机物正极材料至关重要.这些多官能团有机物可协同作用并激发基于多电子转移的氧化还原反应,进而促进H^(+)/Zn^(2+)共嵌以显著提升电池性能.本文探索了多官能团有机物电极的分子结构与其氧化还原反应机理之间的构效关系.本文综述了多官能团有机正极材料在提高氧化还原电位、比容量、动力学以及稳定性等方面面临的挑战和解决策略,为进一步开发先进AZOBs的关键正极材料提供了重要基础.

关键词： aqueous zinc organic battery multifunctional organic cathodes energy storage mechanism molecular structure optimization high performance

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Two-step exhumation of Caucasian intraplate rifts:A proxy of sequential plate-margin collisional orogenies

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第2期15卷 68-84页

作者： William Cavazza Thomas Gusmeo Massimiliano Zattin Victor Alania Onise Enukidze Sveva Corrado Andrea Schito Department of Biological Geologicaland Environmental SciencesUniv.of BolognaItaly Department of Geosciences Univ.of PaduaItaly Institute of Geophysics I.Javakhishvili State UniversityTbilisiGeorgia Department of Sciences Roma Tre UniversityRomeItaly Department of Geology and Geophysics Univ.of AberdeenUnited Kingdom

Intraplate structural deformation is diagnostic of tectonic stress regime changes linked to plate interactions and can result from superposed tectonic events whose single contributions are hardly distinguishable.In this paper,we present a set of integrated thermochronologic inverse models along a 140 km-long transect across the central Greater Caucasus and the adjacent Adjara-Trialeti fold-and-thrust belt of georgia,two intraplate orogens produced by structural inversion of parallel continental rift zones located on the Eurasian plate.Our dataset allows to distinguish discrete and superposed deformation episodes and quantify their respective contributions to orogenic exhumation.The integration of(U-Th)/He analysis on apatite and zircon,fission-track analysis on apatite,and peak-temperature determinations(clay mineralogy,organic matter petrography,Raman spectroscopy)shows that structural inversion was punctuated by two incremental steps starting respectively in the latest Cretaceous and the mid-Miocene.Latest Cretaceous partial inversion of the Greater Caucasus is documented here for the first time and placed in a geographically wider context of coeval deformation.The two episodes of intraplate structural inversion,exhumation,and sediment generation are chronologically and physically correlated with docking of(i)the Anatolide-Tauride-Armenian terrane(Late Cretaceous-Paleocene)and(ii)Arabia(Miocene hard collision)against the southern Eurasian plate margin.Intraplate deformation in the Caucasian domain was triggered by far-field propagation of plate-margin collisional stress which focused preferentially along rheologically weak rift zones.

关键词： Intraplate deformation Far-field tectonics Greater Caucasus Structural reactivation Terrane accretion