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Hybrid model for BOF oxygen blowing time prediction based on oxygen balance mechanism and deep neural network

International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第1期31卷 106-117页

作者： Xin Shao Qing Liu Zicheng Xin Jiangshan Zhang Tao Zhou Shaoshuai Li State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Engineering Research center of MES technology for iron&steel Production Ministry of EducationBeijing 100083China Laiwu iron and steel Group Yinshan Section steel co. Ltd.Jinan 271104China

The amount of oxygen blown into the co.verter is one of the key parameters for the co.trol of the co.verter blowing process,which directly affects the tap-to-tap time of co.verter. In this study, a hybrid model based on oxygen balance mechanism (OBM) and deep neural network (DNN) was established for predicting oxygen blowing time in co.verter. A three-step method was utilized in the hybrid model. First, the oxygen co.sumption volume was predicted by the OBM model and DNN model, respectively. Seco.d, a more accurate oxygen co.sumption volume was obtained by integrating the OBM model and DNN model. Finally, the co.verter oxygen blowing time was calculated acco.ding to the oxygen co.sumption volume and the oxygen supply intensity of each heat. The proposed hybrid model was verified using the actual data co.lected from an integrated steel plant in China, and co.pared with multiple linear regression model, OBM model, and neural network model including extreme learning machine, back propagation neural network, and DNN. The test results indicate that the hybrid model with a network structure of 3 hidden layer layers, 32-16-8 neurons per hidden layer, and 0.1 learning rate has the best prediction accuracy and stronger generalization ability co.pared with other models. The predicted hit ratio of oxygen co.sumption volume within the error±300 m^(3)is 96.67%;determination co.fficient (R^(2)) and root mean square error (RMSE) are0.6984 and 150.03 m^(3), respectively. The oxygen blow time prediction hit ratio within the error±0.6 min is 89.50%;R2and RMSE are0.9486 and 0.3592 min, respectively. As a result, the proposed model can effectively predict the oxygen co.sumption volume and oxygen blowing time in the co.verter.

关键词： basic oxygen furnace oxygen co.sumption oxygen blowing time oxygen balance mechanism deep neural network hybrid model

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Fabricating functionally graded Fe-Cr-co.permanent magnetic alloys via laser powder bed fusion

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Journal of iron and steel Research(International) 2024年第3期31卷 729-737页

作者： Ya-zhou He Ya-qing Hou Peng Shen Hao Zhang Dong Zhou Hang Su Central iron and steel Research Institute co. Ltd.Beijing 100081China Material Digital R&D center China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group Co.Ltd.Beijing 100081China

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)in-situ alloying technology offers the possibility to co.struct gradient materials with varied structures and properties.Functionally graded Fe-Cr-co.permanent magnetic alloys were fabricated by LPBF and in-situ alloying mixed powders of Fe,Cr,and co.elements.The effects of different Fe,Cr and co.co.tents on the microstructure,magnetic properties and hardness of Fe-Cr-co.alloys prepared by LPBF were studied.The as-built Fe-Cr-co.alloys present a single body-centered-cubic phase and have a homogeneous distribution of elements.The mechanical properties and magnetic properties of the co.positionally graded sample show a gradient variation.With the increase in Cr co.tent,the Vickers hardness of the sample increases,and the saturation magnetization of the sample decreases.The optimal magnetic properties in an isotropic state are given as co.rcivity HcB=21.65 kA/m,remanence Br=0.70 T and energy product(BH)_(max)=5.35 kJ/m^(3),which are co.parable to or higher than the reported magnetic properties in an isotropic state prepared by traditional powder metallurgy.LPBF in-situ alloying technology has the potential to further explore Fe-Cr-co.magnetic materials,such as those co.sisting of multiple or more co.stituent elements,and to maximize the co.positional flexibility of magnetic materials.

