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Responses of Soil Microbial Activity and Biomass to Salinity After Repeated Additions of Plant Residues

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Pedosphere 2015年第2期25卷 177-185页

作者： Bannur ELMAJDOUB Petra MARSCHNER School of Agriculture Food and WineThe Waite Research InstituteThe University of Adelaide Biotechnology research Centre

Microbial adaptation to salinity can be achieved through synthesis of organic osmolytes,which requires high amounts of energy;however,a single addition of plant residues can only temporarily improve energy supply to soil ***,a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of soil microbes to increasing salinity with repeated additions of plant residues using a loamy sand soil with an electrical conductivity in saturated paste extract(EC_e) of 0.6 dS m^(-1).The soil was kept non-saline or salinized by adding different amounts of NaCl to achieve EC_e of 12.5,25.0 and 50.0 dS m^(-1).The non-saline soil and the saline soils were amended with finely ground pea residues at two rates equivalent to 3.9 and 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil on days 0,15 *** soils receiving no residues were included as a *** respiration per g C added over 2 weeks after each residue addition was always greater at 3.9 than 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil and higher in the non-saline soil than in the saline *** the saline soils,the cumulative respiration per g C added was higher after the second and third additions than after the first addition except with3.9 g C kg^(-1) at EC_e of 50 dS m^(_1).Though with the same amount of C added(7.8 g C kg^(-1)),salinity reduced soil respiration to a lesser extent when 3.9 g C kg^(-1) was added twice compared to a single addition of 7.8 g C kg^(-1).After the third residue addition,the microbial biomass C concentration was significantly lower in the soils with EC_e of 25 and 50 dS m^(_1) than in the non-saline soil at3.9 g C kg^(-1),but only in the soil with EC_e of 50 dS m^(-1) at 7.8 g C kg^(-1).We concluded that repeated residue additions increased the adaptation of soil microbial community to salinity,which was likely due to high C availability providing microbes with the energy needed for synthesis of organic osmolytes.

关键词： C availability electrical conductivity microbial biomass C microbial community respiration saline soil

Gamma oscillations and their role in orchestrating balance and communication following stroke

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Neural Regeneration research 2025年第2期20卷 477-478页

作者： Montana Samantzis Cong Wang Matilde Balbi Queensland Brain institute The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia Engineering research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina

Induced brain oscillations in the gamma range have recently garnered attention due to their reported neuroprotective effects in the treatment of Alzheimer’s *** method differs from pharmacological approaches by tapping into the neuronal population dynamics that underlie the homeostatic processes in the brain that are crucial for the recovery of ***,induced gamma-range oscillations have been used to improve cerebral blood flow,motor function,and synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of focal stroke,highlighting the broad potential of recruiting intrinsic recovery processes for the treatment of neurological *** open questions,such as the frequency specificity of the benefits,will shed light on the intrinsic processes involved and allow clinicians to optimize recovery after stroke.

关键词： protective specificity Alzheimer

Soil Respiration, Microbial Biomass C and N Availability in a Sandy Soil Amended with Clay and Residue Mixtures

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Pedosphere 2016年第5期26卷 643-651页

作者： Sharmistha PAL Petra MARSCHNER ICAR-Indian institute of Soil and Water Conservation Research Centre School of Agriculture Food and Wine The University of Adelaide

Crop yields in sandy soils can be increased by addition of clay-rich soil, but little is known about the effect of clay addition on nutrient availability after addition of plant residues with different C/N ratios. A loamy sandy soil （7% clay） was amended with a clay-rich subsoil （73% clay） at low to high rates to achieve soil mixtures of 12%, 22%, and 30% clay, as compared to a control （sandy soil alone） with no clay addition. The sandy-clay soil mixtures were amended with finely ground plant residues at 10 g kg-l： mature wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） straw with a C/N ratio of 68, mature faba bean （Vicia faba L.） straw with a C/N ratio of 39, or their mixtures with different proportions （0% 100%, weight percentage） of each straw. Soil respiration was measured over days 0-45 and microbial biomass C （MBC）, available N, and pH on days 0, 15, 30, and 45. Cumulative respiration was not clearly related to the C/N ratio of the residues or their mixtures, but C use efficiency （cumulative respiration per unit of MBC on day 15） was greater with faba bean than with wheat and the differences among the residue mixtures were smaller at the highest clay addition rate. The MBC concentration was lowest in sole wheat and higher in residue mixtures with 50% of wheat and faba bean in the mixture or more faba bean. Soil N availability and soil pH were lower for the soil mixtures of 22% and 30% clay compared to the sandy soil alone. It could be concluded that soil cumulative respiration and MBC concentration were mainly influenced by residue addition, whereas available N and pH were influenced by clay addition to the sandy soil studied.

