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Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

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China Geology 2024年第3期7卷 551-585页

作者： Shi-zhen Li Qiu-chen Xu Mu Liu Guo-heng Liu Yi-fan Li Wen-yang Wang Xiao-guang Yang Wei-bin Liu Yan-fei An Peng Sun Tao Liu Jiang-hui Ding Qian-chao Li Chao-gang Fang state key laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Beijing 100083China The key laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas Geology China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China state key laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China key laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Resource and Environment engineering Anhui UniversityHefei 230601China Yangtze University Wuhan 430100China Nanjing Center China Geological SurveyNanjing 210016China National Elite Institute of engineering CNPCBeijing 100096China

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and *** are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human *** also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the *** review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and *** terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional *** formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom *** a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological *** enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation *** terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore *** terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore *** activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black *** resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales wou

关键词： Black shales Shale oil and gas Resource effects Sedimentary environment Sedimentary process Organic matter accumulation Diagenetic evolution Thermal evolution Organic matter and inorganic minerals Tectonic reconstruction Oil and gas exploration engineering Veins Fluid activity

A positive trend in the stability of global offshore wind energy

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2024年第1期43卷 123-134页

作者： Chongwei Zheng Dalian Naval Academy Dalian 116018China Marine Resources and Environment Research Group on the Maritime Silk Road Dalian 116018China Shandong Provincial key laboratory of Ocean engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China

The recognition on the trend of wind energy stability is still extremely rare,although it is closely related to acquisition efficiency,grid connection,equipment lifetime,and costs of wind energy *** the 40-year(1979–2018)ERA-Interim data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,this study presented the spatial-temporal distribution and climatic trend of the stability of global offshore wind energy as well as the abrupt phenomenon of wind energy stability in key regions over the past 40 years with the climatic analysis method and Mann-Kendall(M-K)*** results show the following 5 points.(1)According to the coefficient of variation(C_(v))of the wind power density,there are six permanent stable zones of global offshore wind energy:the southeast and northeast trade wind zones in the Indian,Pacific and Atlantic oceans,the Southern Hemisphere westerly,and a semi-permanent stable zone(North Indian Ocean).(2)There are six lowvalue zones for both seasonal variability index(S_(v))and monthly variability index(M_(v))globally,with a similar spatial distribution as that of the six permanent stable zones.M_(v) and S_(v) in the Arabian Sea are the highest in the world.(3)After C_(v),M_(v) and S_(v) are comprehensively considered,the six permanent stable zones have an obvious advantage in the stability of wind energy over other sea areas,with C_(v) below 0.8,M_(v) within 1.0,and S_(v) within 0.7 all the year round.(4)The global stability of offshore wind energy shows a positive climatic trend for the past four decades.C_(v),M_(v) and S_(v) have not changed significantly or decreased in most of the global ocean during 1979 *** is,wind energy is flat or more stable,while the monthly and seasonal variabilities tend to shrink/smooth,which is beneficial for wind energy utilization.(5)C_(v) in the low-latitude Pacific and M_(v) and S_(v) in both the North Indian Ocean and the low-latitude Pacific have an obvious abrupt phenomenon at the end of

关键词： global oceans wind energy stability spatial-temporal distribution climatic trend

Cyclic strength of sand under a nonstandard elliptical rotation stress path induced by wave loading

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2017年第1期29卷 89-95页

作者：王忠涛刘鹏 Dongsheng Jeng 杨庆 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering Dalian University of Technology Griffith School of engineering Griffith University Gold Coast Campus

The principal stress rotation is one of the most important features of the stress state in a seabed subjected to wave loading. Most prior investigations focused their attention on the cyclic behaviour of soil deposits under the circular rotation stress path based on the analytical solutions for a seabed of infinite thickness. In this paper, the nonstandard elliptical, i.e., non-circular, rotation stress path is shown to be a more common state in the soil sediments of a finite seabed with an alternating changeover in stress due to a travelling regular wave. Then an experimental investigation in a hollow cylinder triaxial-torsional apparatus is conducted into the effect of the nonstandard elliptical stress path on the cyclic strength. A special attention is placed on the difference between the circular rotation stress path and the elliptical rotation stress path. The results and observations show that the shear characteristics for the circular rotation stress path in the literature are not applicable for analyzing the cyclic strength of sand in a finite seabed, and also indicate that due to the influence of three parameters about the size and the shape of a nonstandard ellipse, the cyclic strength under a nonstandard elliptical rotation stress path is evidently more complex and diversified as compared with that under a circular rotation stress path. Especially the influence of the initial phase difference on the cyclic strength is significant.