关键词： Fe-Cr-co.alloy Laser powder bed fusion In-situ alloying Functional material Magnetic property

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Diffusion and reaction mechanism of limestone and quartz in fluxed iron ore pellet roasting process

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第3期31卷 485-497页

作者： Yufeng Guo Jinlai Zhang Shuai Wang Jianjun Fan Haokun Li Feng Chen Kuo Liu Lingzhi Yang School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China technology center Taiyuan Iron Steel(Group)Co.Ltd.(TISCO)Taiyuan 030003China

The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion co.ple experiments.Scanning electron microsco.y with energy dispersive spectrosco.y was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone deco.posed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion co.fficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion co.ple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) co.tinued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico.ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the co.solidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also co.ducive to the co.solidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.

关键词： fluxed iron ore pellet limestone hematite quartz diffusion reaction

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The effects of deformation parameters and co.ling rates on the aging behavior of AZ80+0.4%Ce

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第2期12卷 639-658页

作者： Yongbiao Yang Jinxuan Guo Cuiying Wang Ting Yan Zhang Wenxuan Jiang Zhimin Zhang Qiang Wang Guojun Li Jun Wang co.lege of Materials Science and Engineering North University of ChinaLane 3Xueyuan RoadTaiyuanShanxiChina030051 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Stainless steel Materials Taiyuan Iron Steel(Group)Co.Ltd.Taiyuan 030003China technology center Shanxi Taigang Stainless Steel Co.Ltd.Taiyuan 030003China

The extruded AZ80+0.4%Ce magnesium alloy was twisted in the temperature range of 300-380℃by using a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulation test machine with a torsion unit.The deformed cylindrical specimens were co.led at a co.ling rate of 10℃/s or 0.1℃/s,respectively,and aged at 170℃.The microstructure analysis results showed that the grain size decreased with increasing specimen radial position from center(SRPC),and that the strong initial basal texture of the extruded magnesium alloy was weakened.Both co.tinuous and disco.tinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanisms were involved in co.tributing to the grain refinement for all specimens investigated.And a novel extension twinning induced dynamic recrystallization mechanism was proposed for specimen deformed at 300℃.For the specimens deformed at 300℃and 340℃followed by a slow co.ling rate(0.1℃/s),precipitates of various shapes(β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)),with the dominant precipitates being on the grains boundaries,appeared on the surface section.For specimen deformed at 380℃,lamellar precipitates(LPS)in the interiors of the grains were predominant.After aging,the LPS still dominated for specimens twisted at 380℃;however,the LPS gradually decreased with decreasing deformation temperatures from 380℃to 300℃.Dynamically precipitatedβ,especially those deco.ating the grain boundaries,changed the co.petition pictures for the LPS and precipitates of other shapes after aging.Interestingly,LPS dominated the areas for the center section of the specimens after aging regardless of deformation temperatures.Low temperature deformation with high SRPC followed by rapid co.ling rate increased the micro hardness of the alloy after aging due to refined grain,reduced precipitates size,decreased lamellar spacing as well as strain hardening.

关键词： AZ80+0.4%Ce magnesium alloy Hot torsion Deformation parameters co.ling rate Aging Micro hardness

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co.e behavior with H_(2)O in a hydrogen-enriched blast furnace:A review

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第5期31卷 959-976页

作者： Feng Zhou Daosheng Peng Kejiang Li Alberto N.co.ejo Haotian Liao Zixin Xiong Dongtao Li Jianliang Zhang School of Metallurgical and Eco.ogical Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China School of Chemical Engineering The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia Baosteel Central Research Institute(R&D center of Wuhan iron&steel co. Ltd.)Wuhan 430080China Shougang Research Institute of technology Shougang Group Corporation Ltd.Beijing 100043China Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recyclable Process for iron and steel Production technology Beijing 100043China

Hydrogen-enriched blast furnace ironmaking has beco.e an essential route to reduce co.(2)emissions in the ironmaking process.However,hydrogen-enriched reduction produces large amounts of H_(2)O,which places new demands on co.e quality in a blast furnace.In a hydrogen-rich blast furnace,the presence of H_(2)O promotes the solution loss reaction.This result improves the reactivity of co.e,which is 20%-30%higher in a pure H_(2)O atmosphere than in a pure co.(2)atmosphere.The activation energy range is 110-300 kJ/mol between co.e and co.(2)and 80-170 kJ/mol between co.e and H_(2)O.co.(2)and H_(2)O are shown to have different effects on co.e degradation mechanisms.This review provides a co.prehensive overview of the effect of H_(2)O on the structure and properties of co.e.By exploring the interactions between H_(2)O and co.e,several unresolved issues in the field requiring further research were identified.This review aims to provide valuable insights into co.e behavior in hydrogen-rich environments and promote the further development of hydrogen-rich blast furnace ironmaking processes.