关键词： available N C use efficiency C/N ratio cumulative respiration nutrient availability pH plant residues

Impact of Salinity on Respiration and Organic Matter Dynamics in Soils is More Closely Related to Osmotic Potential than to Electrical Conductivity

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Pedosphere 2017年第5期27卷 949-956页

作者： Manpreet S.MAVI Petra MARSCHNER School of Agriculture Food and Wine The Waite Research Institute The University of Adelaide Department of Soil Science Punjab Agricultural University

Osmotic potential （OP） of soil solution may be a more appropriate parameter than electrical conductivity （EC） to evaluate the effect of salts on plant growth and soil biomass. However, this has not been examined in detail with respect to microbial activity and dissolved organic matter in soils with different texture. This study evaluated the effect of salinity and sodicity on respiration and dissolved organic matter dynamics in salt-affected soils with different texture. Four non-saline and non-sodic soils differing in texture （S-4, S-13, S-24 and S-40 with 4%, 13%, 24~ and 40~~ clay, respectively） were leached using combinations of 1 mol L-1 NaC1 and 1 mol L-1 CaC12 stock solutions, resulting in EC （1：5 soil：water ratio） between 0.4 and 5.0 dS m-1 with two levels of sodicity （sodium absorption ratio （SAR）〈 3 （non-sodic） and 20 （sodic）, 1：5 soil：water ratio）. Adjusting the water content to levels optimal for microbial activity~ which differed among the soils, resulted in four ranges of OP in all the soils： from -0.06 to -0.24 （controls, without salt added）, -0.55 to -0.92, -1.25 to -1.62 and -2.77 to -3.00 Mpa. Finely ground mature wheat straw （20 g kg-1） was added to stimulate microbial activity. At a given EC, cumulative soil respiration was lower in the lighter-textured soils （S-4 and S-13） than in the heavier-textured soils （S-24 and S-40）. Cumulative soil respiration decreased with decreasing OP to a similar extent in all the soils, with a greater decrease on Day 40 than on Day 10. Cumulative soil respiration was greater at SAR ---- 20 than at SAR 〈 3 only at the OP levels between -0.62 and -1.62 MPa on Day 40. In all the soils and at both sampling times, concentrations of dissolved organic C and N were higher at the lowest OP levels （from -2.74 to -3.0 MPa） than in the controls （from -0.06 to -0.24 MPa）. Thus, OP is a better parameter than EC to evaluate the effect of salinity on dissolved organic matter and microbial activity in different textured soils.

关键词： dissolved organic C dissolved organic N salt-affected soils sodium absorption ratio soil microbial activity soil texture

Evaluation of fatty acid metabolism and innate immunity interactions between commercial broiler, F1 layer × broiler cross and commercial layer strains selected for different growth potentials

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018年第1期9卷 156-166页

作者： Nicky-Lee Willson Rebecca E.A.Forder Rick G.Tearle Greg S.Nattrass Robert J.Hughes Philip I.Hynd School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide The australian Poultry and Cooperative research Centre University of New England Davies research Centre School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of Adelaide South australian research and Development institute(SARDI) Livestock and Farming Systems South australian research and Development institute(SARDI) Pig and Poultry Production Institute

