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如何在护理领域实现性别平等

英国医学杂志中文版 2022年第3期25卷 138-141页

作者： Thomas Kearns Paul Mahon 梁爽(译) 李真(校) Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Advancement.Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland 中国医学科学院北京协和医院

Thomas Kearns和Paul Mahon认为,消除阻碍男性从事护理工作的刻板印象和预设,对解决日益严峻的护士短缺问题和提升护理多元化至关重要。

关键词：护理领域刻板印象护士短缺护理工作性别平等多元化

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早产治疗的临床证据

中国循证医学杂志 2005年第3期5卷 253-261页

作者： Bridgette Byrne John Morrison 李蓉 royal college of surgeons of ireland Coombe Womens HospitalDublinIreland Clinical Science Institute University college Hospital GalwayIreland

截止至2002年5月,现有早产治疗的临床证据如下: (1) 高危早产:在一些国家实施的RCT发现,在降低早产危险方面,加强产前保健与普通产前保健没有明显差异.包括5个RCT的1个系统评价发现,对有宫颈改变的妇女行宫颈环扎术有不同的结果,没有明... 详细信息

截止至2002年5月,现有早产治疗的临床证据如下: (1) 高危早产:在一些国家实施的RCT发现,在降低早产危险方面,加强产前保健与普通产前保健没有明显差异.包括5个RCT的1个系统评价发现,对有宫颈改变的妇女行宫颈环扎术有不同的结果,没有明确的结论.1个大样本的RCT发现,孕9～29周宫颈功能可能不全的妇女进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,能明显降低早产(＜33孕周),但也会明显增加产褥感染的危险.另外4篇较小样本的RCT发现,孕10～30周、具各种早产高危因素的妇女,进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,并不能降低早产(＜34孕周).1篇系统评价的2个RCT报告,对有宫颈改变的妇女进行环扎术有不同的结果,其中1个RCT发现其并不能明显降低早产(＜34孕周),而另外1个较小样本的RCT却发现宫颈环扎手术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息比较,能明显降低34周前的早产.没有1个RCT证实行环扎术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息相比,能降低围生儿死亡率. (2) 胎膜早破:1个系统评价发现,对胎膜早破的妇女,抗生素较安慰剂能明显延长孕周、降低新生儿发病率的危险,如新生儿感染、出生后氧疗、脑部超声异常等.阿莫西林加克拉维酸治疗与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率明显增加有关.一个基于1个RCT的系统评价发现,没有充足的证据证实羊膜腔灌注与不灌注比较能改善胎膜早破后的新生儿结局. (3) 先兆早产的治疗:①β-肾上腺素兴奋剂:1个系统评价发现,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征及低体重儿(＜2 500 g)发生率,且与与安慰剂或不治疗相比,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂增加孕母副反应,如胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难、震颤、恶心、呕吐、头痛、高血糖、低钾血症.②钙离子通道拮抗剂: 没有关于钙离子通道拮抗剂与安慰剂比较的系统评价或RCT.1个系统评价发现,钙离子通道抑制剂与其它保胎药(主要是β-肾上腺受体兴奋剂)比较,能显著降低48 h内的早产分娩,减少因孕母副反应退出治疗和新生儿发病率.③硫酸镁:1个系统评价发现,硫酸镁与安慰剂比较,并不能明显降低孕36周前的早产率、围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率.另一个系统评价发现,硫酸镁和其他宫缩抑制剂(β-肾上腺素兴奋剂、钙离子通道拮抗剂、前列腺素合成抑制剂、硝化甘油、酒精和葡萄糖注射剂)比较,并不能明显降低48 h内早产率(尽管结果没有差异).④垂体受体拮抗剂(阿托西班):1个系统评价纳入 2个RCT,对阿托西班和安慰剂治疗早产进行比较有不同的结果.较大样本的RCT发现,阿托西班较安慰剂能延长孕周,但阿托西班增加了孕28周以下的胎儿死亡率.另一个RCT发现,阿托西班增加了48 h内的早产.⑤前列腺素抑制剂(消炎痛):1个系统评价发现,消炎痛与安慰剂比较,能明显降低孕37周前的48 h和7天的早产率的证据有限.然而,同时发现消炎痛与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、肺支气管发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎、新生儿败血症或低体重儿.但这个系统评价样本太小,尚不能发现有临床意义的差异. (4) 择期或非择期剖宫产对早产妇女治疗效果:1个系统评价结果发现,择期剖宫产较非择期剖宫产会增加孕母的发病率,却不能降低新生儿的发病率和死亡率.但尚不能证明此效果是否对新生儿有临床意义. (5) 改善早产妊娠结局的干预措施:①对早产者采用皮质类固醇:1个系统评价认为,对可能发生早产的妇女使用皮质激素较安慰剂或不处理能明显降低早产儿出生后呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿死亡率和颅内出血的发生.②促甲状腺激素释放激素在早产中的运用:1个系统评价发现,在早产的高危妇女中,促甲状腺激素释放激素和类固醇激素联合应用与单用皮质类固醇激素比较,对新生儿结局的影响无明显差异,但会明显增加孕母和胎儿的不良反应.③抗生素:1个系统评价发现,抗生素与安慰剂比较,不能延长孕周、降低新生儿死亡率,但可降低孕母感染率.

