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Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage

Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1015-1030页

作者： Ruoyu Huang Qiuyu Pang Lexin Zheng Jiaxi Lin Hanxi Li Lingbo Wan Tao Wang Department of Forensic Science School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSuzhou Medicine College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina

Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions,such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability,the synthesis of steroid hormones,and *** plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous *** brain contains 20%of the whole body’s cholesterol,80%of which is located within myelin.A huge number of processes(e.g.,the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway)participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis,intracellular transport,and *** brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental ***,we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system *** hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype,with high mortality and *** cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral ***,secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation,such as neuroinflammation,demyelination,and multiple types of programmed cell *** cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral *** this paper,we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system,the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage,and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell *** also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

关键词： cell death cholesterol metabolism intracerebral hemorrhage myelination therapeutic target

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Crosstalk between degradation and bioenergetics: how autophagy and endolysosomal processes regulate energy production

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 671-681页

作者： Angelid Pabon Jagannatham Naidu Bhupana Ching-On Wong Department of biological sciences Rutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA

Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.

关键词： autophagy bioenergetics endolysosome energy production glycolysis metabolic reprogramming mitochondria

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Astrocytes integrate time and space

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 467-468页

作者： Justin Lines Department of biological sciences Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA

Astrocytes read and react to synaptic transmission through tripartite synapses,where the binding of neurotransmitters onto astrocytic receptors triggers an increase in intracellular *** investigations have revealed that astrocytes exhibit two distinct states of intracellular calcium activity:(1)graded subcellular localized clusters with independently active microdomains,likely influenced by nearby synaptic events,and(2)whole-cell astrocyte calcium surges,believed to result from the coordinated activation of multiple ***,astrocyte calcium responses are not solely graded;instead,a spatial threshold of intracellular calcium activity can be overcome to elicit an astrocyte calcium *** these calcium responses,in turn,initiate downstream signaling pathways capable of modifying synaptic communication and overall network *** summary,astrocytes can function as integrators of local synaptic events,actively contributing to information processing within the brain.

关键词： graded integrate instead

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Molecular dynamics simulations of helium transport through inorganic mineral nanopores

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Science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 237-252页

作者： Dandan SONG Ping GUAN Chi ZHANG Jiahao REN school of Earth and Space sciences Peking University

Helium transport through nanoscale inorganic mineral pores and pore throats is essential for its overall migration. To elucidate helium's transport dynamics within nanopores, we employed equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to investigate helium's static self-diffusion and pressure-driven flow in quartz slit-shaped nanopores. We also introduced water and various gases, including hydrogen, methane, ethane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, into the nanopores to assess their influence on helium transport. Our findings indicate minimal helium adsorption on quartz pore surfaces. Under conditions where the pore size is less than 5 nm and the pressure under 10 MPa, environmental factors markedly influence helium diffusion. Large pore sizes, high temperatures, and low gas pressures enhance helium desorption and facilitate faster diffusion. We observed a positive correlation between helium flow velocity and factors such as pore size, pressure gradient, and surface smoothness of the pores. Notably, the presence of pore water and carrier gases in quartz nanopores, which diffuse more slowly than helium, tends to reduce helium surface adsorption and slow its diffusion. Among the carrier gases studied, nitrogen showed similar adsorption capacity, diffusivity, and stability to helium, while carbon dioxide displayed the highest adsorption capacity and the slowest diffusion rate, markedly differing from helium. Based on the simulation results, we concluded that water and carrier gases primarily function as transport mediums in helium migration, moving together with helium. Nitrogen, which shares similar properties with helium, effectively assists in this co-migration process. Conversely, carbon dioxide, due to its high adsorption capacity and slow diffusion, tends to be lost during co-migration. As a result, gas reservoirs with high nitrogen levels and low carbon dioxide levels are more likely to have higher helium concentrations. Additionally, the smaller por

关键词： Helium transport Slit nanopores Molecular dynamics simulations Diffusion Flow carriers

