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International Journal of Digital Earth 2012年第1期5卷 43-62页

作者： Ag Stephens Philip James David Alderson Stephen Pascoe Simon Abele Alan Iwi Peter Chiu the british atmospheric data centre DidcotUK School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle-Upon-TyneUK

To improve the understanding of local and regional effects of climate change,the UK government supported the development of new climate *** Met Office Hadley centre produced a sophisticated set of probabilistic projections for future *** paper discusses the design and implementation of an interactive website to deliver those projections to a broad user *** interface presents complex data sets,generates on-the-fly products and schedules jobs to an offline weather generator capable of outputting gigabytes of data in response to a single request.A robust and scalable physical architecture was delivered through significant use of open source technologies and open standards.

关键词： geoinformatics digital earth climate change geospatial science geospatial data integration

Integrating the Climate Science Modelling Language with geospatial software and services

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2009年第S01期2卷 29-39页

作者： D.Lowe A.Woolf B.Lawrence S.Pascoe Rutherford Appleton Laboratory British Atmospheric Data CentreDidcotUK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC e-Science CentreDidcotUK

Much consideration is rightly given to the design of metadata models to describe *** the other end of the data-delivery spectrum much thought has also been given to the design of geospatial delivery interfaces such as the Open Geospatial Consortium standards,Web Coverage Service(WCS),Web Map Server and Web Feature Service(WFS).Our recent experience with the Climate Science Modelling Language shows that an implementation gap exists where many challenges remain *** bridge this gap requires transposing information and data from one world view of geospatial climate data to *** of the issues include:the loss of information in mapping to a common information model,the need to create‘views’onto file-based storage,and the need to map onto an appropriate delivery interface(as with the choice between WFS and WCS for feature types with coverage-valued properties).Here we summarise the approaches we have taken in facing up to these problems.

关键词： climate modelling schema standards data interoperability

Putting meaning into NETMAR-the open service network for marine environmental data

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2014年第10期7卷 811-828页

作者： Adam M.Leadbetter Roy K.Lowry D.Oliver Clements british Oceanographic data centre LiverpoolUK Plymouth Marine Laboratory PlymouthUK

The open service network for marine environmental data(NETMAR)project uses semantic web technologies in its pilot system which aims to allow users to search,download and integrate satellite,in situ and model data from open ocean and coastal *** semantic web is an extension of the fundamental ideas of the World Wide Web,building aweb of datathrough annotation of metadata and data with hyperlinked *** the framework of the NETMAR project,an interconnected semantic web resourcewasdeveloped to aid in dataandweb service discovery and to validate Open Geospatial Consortium Web Processing Service orchestration.A second semantic resource was developed to support interoper-ability of coastal web atlases across jurisdictional *** paper outlines the approach taken to producing the resource registry used within the NETMAR project and demonstrates the use of these semantic resources to support user interactions with *** interconnected semantic resources allow the increased ability to share and disseminate data through the facilitation of interoperability between data *** formal representation of geospatial knowledge to advance geospatial interoperability is a growing research *** and methods such as those outlined in this paper have the potential to support these efforts.

关键词： geoinformatics oceanography geospatial data integration

Sampling errors of the global mean sea level derived from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2011年第6期30卷 12-18页

作者： WAGNER Carl National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration National Environmental Stellite data and Information Service

Sampling errors of the global mean sea level derived from TOPEX/Poseidon （T/P） altimetry are explored using 31/ 4a of eddy-resolving numerical model outputs for sea level. By definition, the sampling errors would not exist if data were available everywhere at all times. Four problems with increasing and progressively added complexities are examined to understand the causes of the sampling errors. The first problem （P1） explores the error incurred because T/P with turning latitudes near 66° latitudes does not cover the entire globe. The second problem （P2） examines, in addition, the spatial sampling issue because samples are only available along T/P ground tracks. The third problem （P3） adds the additional complexity that sea level at any along track location is sampled only once every 10 d versus every 3 d for the model （i.e., the temporal sampling issue）. The fourth problem （P4） incorporates the full complexity with the addition of real T/P data outages. The numerical model （Los Alamos POP model Run 11） conserves the total water volume, thus generating no global mean sea level variation. Yet when the model sea level is sampled in the four problems （with P4 using the real T/P sampling）, variations occur as manifestations of the sampling errors. The results show root-mean-squares （rms） sampling errors for P1 of 0.67 （0.75） mm for 10 d （3 d） global mean sea level, 0.78 （0.86） mm for P2, 0.79 mm for P3, and 1.07 mm for P4, whereas the amplitudes of the sampling errors can be as large as 2.0 （2.7） mm for P1, 2.1 （2.7） mm for P2, 2.2 mm for P3, and 2.5 mm for P4. The results clearly show the largest source of the sampling errors to be the lack of global coverage （i.e., P1）, which the model has actually underestimated due to its own less-than-global coverage （between latitudes about 77° latitudes）. We have extrapolated that a truly global model would show the rms sampling error to be 1.14 （1.28） mm for P1, thus implying a substantially larger sampling error for P4.