关键词：治疗早产安慰剂 RCT 系统评价发现孕母兴奋剂差异证明

Hepatolithiasis:Epidemiology,presentation,classification and management of a complex disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第13期30卷 1836-1850页

作者： Rodrigo V.Motta Francesca Saffioti Vasileios K Mavroeidis Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxford OX39DUUnited Kingdom Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford OX39DUUnited Kingdom UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit Royal Free Hospital and University College LondonLondon NW32QGUnited Kingdom Department of HPB Surgery Bristol Royal InfirmaryUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristol BS28HWUnited Kingdom Department of Transplant Surgery North Bristol NHS TrustSouthmead HospitalBristol BS105NBUnited Kingdom Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery North Bristol NHS TrustSouthmead HospitalBristol BS105NBUnited Kingdom

The term hepatolithiasis describes the presence of biliary stones within the intrahepatic bile ducts,above the hilar confluence of the hepatic *** disease is more prevalent in Asia,mainly owing to socioeconomic and dietary factors,as well as the prevalence of biliary *** the last century,owing to migration,its global incidence has *** main pathophysiological mechanisms involve cholangitis,bile infection and biliary strictures,creating a self-sustaining cycle that perpetuates the disease,frequently characterised by recurrent episodes of bacterial infection referred to as syndrome of“recurrent pyogenic cholangitis”.Furthermore,long-standing hepatolithiasis is a known risk factor for development of intrahepatic *** classifications have aimed at providing useful insight of clinically relevant aspects and guidance for *** management of symptomatic patients and those with complications can be complex,and relies upon a multidisciplinary team of hepatologists,endoscopists,interventional radiologists and hepatobiliary surgeons,with the main goal being to offer relief from the clinical presentations and prevent the development of more serious *** comprehensive review provides insight on various aspects of hepatolithiasis,with a focus on epidemiology,new evidence on pathophysiology,most important clinical aspects,different classification systems and contemporary management.

关键词： Cholelithiasis Intrahepatic stones Cholangiocarcinoma Biliary parasites Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis Oriental cholangiohepatitis Hepatectomy Cholangioscopy Liver transplant Paediatric

Optical Gain Coefficient Measurements for 1-(4’-(Diphenylamino)-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethanone

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Optics and Photonics Journal 2017年第12期7卷 245-252页

作者： F. Z. Henari I. M. El-Deeb Department of Medical Sciences Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain Busaiteen Kingdom of Bahrain

In this study, the optical gain coefficient due to spontaneous emission for the conjugated compound 1-(4’-(diphenylamino)-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethanone (DBE) in two solvents, Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Dichloromethane (DCM) was investigated using the variable stripe length method. The solutions were placed in 10 mm cuvettes and pumped optically with N2 laser (337 nm) with pulse duration of 1.2 ns and repetition rate of 10 Hz. A maximum net gain of 12 cm−1 for the compound in THF, and 7 cm−1 for the compound in DCM were recorded at the input energy of 162 μJ. The fluorescence quantum yields (∅f) of the compound were determined at the excitation wavelength of 337 nm using coumarin as a standard. The values of (∅f) for the samples in DCM and THF solvents were found to be 0.68 and 0.61, respectively. The high values of quantum yields suggest the possibility of using this material as an active media for lasing and for LED.