关键词： Principal stress rotation cyclic strength nonstandard elliptical rotation stress path wave loading

Wave Reflection Coefficient Spectrum

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海洋工程：英文版 2003年第3期17卷 383-396页

作者：俞聿修邵利民柳淑学 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

The wave reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and directional spectrum for concrete face slope breakwaters and rubble mound breakwaters are investigated through physical model tests in the present study. The reflection coefficients of oblique irregular waves are analyzed by the Modified Two-Point Method (MTPM) proposed by the authors. The results show that the wave reflection coefficient decreases with increasing wave frequency and incident angle or decreasing structure slope. The reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and its variation with Iribarren number are given in this paper. The paper also suggests an empirical 3-dimensional reflection coefficient spectrum, i.e. reflection coefficient directional spectrum, which can be used to illustrate quantitatively the variation of reflection coefficient with the incident angle and the Iribarren number for oblique irregular waves.

关键词： wave reflection frequency spectrum reflection coefficient directional spectrum slope breakwater

Application of A Fast Multipole BIEM for Flow Diffraction from A 3D Body

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海洋工程：英文版 2004年第2期18卷 291-298页

作者：滕斌宁德志 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

A Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is developed as a numerical approach to the reduction of the computational cost and requirement memory capacity for a large in solving large-scale problems. In this paper it is applied to the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) for current diffraction from arbitrary 3D bodies. The boundary integral equation is discretized by higher order elements, the FMM is applied to avoid the matrix/vector product, and the resulting algebraic equation is solved by the Generalized Conjugate Residual method (GCR). Numerical examination shows that the FMM is more efficient than the direct evaluation method in computational cost and storage of computers.

关键词： fast multipole method boundary integral equation method generalized conjugate residual method current diffraction

Fast Evaluation of Time-Domain Green Function for Finite Water Depth

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海洋工程：英文版 2003年第3期17卷 417-426页

作者：滕斌韩凌勾莹 The state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

For computation of large amplitude motions of ships fastened to a dock, a fast evaluation scheme is implemented for computation of the time-domain Green function for finite water depth. Based on accurate evaluation of the Green function directly, a fast approximation method for the Green function is developed by use of Chebyshev polynomials. Examinations are carried out of the accuracy of the Green function and its derivatives from the scheme. It is shown that when an appropriate number of polynomial terms are used, very accurate approximation can be obtained.

关键词： Green function time-domain finite water depth

Torsionally Coupled Response Control of offshore Platform Structures Using Circular Tuned Liquid Column Dampers

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海洋工程：英文版 2004年第2期18卷 173-183页

作者：霍林生李宏男 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

In this paper, the control performance is investigated of Circular Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (CTLCD) over torsional response of offshore platform structures excited by ground motions. Based on the equation of motion for the CTLCD-structure system, the optimal control parameters of CTLCD are given through some derivations on the supposition that the ground motion is a stochastic process. The influence of systematic parameters on the equivalent damping ratio of the structures is analyzed with purely torsional vibration and translational-torsional coupled vibration, respectively. The results show that the Circular Tuned Liquid Column Damper (CTLCD) is an effective torsional response control device.

关键词： circular tuned liquid column dampers offshore platform vibration control seismic response eccentric structures

Computation of Viscous Uniform and Shear Flow over A Circular Cylinder by A Finite Element Method

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海洋工程：英文版 2004年第2期18卷 267-280页

作者：赵明滕斌 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

The incompressible viscous uniform and shear flow past a circular cylinder is studied. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite element method. The governing equations are discretized by a weighted residual method in space. The stable three-step scheme is applied to the momentum equations in the time integration. The numerical model is firstly applied to the computation of the lid-driven cavity flow for its validation. The computed results agree well with the measured data and other numerical results. Then, it is used to simulate the viscous uniform and shear flow over a circular cylinder for Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000. The transient time interval before the vortex shedding occurs is shortened considerably by introduction of artificial perturbation. The computed Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients agree well with the experimental data. The computation shows that the finite element model can be successfully applied to the viscous flow problem.

关键词： viscous flow circular cylinder vortex shedding finite element method

A New Pursuit Mode of Nonlinear Wave Surface

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海洋工程：英文版 2004年第2期18卷 257-266页

作者：孙大鹏李玉成郭海滨 state key laboratory of coastal and offshore engineering

The numerical mode of nonlinear wave transformation based on both the Laplace equation for water field and the Bernoulli equation for water surface is a kind of time-domain boundary problem with initial conditions. And the basis for establishing the numerical mode of nonlinear wave in time domain is to trace the position of wave free surface and to calculate the instantaneous surface height and surface potential function. This paper firstly utilizes the ‘0-1' combined BEM to separate the boundary by means of discretization of Green's integral equation based on the Laplace equation, then separates the free surface of wave with FEM and derives the FEM equation of wave surface that satisfies the nonlinear boundary conditions. By jointly solving the above BEM and FEM equations, the wave potential and surface height could be obtained with iteration in time domain. Thus a new kind of nonlinear numerical mode is established for calculating wave transformation. The wave test in the numerical wave tank shows that the numerical simulation with this mode is of high accuracy.

关键词： laplace equation nonlinear wave 0-1 combined type BEM FEM