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Apolipoprotein E elicits targetdirected miRNA degradation to maintain neuronal integrity

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第9期20卷 2577-2578页

作者： Jiazi Tan Chin-Tong Ong Temasek Life sciences Laboratory National University of SingaporeSingapore Department of biological sciences National University of SingaporeSingapore

Apolipoprotein E has diverse functions in neurons:Apolipoprotein E(ApoE)is a glycoprotein that primarily regulates lipid metabolism and transport in the central nervous *** are three predominant human ApoE protein isoforms with cysteine and arginine substitutions at amino acid positions 112 and 158 that impact their lipidation and related functions(Flowers and Rebeck,2020).ApoE2 is characterized by Cys112 and Cys158,ApoE3 by Cys112 and Arg158,whereas ApoE4 contains Arg112 and Arg158.

关键词： metabolism glycoprotein maintain

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Alpha-synuclein in mitochondrial dysfunction:opportunities or obstacles

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 197-198页

作者： Shermali Gunawardena Department of biological sciences The State University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA

Recent work suggests a link betweenα-synuclein(α-syn)and mitochondrial dysfunction;however,the mechanisms of howα-syn influences mitochondrial function are still *** notably,whetherα-syn plays a direct role during mitochondrial function and/or whether diseasedα-syn-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is a potential modifiable risk factor in Parkinson’s disease(PD)is *** date,mutations in more than eight genes cause familial PD(fPD)and have functions in diverse pathways including synaptic homeostasis,mitochondria maintenance,autophagy/lysosome,and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways.

关键词： dysfunction homeostasis Alpha

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Prominent cycling reversibility and kinetics enabled by CaTiO3 protective layer on Zn metal for aqueous Zn-ion batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 245-258页

作者： Gaeun Lee Yong Nam Ahn Seongjoon So Chanwoo Park Jong-Seong Bae Taehyun Park Il Tae Kim Jaehyun Hur school of Chemical Biological and Battery Engineering Gachon University Seongnam Busan Center Korea Basic Science Institute

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries （AZIBs） have received considerable attention owing to their various advantages such as safety,low cost,simple battery assembly conditions,and high ionic ***,they still suffer from serious problems,including uncontrollable dendrite growth,corrosion,hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） from water decomposition,electrode passivation,and unexpected *** creation of a uniform artificial nanocrystal layer on the Zn anode surface is a promising strategy for resolving these ***,we propose the use of a perovskite CaTiO3（CTO） protective layer on Zn（CTO@Zn） as a promising approach for improving the performance of *** CTO artificial layer provides an efficient pathway for Zn ion diffusion towards the Zn metal because of the high dielectric constant （εr=180） and ferroelectric characteristics that enable the alignment of dipole moments and redistribute the Zn2+ions in the CTO *** avoiding the direct contact of the Zn anode with the electrolyte solution,the uneven dendrite growth,corrosion,parasitic side reactions,and HER are mitigated,while CTO retains its mechanical and chemical robustness during ***,CTO@Zn demonstrates an improved lifespan in a symmetric cell configuration compared with bare ***@Zn shows steady overpotential （～68 m V） for 1500 h at 1 mA cm-2/0.5 mA h cm-2,excelling bare ***,when paired with the V2O5-C cathode,the CTO@Zn//V2O5-C full battery delivers 148.4 mA h g-1（based on the mass of the cathode） after 300 *** study provides new insights into Zn metal anodes and the development of high-performance AZIBs.