关键词： sea level global warming remote sensing physical oceanography

Observational Study of Surface Wind along a Sloping Surface over Mountainous Terrain during Winter

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Advances in atmospheric Sciences 2018年第3期35卷 276-284页

作者： Young-Hee LEE Gyuwon LEE Sangwon JOO Kwang-Deuk AHN Department of Astronomy and atmospheric Sciences Kyungpook National University Numerical data Application Division Numerical Modeling Center

The 2018 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Pyeongchang, Korea, during February and March. We examined the near surface winds and wind gusts along the sloping surface at two outdoor venues in Pyeongchang during February and March using surface wind data. The outdoor venues are located in a complex, mountainous terrain, and hence the near-surface winds form intricate patterns due to the interplay between large-scale and locally forced winds. During February and March, the dominant wind at the ridge level is westerly; however, a significant wind direction change is ob- served along the sloping surface at the venues. The winds on the sloping surface are also influenced by thermal forcing, showing increased upslope flow during daytime. When neutral air flows over the hill, the windward and leeward flows show a significantly different behavior. A higher correlation of the wind speed between upper- and lower-level stations is shown in the windward region compared with the leeward region. The strong synoptic wind, small width of the ridge, and steep leeward ridge slope angle provide favorable conditions for flow separation at the leeward toot of the ridge. The gust factor increases with decreasing surface elevation and is larger during daytime than nighttime. A significantly large gust factor is also observed in the leeward region.

关键词： flow separation gust factor leeward region sloping surface

Inferring the global mean sea level from a global tide gauge network

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2011年第4期30卷 102-106页

作者： TAI Chang-Kou National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration National Environmental StelliteData and Information ServiceMaryland 20746USA

An attempt is made to infer the global mean sea level（GMSL） from a global tide gauge network and frame the problem in terms of the limitations of the network. The network,owing to its limited number of gauges and poor geographical distribution complicated further by unknown vertical land movements,is ill suited for measuring the GMSL. Yet it remains the only available source for deciphering the sea level rise over the last 100 a. The poor sampling characteristics of the tide gauge network have necessitated the usage of statistical inference. A linear optimal estimator based on the Gauss-Markov theorem seems well suited for the job. This still leaves a great deal of freedom in choosing the estimator. GMSL is poorly correlated with tide gauge measurements because the small uniform rise and fall of sea level are masked by the far larger regional signals. On the other hand,a regional mean sea level（RMSL） is much better correlated with the corresponding regional tide gauge measurements. Since the GMSL is simply the sum of RMSLs,the problem is transformed to one of estimating the RMSLs from regional tide gauge measurements. Specifically for the annual heating and cooling cycle,we separate the global ocean into 10-latitude bands and compute for each 10-latitude band the estimator that predicts its RMSL from tide gauges within. In the future,the statistical correlations are to be computed using satellite altimetry. However,as a first attempt,we have used numerical model outputs instead to isolate the problem so as not to get distracted by altimetry or tide gauge errors. That is,model outputs for sea level at tide gauge locations of the GLOSS network are taken as tide gauge measurements,and the RMSLs are computed from the model outputs. The results show an estimation error of approximately 2 mm versus an error of 2.7 cm if we simply average the tide gauge measurements to estimate the GMSL,caused by the much larger regional seasonal cycle and mesoscale variation plaguing the

关键词： sea level remote sensing global warming

Enhancement of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation Influence on Northern Hemisphere Air Temperature

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Advances in atmospheric Sciences 2009年第6期26卷 1209-1214页

作者：袁薇孙建奇 China Meteorological Administration Training centre Institute of atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study investigates the relationship between the summer North Atlantic Oscillation （SNAO） and the simultaneous Northern Hemisphere （NH） land surface air temperature （SAT） by using the Climate Research Unit （CRU） data. The results show that the SNAO is related to NH land SAT, but this linkage has varied on decadal timescales over the last 52 years, with a strong connection appearing after the late 1970s, but a weak connection before. The mechanism governing the relationship between the SNAO and NH land SAT is discussed based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results indicate that such a variable relationship may result from changes of the SNAO mode around the late 1970s. The SNAO pattern was centered mainly over the North Atlantic before the late 1970s, and thus had a weak influence on the NH land SAT. But after the late 1970s, the SNAO pattern shifted eastward and its southern center was enhanced in magnitude and extent, which transported the SNAO signal to the North Atlantic surrounding continents and even to central East Asia via an upper level wave train along the Asian jet.