Background： The broiler industry has undergone intense genetic selection over the past 50 yr. resulting in improvements for growth and feed efficiency, however, significant variation remains for performance and growth traits. Production improvements have been coupled with unfavourable metabolic consequences, including immunological trade-offs for growth, and excess fat deposition. To determine whether interactions between fatty acid（FA） metabolism and innate immunity may be associated with performance variations commonly seen within commercial broiler flocks, total carcass lipid %, carcass and blood FA composition, as wel as genes involved with FA metabolism, immunity and cel ular stress were investigated in male birds of a broiler strain, layer strain and F1 layer × broiler cross at d 14 post hatch. Heterophil：lymphocyte ratios, relative organ weights and bodyweight data were also ***： Broiler bodyweight（n = 12） was four times that of layers（n = 12） by d 14 and had significantly higher carcass fat percentage compared to the cross（n = 6; P = 0.002） and layers（P = 0.017） which were not significantly different from each other（P = 0.523）. The carcass and whole blood FA analysis revealed differences in the FA composition between the three groups indicating altered FA metabolism, despite al being raised on the same diet. Genes associated with FA synthesis andβ-oxidation were upregulated in the broilers compared to the layers indicating a net overal increase in FA metabolism,which may be driven by the larger relative liver size as a percentage of bodyweight in the broilers. Genes involved in innate immunity such as TLR2 and TLR4, as wel as organel e stress indicators ERN1 and XBP1 were found to be nonsignificant, with the exception of high expression levels of XBP1 in layers compared to the cross and broilers. Additional y there was no difference in heterophil： lymphocytes between any of the ***： The results provide evidence that genetic selecti

关键词： Broiler Cel ular stress Fatty acid metabolism Innate immunity Layer Selection

Nonpolar Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)N/Al_(y)Ga_(1−y)N multiple quantum wells on GaN nanowire for UV emission

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Nano research 2022年第8期15卷 7670-7680页

作者： Sonachand Adhikari Olivier Lee Cheong Lem Felipe Kremer Kaushal Vora Frank Brink Mykhaylo Lysevych Hark Hoe Tan Chennupati Jagadish Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia Semiconductor Device Fabrication Group CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research InstitutePilaniRajasthan 333031India australian National Fabrication Facility ACT Node Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia Centre for Advanced Microscopy The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia australian research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia

Nonpolar m-plane AlGaN offers the advantage of polarization-free multiple quantum wells(MQWs)for ultraviolet(UV)emission and can be achieved on the sidewalls of selective area grown GaN *** reveal that the growth of AlGaN on GaN nanowires by metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)is driven by vapor-phase diffusion,and consequently puts a limit on the pitch of nanowire array due to shadowing *** insight into the difficulty of achieving metal-polar AlGaN nanowire by selective area growth(SAG)in MOCVD is also provided and can be attributed to the strong tendency to form pyramidal structure due to a very small growth rate of{1011}semipolar planes compared to(0001)*** nonpolar m-plane sidewalls of GaN nanowires obtained via SAG provides an excellent platform for growth of nonpolar AlGaN *** emission from mplane Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)N/Al_(y)Ga_(1−y)N MQWs grown on sidewalls of dislocation-free GaN nanowire is demonstrated in the wavelength range of 318–343 nm.

关键词： metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) nanowire nonpolar plane AlGaN selective area growth multiple quantum wells

Using High-Throughput Phenotyping to Explore Growth Responses to Mycorrhizal Fungi and Zinc in Three Plant Species

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Plant Phenomics 2019年第1期1卷 121-132页

作者： S.J.Watts-Williams N.Jewell C.Brien B.Berger T.Garnett T.R.Cavagnaro The School of Agriculture Food and Wineand The Waite Research InstituteThe University of AdelaidePMB 1Glen OsmondSA 5064Australia australian research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSAAustralia australian Plant Phenomics Facility The Plant AcceleratorThe University of AdelaidePMB1Glen OsmondSA 5064Australia

There are many reported benefits to plants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),including positive plant biomass responses;however,AMF can also induce biomass depressions in plants,and this response receives little attention in the *** phenotyping(HTP)technology permits repeatedmeasures of an individual plant’s aboveground *** examined the effect on AMF inoculation on the shoot biomass of three contrasting plant species:a vegetable crop(tomato),a cereal crop(barley),and a pasture legume(Medicago).We also considered the interaction ofmycorrhizal growth responseswith plant-available soil zinc(Zn)and phosphorus(P)*** appearance of a depression in shoot biomass due to inoculation with AMF occurred at different times for each plant species;depressions appeared earliest in tomato,then Medicago,and then *** usually positive-responding Medicago plants were not responsive at the high level of soil available P *** growth responsiveness in all three species was also highly interactive with soil Zn supply;tomato growth responded negatively to AMF inoculation in all soil Zn treatments except the toxic soil Zn treatment,where it responded *** results illustrate how context-dependentmycorrhizal growth responses are and the value of HTP approaches to exploring the complexity of mycorrhizal responses.