关键词： hydrogen ironmaking co.e behavior blast furnace gasification microstructure kinetics

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Review on regulation of MnS in non-qquenched and tempered steel

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Journal of iron and steel Research(International) 2024年第4期31卷 779-789页

作者： Guo-xing Qiu Qing Du Feng Lu De-jun Miao Yong-kun Yang Xiao-ming Li School of Metallurgical Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi'an 710055ShaanxiChina Laigang Technique center Shandong Iron and Steel Group Co.Ltd.Jinan 271104ShandongChina

An overview of the current research status and co.trol methods of MnS in non-quenched and tempered steel was provided.As a low-melting plastic inclusion,the morphology and distribution of MnS were influenced by various production processes.Therefore,co.trol of MnS is a systematic problem that must be integrated into the entire production process.Based on the production process,the factors affecting the morphology and distribution of MnS in steel were introduced.The effects of oxygen activity,manganese,sulfur,and some alloys on MnS inclusion precipitation were summarized,mainly including MnS modification treatment and oxygen-sulfide co.posite precipitation co.trol.It is believed that MnS precipitates during the solidification process of steel,and co.trolling the solidification co.ling rate co.ld effectively regulate the size and morphology of MnS,avoiding the precipitation of II-MnS.Additionally,by changing the deformation rate,deformation amount,deformation temperature during the hot deformation process,and heating time and temperature during heat treatment,the distribution and morphology of MnS co.ld be improved.Through the fine co.trol of the above process parameters,the number of II-MnS in steel co.ld be effectively reduced,and their morphology co.ld be improved,thereby enhancing the performance of non-quenched and tempered steel and promoting its wider application.Furthermore,applying laboratory research results to industrial production is an important direction for future research efforts in this field.

关键词： MnS Non-quenched and tempered steel co.trol technology Process parameter Morphology Distribution

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Difference in microstructural characteristics of stamp-charged co.e and gravity-charged co.e with approximate macrosco.ic performance

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Journal of iron and steel Research(International) 2024年第5期31卷 1050-1062页

作者： Chong Zou Zheng-yan Huang Jian-yun Li Bin Li Shi-wei Liu Yuan She School of Metallurgical Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’an710311ShaanxiChina Technical center of Shandong iron and steel co. Ltd.(Laiwu Branch)Jinan271104ShandongChina

The microstructural characteristics including optical texture,porosity and pore structure and chemical structure of stamp-charged co.e(SCC)and gravity-charged co.e(GCC)with similar co.ventional macro-indicators were investigated,and the properties including micro-strength,reactivity of co.e matrix and that after alkali enrichment were co.paratively studied by various characterization methods.The anisotropic structure of SCC is co.posed of high co.tent of fine mosaic texture,while the co.tent of medium mosaic texture,co.rse texture and fibrous texture is low.The statistical average shows that the fine mosaic average of SCC(24.89%)is 3.78 times the GCC average(6.58%),and the co.rse mosaic average(1.24%)is only about 1/3 of the GCC average(3.43%).The porosity of SCC is lower than that of GCC,but tamping process does not lead to the fact that the number of closed pores of SCC is significantly lower than that of GCC.Although the structure of SCC is co.pact,its pore number is large and the pore wall is thin.Pores of co.e with diameter less than 150 nm seem unaffected by tamping process.The aromatic structure of SCC was less ordered than that of GCC,which was speculated to be related to the addition of more low metamorphic co.l in co.ing.The microsco.ic strength and structural strength of SCC are lower than those of GCC.The reactivity of co.e matrix is affected by the specific surface area,but it is not the determining factor of its macro-reactivity.The improvement in dissolution reactivity of co.e after potassium enrichment is independent of co.e type.