关键词： Perovskite

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Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy:perspectives on the possibility of optimizing SMN1 delivery to correct all neurological and systemic perturbations

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 2011-2012页

作者： Sharon J.Brown Rafael J.Yáñez-Muñoz Heidi R.Fuller school of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele UniversityKeeleUK Wolfson Center for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease TORCH BuildingRJAH Orthopaedic HospitalOswestryUK *** Center of Gene and Cell TherapyDepartment of Biological SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK

Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is a genetic condition that results in selective lower motor neuron loss with concomitant muscle weakness and *** genetic cause of SMA was understood in 1995 when loss or impairment of the survival motor neuron 1(SMN1)gene was identified as the main contributing factor(Lefebvre et al.,1995).This,in combination with the discovery that humans have a“back-up”gene,SMN2,which can produce low levels(approximately 10%)of the full-length functional SMN protein,has led to the generation of SMA-specific gene *** was traditionally classified according to age of symptom onset and developmental milestones achieved,with life expectancy and severity varying between ***,SMN2 copy number is used as a proxy for the prediction of disease severity,with higher SMN2 copy number typically being associated with reduced severity of SMA,although this relationship is not absolute:some individuals with low SMN2 copy number have less severe SMA phenotypes and vice ***,the etiology of SMA is further complicated by other factors,such as non-typical nucleotide variants and SMN2-independent modifiers of disease severity.

关键词： atrophy traditionally absolute

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The Hilbert expansion of the Boltzmann equation in the incompressible Euler level in a channel

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Science China Mathematics 2025年第1期68卷 39-88页

作者： Feimin Huang Weiqiang Wang Yong Wang Feng Xiao Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences school of Mathematical sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education) School of Mathematics and StatisticsHunan Normal University

The study of the hydrodynamic limit of the Boltzmann equation with physical boundary is a challenging problem due to the appearance of the viscous and Knudsen boundary *** this paper,the hydrodynamic limit from the Boltzmann equation with the specular reflection boundary condition to the incompressible Euler equations in a channel is *** on the multi-scaled Hilbert expansion,the equations with boundary conditions and compatibility conditions for interior solutions,and viscous and Knudsen boundary layers are derived under different scaling,***,some uniform estimates for the interior solutions,and viscous and Knudsen boundary layers are *** the help of the L2-L∞framework and the uniform estimates obtained above,the solutions to the Boltzmann equation are constructed by the truncated Hilbert expansion with multiscales,and hence the hydrodynamic limit in the incompressible Euler level is justified.

关键词： Boltzmann equation incompressible Euler equations hydrodynamic limit Hilbert expansion specular reflection boundary condition viscous boundary layer Knudsen boundary layer

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Unlocking the stable interface in aqueous zinc-ion battery with multifunctional xylose-based electrolyte additives

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 770-778页

作者： Xiaoqin Li Jian Xiang Lu Qiu Xiaohan Chen Yinkun Zhao Yujue Wang Qu Yue Taotao Gao Wenlong Liu Dan Xiao Zhaoyu Jin Panpan Li Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University school of Mechanical Engineering Chengdu University College of Food and biological Engineering Chengdu University Institute of Fundamental and Frontier sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University

The growth of dendrites and the side reactions occurring at the Zn anode pose significant challenges to the commercialization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries（AZIBs）. These challenges arise from the inherent conflict between mass transfer and electrochemical kinetics. In this study, we propose the use of a multifunctional electrolyte additive based on the xylose（Xylo） molecule to address these issues by modulating the solvation structure and electrode/electrolyte interface, thereby stabilizing the Zn anode. The introduction of the additive alters the solvation structure, creating steric hindrance that impedes charge transfer and then reduces electrochemical kinetics. Furthermore, in-situ analyses demonstrate that the reconstructed electrode/electrolyte interface facilitates stable and rapid Zn2+ion migration and suppresses corrosion and hydrogen evolution reactions. As a result, symmetric cells incorporating the Xylo additive exhibit significantly enhanced reversibility during the Zn plating/stripping process, with an impressively long lifespan of up to 1986 h, compared to cells using pure ZnSO4electrolyte. When combined with a polyaniline cathode, the full cells demonstrate improved capacity and long-term cyclic stability. This work offers an effective direction for improving the stability of Zn anode via electrolyte design, as well as highperformance AZIBs.

关键词： Solvation

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