关键词： Optical Gain Variable Stripe Length Method Conjugated Compound

Z α-1 antitrypsin deficiency and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010年第5期1卷 94-101页

作者： Catherine M Greene Noel G McElvaney Respiratory Research Division Department of Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre Beaumont Hospital Dublin 9 Ireland

The serine proteinase inhibitor α-1 antitrypsin(AAT) is produced principally by the liver at the rate of 2 g/*** is secreted into the circulation and provides an antiprotease protective screen throughout the body but most importantly in the lung,where it can neutralise the activity of the serine protease neutrophil *** leading to def iciency in AAT are associated with liver and lung *** most notable is the Z AAT mutation,which encodes a misfolded variant of the AAT protein in which the glutamic acid at position 342 is replaced by a *** than 95% of all individuals with AAT def iciency carry at least one Z *** protein is not secreted effectively and accumulates intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) of hepatocytes and other AAT-producing *** results in a loss of function associated with decreased circulating and intrapulmonary levels of ***,the misfolded protein acquires a toxic gain of function that impacts on the ER.A major function of the ER is to ensure correct protein *** interferes with this function and promotes ER stress responses and *** the signalling pathways activated during ER stress in response to accumulation of ZAAT are described and therapeutic strategies that can potentially relieve ER stress are discussed.

关键词： α-1 antitrypsin Unfolded protein response Endoplasmic reticulum stress Apoptosis Autophagy NFκB

Inner blood-retina barrier involvement in dry age-related macular degeneration(AMD) pathology

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第9期15卷 1656-1657页

作者： Natalie Hudson Mark Cahill Matthew Campbell Neurovascular Genetics Unit Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublinIreland royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital Adelaide RoadDublin 2Ireland

Age-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD)isaprogressiveneurodegenerative disease with a global prevalence of 8.7%in people over the age of 45. It is one of the leading causes of central retinal blindness in the industrialized world leading to loss of an individual’s ability to read, drive and see fine details, such as recognition of faces. By 2040, it is estimated that 288 million individuals worldwide will be diagnosed with AMD due to improved life expectancy(Wong et al., 2014).

关键词： AMD individual degeneration

Kidney injury in COVID-19

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World Journal of Nephrology 2020年第2期9卷 18-32页

作者： Adeel Rafi Ahmed Chaudhry Adeel Ebad Sinead Stoneman Muniza Manshad Satti Peter J Conlon Department of Nephrology Beaumont HospitalDublin D09 V2N0Ireland Department of Medicine Connolly HospitalDublin D15X40DIreland Department of Nephrology Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublin D09 V2N0Ireland

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)continues to affect millions of people around the *** data emerge,it is becoming more evident that extrapulmonary organ involvement,particularly the kidneys,highly influence *** incidence of acute kidney injury has been estimated to be 30%in COVID-19 *** evidence suggests four broad mechanisms of renal injury:Hypovolaemia,acute respiratory distress syndrome related,cytokine storm and direct viral invasion as seen on renal autopsy *** look to critically assess the epidemiology,pathophysiology and management of kidney injury in COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Acute kidney injury Cytokine storm Acute respiratory distress syndrome Renal replacement therapy

Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Somalia:Systematic review and meta-analysis study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第34期24卷 3927-3957页

作者： Mohamed Abdulkadir Hassan-Kadle Mugtaba Sulaiman Osman Pavel Petrovich Ogurtsov Department of Hospital Medicine Peoples’Friendship University of Russia(RUDN University)Moscow 117198Russia Abrar Research and Training Center Abrar UniversityDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDufle Specialist HospitalMogadishu 25Somalia Department of Psychiatry School of MedicineRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland RCSIBeaumont HospitalDublin 9Ireland

