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Seismotectonics of the 2008 and 2009 Qaidam Earthquakes and its Implication for Regional tectonics

Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第2期87卷 618-628页

作者： CHEN Guihua XU Xiwei ZHU Ailan ZHANG Xiaoqing YUAN Renmao Yann KLINGER Jean-Mathieu NOCQUET Key Laboratory of Active tectonics and Volcano Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration tectonics observatory California Institute of Technology Earthquake Administration of Shanghai Municipality Earthquake Administration of Qinghai Province Institut de Physique du Globe CNRS Geoscience Azur

Three magnitude 〉6 earthquakes struck Qaidam, Qinghai province, China, in November 10th 2008, August 28th and 31st 2009 respectively. The Zongwulongshan fault has often been designated as the active seismogenic structure, although it is at odd with the data. Our continuous GPS station （CGPS）, the Xiao Qaidam station, located in the north of the Qaidam basin, is less than 30 km to the southwest of the 2008 earthquake. This CGPS station recorded the near field co-seismic deformation. Here we analyzed the co-seismic dislocation based on the GPS time series and the rupture processes from focal mechanism for the three earthquakes. The afiershocks were relocated to constrain the spatial characteristics of the 2008 and 2009 Qaidam earthquakes. Field geological and geomorphological investigation and interpretation of satellite images show that the Xitieshan fault and Zongwulongshan fault were activated as left lateral thrust during the late Quaternary. Evidence of folding can also be identified. Integrated analyses based on our data and the regional tectonic environment show that the Xitieshan fault is the fault responsible for the 2008 Qaidam earthquake, which is a low dip angle thrust with left lateral strike slip. The Zongwulongshan fault is the seismogenic fault of the 2009 earthquakes, which is a south dipping back thrust of the northern marginal thrust system of the Qaidam basin. Folding takes a significant part of the deformation in the northern marginal thrust system of the Qaidam basin, dominating the contemporary structure style of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin and Qilianshan tectonic system. In this region, this fault and fold system dominates the earthquake activities with frequent small magnitude earthquakes.

关键词： Qaidam earthquakes seismotectonics Xitieshan fault Zongwulongshan fault structure style

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Slip Rate of Yema River–Daxue Mountain Fault since the Late Pleistocene and Its Implications on the Deformation of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第2期89卷 561-574页

作者： LUO Hao HE Wengui YUAN Daoyang SHAO Yanxiu Key Laboratory of Active tectonics and Volcano Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake Administration Lanzhou Institute of Seismology China Earthquake Administration Lanzhou National Geophysical observatory

The slip rate of Yema River-Daxue Mountain fault in the western segment of Qilian Mountains was determined by the dated offset of river risers or gullies. Results indicate that the left-lateral fault slip rate is 2.82± 0.20 mm/a at Dazangdele site, 2.00 ± 0.24 mm/a at Shibandun site, and 0.50± 0.36 and 2.80±0.33 mm/a at two sites in Zhazihu. The ideal average slip rate of the whole fault is 2.81 ± 0.32 mm/a. The lower slip rate confirms part of the displacement of Altyn Tagh fault was transformed into an uplifting of the strap mountains in the western segment of Qilian Mountains, whereas another part transformed into sinistral displacement of Haiyuan fault. This study illustrates that the slip of large strike-slip faults in the northeastern margin of the plateau transforms into crust thickening at the tip of the fault without large-scale propagation to the outer parts of the plateau.

关键词： Slip rate strike-slip fault Yema River-Daxue Mountain fault Altyn Tagh fault,Qilian ranges

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Growth of continental crust in intra-oceanic and continental-margin arc systems: Analogs for Archean systems

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第9期65卷 1615-1645页

作者： Timothy KUSKY Lu WANG State Key Lab for Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

Earth’s continental crust has grown and been recycled throughout geologic history along convergent plate *** main locus of continental crustal growth is in intra-oceanic and continental-margin arc systems in Archean time. In arc systems, oceanic lithosphere is subducted to the deeper mantle, and together with its overlying sedimentary sequence is in some cases off-scraped to form accretionary prisms. Fluids are released from the subducting slab to chemically react with the mantle wedge, forming mafic-ultramafic metasomatites, whose partial melting generates mafic melts that rise up to form arcs. In intraoceanic arcs, they produce dominantly basaltic lavas, with a mid-crust that includes variably-developed vertically-walled intermediate plutons and higher-level dikes and sills. In continental-margin arcs, different petrogenetic processes cause assimilation and fractionation of basaltic magmas, partial melting/reworking of juvenile basaltic rocks, and mixing of mantle-and crust-derived melts, so they produce andesitic calc-alkaline melts but still have a mid-crust dominated by vertically-walled felsic plutons, which form 3-D dome-and-basin structures, akin to those in some Archean terranes such as parts of the Pilbara and Zimbabwe cratons. Notably, the continental crust of Archean times is dominated by tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG)plutons, similar to that of the mid-crust of these arc systems, suggesting that early continental crust may have formed largely by the amalgamation of multiple arc systems. The patterns of magmatism, in terms of petrogenesis, rock types, duration of magmatic and accretionary events, and the spatial scales of deformation and magmatism have remained essentially the same throughout geological history, demonstrating that plate tectonic processes characterized by subduction and arc magmatism have been in operation at least as long as recorded by the preserved geologic record, since the Eoarchean. However, the early Earth was dom

