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Impact of Seven Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Young children in okinawa, Japan

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World Journal of Vaccines 2015年第2期5卷 88-95页

作者： Hideki Akeda Bin Chang Yoshihisa Nakamura Hirotsune Hamabata Kenji Ameku Takaya Toma Eiichi Tamanaha Makoto Ohnishi okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center & children’s Medical Center Okinawa Japan Department of Bacteriology I National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan Nakamura Clinic Pediatric Dermatology and Internal Medicine Okinawa Japan Awase Daiichi Clinic Okinawa Japan Syuri child Clinic Okinawa Japan Wanpaku Clinic Okinawa Japan the okinawa society of child health Okinawa Japan

In Japan, the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) became available in February 2010 and was subsidized by the national funding system from May 2011 in okinawa, after which it was incorporated into the national immunization practice (NIP) in April 2013 using a 3 + 1 schedule for all infants. We conducted an annual survey in 2012 to determine the effect of PCV7 on nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococcal serotypes and to analyze the risk factors for colonization in infants. Nasopharyngeal swabs for pneumococcal isolation and serotyping were obtained from infant 2 to 22 months of age before and after PCV7 immunization among 4 clinics in okinawa, Japan. Between January 2012 and December 2012, nasopharyngeal swabs for bacterial cultures were obtained among 782 infants aged 2 to 22 months old and demographic data was obtained among 725 participant infants. Among the 725 evaluable infants, 193 pneumococcal strains were detected in 180 infants for an overall nasopharyngeal carriage of 24.8%. The main capsular serotypes isolated were 6C (16.1%), 19A (12.4%) and 15B (9.8%). Carriage of PCV7 serotypes accounted for 21.8% (42/193). The result of multivariate data analysis showed the pneumococcal carriage rate of non-PCV7 serotypes was significantly (P children including children at risk such as children attending day-care centers.

关键词： Nasopharynx Carriage Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Japan Young children

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An Exploration of the Relationship between Maternal and child Factors Contributing to child Abuse

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Open Journal of Nursing 2020年第10期10卷 989-1012页

作者： Yuko Harding Mitsue Nakamura Graduate School of health Sciences University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Japan Faculty of Nursing Chukyo Gakuin University Mizunami Japan

Background: There are many reports in the mass media and scientific literature about child abuse caused by parents. Medical practitioners also are concerned about child abuse and need to grapple with the prevention and early detection of child abuse when working in medical facilities. Aim: The aim of this descriptive study was to explore the relationship between maternal and child factors contributing to child abuse. Methods: A sample of 50 multiparas (mothers with more than 1 child) in a 48-bed postpartum hospital unit in okinawa prefecture were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire regarding the relationship between mothers and their first child in September, 2007. The questionnaire contained 30 items of physical punishment that are quoted from “The Handbook of Correspondence to child Abuse” (Ministry of health, Labor and welfare in Japan), 24 items relating to maternal factors and 22 items to child factors, plus items related to mothers’ satisfaction with the health guidance given in the hospital. Data were analyzed using JMP (ver. 14.2;SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Forty-one (82%) questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 41 valid responses, 19 mothers reported abusing their children. child factors contributing to the abuse included the first child’s regression to infantile behavior, bullying younger brothers or sisters and being rough and violent to their friends. The significant maternal factor leading to abuse was the belief that mothers were irritated by their child. Conclusion: A first child’s developmental difficulties had a significant relationship with the harsh punishment by their mothers. The mothers need to understand their child’s developmental behavior and provide a favorable environment for nurturing young children.

关键词： child Abuse Factor Maternal First child Environment

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