关键词： Summer North Atlantic Oscillation surface air temperature wave train

Characteristics and possible causes of sea level anomalies in the Xisha sea area

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2016年第9期35卷 34-41页

作者： WANG Hui HAN Shuzong FAN Wenjing WANG Guosong LIU Kexiu ZHANG Zengjian National Marine data & Information Service State Oceanic Administration College of Oceanic and atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of China

Based on the analysis of wind,ocean currents,sea surface temperature（SST） and remote sensing satellite altimeter data,the characteristics and possible causes of sea level anomalies in the Xisha sea area are *** main results are shown as follows：（1） Since 1993,the sea level in the Xisha sea area was obviously higher than normal in 1998,2001,2008,2010 and ***,the sea level in 1998 and 2010 was abnormally high,and the sea level in 2010 was 13.2 cm higher than the muti-year mean,which was the highest in the *** 2010,the sea level in the Xisha sea area had risen 43 cm from June to August,with the strength twice the annual variation range.（2） The sea level in the Xisha sea area was not only affected by the tidal force of the celestial bodies,but also closely related to the quasi 2 a periodic oscillation of tropical western Pacific monsoon and ENSO events.（3）There was a significant negative correlation between sea level in the Xisha sea area and ENSO *** high sea level anomaly all happened during the developing phase of La *** also show significant negative correlations with Ni-o 4 and Ni-o 3.4 indices,and the lag correlation coefficients for 2 months and 3 months are–0.46 and –0.45,respectively.（4） During the early La Ni-a event form June to November in 2010,the anomalous wind field was cyclonic.A strong clockwise vortex was formed for the current in 25 m layer in the Xisha sea area,and the velocity of the current is close to the speed of the Kuroshio near the Luzon *** normal years,there is a “cool eddy”.While in 2010,from July to August,the SST in the area was 2–3°C higher than that of the same period in the history.

关键词： Xisha sea area sea level anomalies ENSO wind current SST

Optimizing the key parameter to accelerate the recovery of AMOC under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing

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atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2025年第1期18卷 39-45页

作者： Haolan Ren Fei Zheng Tingwei Cao Qiang Wang International Center for Climate and Environment Science(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjingChina CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences and Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)QingdaoChina

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)plays a central role in long-term climate variations through its heat and freshwater transports,which can collapse under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing in climate *** studies have suggested that the deviation of model parameters is one of the major factors in inducing inaccurate AMOC *** this work,with a low-resolution earth system model,the authors try to explore whether a reasonable adjustment of the key model parameter can help to re-establish the AMOC after its *** a new optimization strategy,the extra freshwater flux(FWF)parameter is determined to be the dominant one affecting the AMOC’s *** traditional ensemble optimal interpolation(EnOI)data assimilation and new machine learning methods are adopted to optimize the FWF parameter in an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing experiment to improve the adaptability of model parameters and accelerate the recovery of *** results show that,under an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing in millennial simulations,the AMOC will first collapse and then re-establish by the default FWF parameter ***,during the parameter adjustment process,the saltier and colder sea water over the North Atlantic region are the dominant factors in usefully improving the adaptability of the FWF parameter and accelerating the recovery of AMOC,according to their physical relationship with FWF on the interdecadal timescale.

关键词： Recovery of AMOC 4×CO_(2)forcing Key parameter Parameter estimation data assimilation Machine learning

Organics in the solar system

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2019年第4期19卷 1-6页

作者： Sun Kwok Laboratory for Space Research The University of Hong Kong Department of Earth Oceanand Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver

Complex organics are now commonly found in meteorites, comets, asteroids, planetary satellites and interplanetary dust particles. The chemical composition and possible origin of these organics are presented. Specifically, we discuss the possible link between Solar System organics and the complex organics synthesized during the late stages of stellar evolution. Implications of extraterrestrial organics on the origin of life on Earth and the possibility of existence of primordial organics on Earth are also discussed.

关键词： meteorites organics stellar evolution origin of life