关键词： Oceanic arc Continental arc Accretionary orogen Archean Crustal growth

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Twin Earthquakes Devastate Southeast Türkiye and Syria:First Report from the Epicenters

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第2期34卷 291-296页

作者： Timothy M.Kusky Erdin Bozkurt Jiannan Meng Lu Wang Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geological Engineering Middle East Technical University06800 AnkaraTürkiye

In early February,2023,southeastern Türkiye and northern Syria were hit by a series of deadly earthquakes(two of them above magnitude 7.5)that are proving to be one of the most significant earthquake disasters of this ***“twin quakes”caused a large number of casualties and property *** of press time,the death toll in Türkiye and Syria has surpassed 51000 and the number of injured has surpassed 120000,with the number affected>13.5 *** toll is constantly rising and the hope of finding more survivors has rapidly *** USGS PAGER(United States Geological Survey,Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquake for Response)service estimates economic losses of 10–100 billion US dollars.

关键词： Earthquake quake southeastern

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ASTER Analysis for Locating REE-Bearing Granites in Arid Regions:Example from the Arabian Shield

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1114-1123页

作者： Reda Amer Timothy M.Kusky Department of Earth and Space Sciences Lamar UniversityBeaumontTX77710USA State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesBadong National Observatory and Research Station for GeohazardsChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China

The world’s increasing demand for rare earth elements(REEs)highlights the potential for using new multispectral remote sensing techniques to define new exploration targets in arid regions,such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA),Egypt,and regions of central and western *** REEs cannot be detected by satellite multispectral instruments,REEs-bearing alkaline granites can be identified on ASTER ***,we develop a new ASTER band ratio scheme to delineate mineralization-related features of the Ghurayyah REE-bearing peralkaline granite in the northwestern *** Ghurayyah peralkaline stock is located at the intersection of a NW striking segment of the Najd-fault system,and an E-W striking *** is surrounded to the north and west by metavolcanics,from east by the Jabal Dabbagh alkali granite,and from the south by *** mineralogical composition of granitic rocks resulted in spectral variation and causes absorption features at different wavelengths in the shortwave infrared(SWIR).The newly developed band ratios were constructed from(b6+b8)/(b6–b8)in red;(b6+b8)/b4 in green,and(b7–b9)/(b7+b9)in blue,enabling the discrimination between the Ghurayyah REE-bearing peralkaline granite,Jabal Dabbagh alkali granite,monzogranite,and *** work will be carried out to perform higher-resolution drone-based hyperspectral imaging for new high-resolution mapping and evaluate the existing REE deposits,emphasizing field spectral measurements to identify the spectral reflectance of REEs mineralized zones and the absorption features of monazite,columbite-tantalite,and aeschynite-(Y),coupled with rock sampling for petrographical,spectral,and geochemical *** methods have great potential for locating REEs-bearing peralkaline granites in the Arabian shield and elsewhere,such as arid portions of central and western China and adjacent regions.

关键词： remote sensing multispectral imaging rare earth elements Arabian Shield mineral exploration

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Comparative orotomy of the Archean Superior and Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic systems

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National Science Review 2023年第2期10卷 20-48页

作者： Timothy M.Kusky A.M.Celal ?eng?r Center for Global tectonics School of Earth Sciences and State Key Laboratory for Geological Processes and Mineral ResourcesChina University of Geosciences Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Department of Geological Engineering Middle East Technical University Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences Istanbul Technical University Department of Geology Faculty of Mines Istanbul Technical University

We compare and contrast the materials and mechanisms of continental crustal growth in the largest preserved regions of Phanerozoic and Archean juvenile additions to the crust,to test for similarities or differences in the formation of continents through *** accomplish this through a comparison of map patterns,lithological contents,and structural and metamorphic evolution of the Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic system of Asia,with the Archean Superior Province of the North American Craton,using a method termed comparative *** orogenic systems consist of collages of curvilinear belts of eroded arcs,some older continental slivers,and vast tracts of former subduction/accretionary *** contain numerous shreds of portions of the ophiolite suite,slivers of island and continental arcs,and accreted oceanic plateau,all intruded by multiple magmatic suites during or between multiple deformation events,then sliced by large transcurrent fault systems and bent into large oroclinal *** make this comparison because the Superior Province is a typical Archean craton that was later,in the P aleoproterozoic,incorporated into the larger North American Craton,and has occupied a central position in several super continents(*** and Nuna,which then formed the core of Columbia,Rodinia,Laurentia and Pangea) during its *** it is the largest single fragment of Archean continental cratonic lithosphere preserved on Earth,the Superior Province is widely regarded as a testing ground for how Earth’s continental crust was ***,the Altaids encompass the largest region of crustal growth for the *** comparison with the Altaids is needed,as in recent years many myths about how the planet may have responded to higher heat production and flow in the Archean have emerged,because of trends in the science where regional geology is ignored in favor of numerical models,isotopic proxies for assumed models of chemical behavior for crust-for