AIM To provide a clear understanding of viral hepatitis epidemiology and their clinical burdens in *** A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search of published studies on viral hepatitis was performed from 1977-2016 in Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, World Health Organization African Index Medicus and the Africa Journals Online databases, as well as on the Ministry of Health website. We also captured unpublished articles that were not available on online *** Twenty-nine studies from Somalia and Somali immigrants(United Kingdom,United States,Italy,Libya)with a combined sample size for each type of viral hepatitis[hepatitis A virus(HAV):1564,hepatitis B virus(HBV):8756,hepatitis C virus(HCV):6257,hepatitis D virus(HDV):375 and hepatitis E virus(HEV):278]were *** overall pooled prevalence rate of HAV was 90.2%(95%CI:77.8%to 96%).The HAV prevalence among different age groups was as follows:40 years old,86.96%(95%CI:75.68%to 93.47%).The overall pooled prevalence of HBV was 18.9%(95%CI:14%to 29%).The overall pooled prevalence among subgroups of HBV was20.5%(95%CI:5.1%to 55.4%)in pregnant women;5.7%(95%CI:2.7%to 11.5%)in children;39.2%(95%CI:33.4%to 45.4%)in patients with chronic liver disease,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC);7.7%(95%CI:4.2%to 13.6%),12.4%(95%CI:6.3%to 23.0%)and 11.8%(95%CI:5.3%to 24.5%)in age groups40years old,*** HBV prevalence among risk groups was 20%(95%CI:7.19%to 44.64%)in female prostitutes,21.28%(95%CI:7.15%to48.69%)in hospitalized adults,5.56%(95%CI:0.99%to 25.62%)in hospitalized children,60%(95%CI:31.66%to 82.92%)in patients with acute hepatitis,33.55%(9

关键词： Viral hepatitis Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis D virus Hepatitis E virus Systematic review Meta-analysis,Somalia

Fine‑mapping and association analysis of candidate genes for papilla number in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

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Marine Life Science & Technology 2022年第3期4卷 343-355页

作者： Xinghai Zhu Ping Ni Marc Sturrock Yangfan Wang Jun Ding Yaqing Chang Jingjie Hu Zhenmin Bao Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublin D02 YN77Ireland college of Fisheries and Life Science Dalian Ocean UniversityDalian 116023China Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering Sanya Oceanographic InstitutionOcean University of ChinaSanya 572000China

The papilla number is one of the most economically important traits of sea cucumber in the China marketing ***,the genetic basis for papilla number diversity in holothurians is still *** the present study,we conducted genomewide association studies(GWAS)for the trait papilla number of sea cucumbers utilizing a set of 400,186 high-quality SNPs derived from 200 sea *** significant trait-associated SNPs that passed Bonferroni correction(P<1.25E−7)were located in the intergenic region near PATS1 and the genic region of EIF4G,which were reported to play a pivotal role in cell growth and *** fine-mapping regions around the top two lead SNPs provided precise causative loci/genes related to papilla formation and cellular activity,including PPP2R3C,GBP1,and *** SNPs with P<1E−4 were acquired for the following GO and KEGG enrichment ***,the two lead SNPs were verified in another population of sea cucumber,and the expressive detection of three potential candidate genes PATS1,PPP2R3C,and EIF4G that near or cover the two lead SNPs was conducted in papilla tissue of TG(Top papilla number group)and BG(Bottom papilla number group)by *** found the significantly higher expression profile of PATS1(3.34-fold),PPP2R3C(4.90-fold),and EIF4G(4.23-fold)in TG,implying their potential function in papilla *** present results provide valuable information to decipher the phenotype differences of the papilla trait and will provide a scientific basis for selective breeding in sea cucumbers.

关键词： Genome-wide association study Apostichopus japonicus Molecular breeding Candidate genes Papilla number