关键词： Species Fungi soil

Respiration and Sorption of Water-Extractable Organic Carbon as Affected by Addition of Ca^(2+),Isolated Clay or Clay-Rich Subsoil to Sand

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Pedosphere 2014年第1期24卷 98-106页

作者： P.ROYCHAND P.MARSCHNER Soils School of AgricultureFood and WineThe Waite Research InstituteThe University of Adelaide Department of Agricultural Sciences La Trobe UniversityMelbourne Campus

Clay addition to light-textured soils is used to ameliorate water repellency and to increase nutrient retention. However, clay addition may also increase the potential to bind organic matter and thus C sequestration. Divalent calcium ions （Ca2＋） play an important role in binding of organic matter to clay because they provide the bridge between the clay particles and organic matter which are both negatively charged. In the first experiment, quartz sand was mixed with clay isolated from a Vertosol at rates of 0, 50 and 300 g kg-1, finely ground mature wheat residues （20 g kg-1） and powdered CaSO4 at 0, 5 and 10 g kg-1. Soil respiration was measured over 28 d. Compared to the sand alone, addition of isolated clay at 300 g kg-1 increased cumulative respiration with a stronger increase than that at 50 g kg-1. Addition of CaSO4 increased electrical conductivity, decreased sodium adsorption ratio and reduced cumulative respiration. The latter can be explained by enhanced sorption of organic matter to clay via Ca2＋ bridges. In a second experiment, isolated clay or subsoil of the Vertosol without or with powdered CaSO4 at 10 g kg-1 were used for a batch sorption with water-extractable organic C （WEOC） from wheat straw followed by desorption with water. Addition of 10 g kg-1 CaSO4 increased sorption and decreased desorption of WEOC in both subsoil and isolated clay. In the third experiment, subsoil of the Vertosol was used for a batch sorption in which WEOC was added repeatedly. Repeated addition of WEOC increased the concentration of sorbed C but decreased the sorbed proportion of the added WEOC. This indicates that sorption of WEOC may be underestimated if it is added only once in batch sorption experaments.

关键词： calcium carbon sequestration decomposition desorption Vertosol

In-vitro digestibility,protein digestibility corrected amino acid,and sensory properties of banana-cassava gluten-free pasta with soy protein isolate and egg white protein addition

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2023年第2期12卷 520-527页

作者： Adetiya Rachman Margaret ABrennan James Morton Damir Torrico Charles S.Brennan Department of wine Food and Molecular BiosciencesLincoln UniversityChristchurch 7647New Zealand Riddet research institute Palmerston North 4442New Zealand Indonesia institute for Agricultural research and Development Jakarta 12540Indonesia

Soy protein isolate and egg white protein were added to cassava-banana gluten-free pasta and the effects on the nutritional quality,digestibility properties,protein digestibility corrected amino acid(PDCAA),and sensory acceptance of the pasta was ***-cassava composite flour(75:25)was blended with soy protein isolate or egg white protein at the following rates:0,5,10,and 15 g/100 g *** pasta samples were analysed for total phenolic content(TPC),antioxidant activity,amino acid profiles,protein content,starch digestibility,protein digestibility and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score(PDCAAS).Addition of both proteins decreased starch digestibility,increased protein digestibility,improved the balance of the amino acid profile,and PDCAAS whereas only soy protein isolate enhanced the TPC and antioxidant capacity of the banana-cassava *** egg white protein-fortified banana-cassava pasta had better customer acceptance and purchase intent than soy protein isolate inclusion.

关键词： Banana flour Cassava flour Gluten-free pasta Digestibility properties Amino acid Sensory evaluation