关键词： Altaids superior province ophiolite subduction strike-slip

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Partitioning Anatolian Kinematics into Tectonic Escape and Slab Rollback Dominated Domains

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第3期35卷 758-768页

作者： Jiannan Meng Timothy M.Kusky Erdin Bozkurt Hao Deng Ozan Sinoplu State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geological Engineering Middle East Technical University06800 AnkaraTurkey Department of Geosciences Auburn UniversityAuburn AL 36849USA

Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the escape *** Positioning System(GPS)motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards(from east to west).Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anatolian fault systems,rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aegean,with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional ***,which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics,extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still *** assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia,we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets,and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components,revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones,while southward components increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia,where a slab tear is *** phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving *** ArabiaEurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressively more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear,which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the apparent curve of the whole modern velocity *** 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also confirm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west,and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in *** propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as

关键词： tectonics neotectonics tectonic escape slab rollback Anatolian Plate GPS velocity field geodynamics.

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Has Axial Spin Decline Affected Earth's Geologic and Tectonic History?

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1333-1336页

作者： Anne M.Hofmeister Robert E.Criss Timothy M.Kusky Department of Earth and Planetary Science Washington UniversitySt.LouisMO63130USA State Key Laboratory for Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China

0 INTRODUCTION Among the rocky planets,only Earth remains active 4.5 Ga after ***,only Earth has a chemically and structurally complex,bimodal surface with unequivocal horizontal *** unique plate motions are currently... 详细信息

关键词： Earth formation mantle

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Plate tectonics:The Stabilizer of Earth’s Habitability

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第6期34卷 1645-1662页

作者： Zhensheng Wang Junfeng Zhang Keqing Zong Timothy M.Kusky Yanxin Wang State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Badong National observatory and Research Station for Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430078China School of Environmental Studies China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430078China

Earth is the only planet known to be habitable,and is also unique with its liquid water,and the operation of plate *** geological record shows that the habitability of our planet can rapidly recover from major disasters or catastrophes,even those that cause mass *** suggest that plate tectonics,which acts as a link between the shallow and deep,is pivotal for the formation,evolution,and long-term stability of the hydrosphere,atmosphere,lithosphere,and thus *** tectonics links the surface environment with the deep interior of high viscosity,low Reynolds number,low entropy,and low chaos,able to produce a strong healing effect to neutralize catastrophic *** can transfer the bio-essential elements from the deep interior to the near-surface environment and can recycle toxic elements to the *** unique planetary energy and material transfer process of Earth is a continuous,slow-release,and bidirectional cycle,where a change in the surface is slowly buffered by a reaction from the deep,shaping a long-term and stable habitable ***,it is considered that plate tectonics is the basic condition for the long-term stable evolution of the Earth’s biosphere and the stabilizer of the Earth’s habitability.

关键词： Earth's habitability plate tectonics hydrosphere atmosphere continents

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阿尔金断裂带阿克塞段半果巴探槽揭露的古地震事件

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地震地质 2016年第3期38卷 670-679页

作者：李康徐锡伟罗浩 Paul Tapponnier Yann Klinger 高明星中国地震局地质研究所活动构造与火山重点实验室北京100029 Earth observatory of Singapore Singapore tectonics Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Sorbone Paris Cite CNRS

阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原北边界的1条近EW向延伸长约1600km的大型左旋走滑断裂带,也是晚第四纪活动性最强的断裂带之一,被分为11个破裂段。利用高精度卫星影像结合野外地质地貌调查,通过Trimble VX扫描测量了阿尔金断裂带阿克塞段半果巴... 详细信息

阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原北边界的1条近EW向延伸长约1600km的大型左旋走滑断裂带,也是晚第四纪活动性最强的断裂带之一,被分为11个破裂段。利用高精度卫星影像结合野外地质地貌调查,通过Trimble VX扫描测量了阿尔金断裂带阿克塞段半果巴观察点的断错微地貌,显示冲沟左岸T1阶地保存了最新1次地震的位错约6～7m。选择冲沟右岸跨断塞塘开挖探槽,采集了14C样品进行年代测定,对该探槽的古地震事件进行了分析。探槽揭示了12套地层单元,记录了4次古地震事件,结合之前的研究,利用逐次限定方法可以把阿克塞段的最新2次古地震事件的发生时间分别限定在1 180a BP左右和507～230a BP。

关键词：阿尔金断裂带阿克塞段古地震冲沟位错

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