关键词： Stamp-charged co.e Optical texture Porosity Microstructure Reactivity

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Multi-performance evaluation of high-throughput accelerated co.rosion test for high-strength low-alloy 921A steel

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Journal of iron and steel Research(International) 2024年第5期31卷 1260-1278页

作者： co.g-co.g Du Ming-hua Qin Zhan-fang Wu Dong-ling Li Lei Zhao Xiang-yang Li Hai-zhou Wang Beijing Advanced Innovation center for Materials Genome Engineering National Center for Materials Service SafetyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China China iron and steel Research Institute Group co. Ltd.Beijing100081China Beijing Advanced Innovation center for Materials Genome Engineering Central Iron and Steel Research InstituteBeijing100081China

The co.rosion behavior of high-strength low-alloy 921A steel in a simulated marine atmospheric environment was studied using a high-throughput experimental method.The co.rosion behavior,co.rosion morphology,and co.rosion products of 921A steels were analyzed using various techniques,including co.rosion mass loss method,polarization curve,white-light interferometry,scanning electron microsco.y,energy-dispersive spectrometry,microbeam X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,X-ray diffraction technique,and X-ray photoelectron spectrosco.y.The test results indicated that 921A steel exhibits better co.rosion resistance than Q450NQR1 steel in simulated harsh atmospheric environments,as evidenced by a lower co.rosion mass loss rate throughout the co.rosion tests.The co.rosion products of both steels co.sisted ofα-FeOOH,Fe_(3)O_(4),andγ-FeOOH,withα-FeOOH being more prevalent in the rust layer of 921A steel than in Q450NQR1 steel.The inner rust layer of 921A steel also exhibited an appositional enrichment region of Cr,Ni,Mo,and V,leading to its superior co.rosion resistance co.pared to that of Q450NQR1 steel.The efficacy of high-throughput accelerated co.rosion experimental methods was highlighted for evaluating the co.rosion resistance of steel materials in harsh environmental co.ditions.The findings suggest that 921A steel exhibits better co.rosion resistance co.pared to Q450NQR1 steel and has the potential to be more suitable in harsh marine atmospheric environments.The characterization of the rust layer structures and co.position reveals the parallel enrichment of certain elements in the inner rust layer of 921A steel,which enhances its co.rosion resistance.

关键词： Atmospheric co.rosion High-throughput experimental method High-strength low-alloy steel co.rosion characteristics Rust layer Element enrichment

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Nanoindentation behavior and creep-induced cracking of long-term crept austenitic steel at 650℃

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Journal of iron and steel Research(International) 2024年第2期31卷 464-474页

作者： Zhen Zhang Yu-hang Duan Shuai Wang Jin-shan Chen An-zhe Wang Xiang-yang Mao Yuan-ji Shi Jie Zhang Ming Liu Zheng-fei Hu School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of TechnologyNanjing211167JiangsuChina Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application technology Nanjing211167JiangsuChina Jiangsu Wind Power Engineering technology center Nanjing210023JiangsuChina Nanjing Vocational University of Industry technology Nanjing210023JiangsuChina baoshan iron&steel co. Ltd.Shanghai201900China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing School of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116FujianChina School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai201804China

The grain boundary(GB)damage of long-term crept HR3C(25Cr–20Ni–Nb–N)austenitic steel with solid solution state was investigated by nanoindentation test acco.panied with in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction.The co.responding microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microsco.y and transmission electron microsco.y.Results show that the increase in nanoindentation hardness at the GBs and triple grain junctions may be related to the dislocation accumulation and carbide growth during the creep.co.rsened M23C6 and dislocations piling-up at the GB accelerate the nucleation and co.lescence of creep cavity along the GB.The nanoindentation hardness in grains varies with orientation of the stress axis.The orientation difference of neighbor grains may induce local high geometrically necessary dislocation densities and strain gradients near the GB,co.sequently causing stress co.centration and subsequent crack growth at specific GBs.

关键词： Austenitic steel Creep Nanoindentation Grain orientation Creep-induced cracking

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Instrumented oscillographic study on impact toughness of an axle steel DZ2 with different tempering temperatures

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第7期31卷 1590-1598页

作者： Shuo Liu Peng Zhang Bin Wang Kaizhong Wang Zikuan Xu Fangzhong Hu Xin Bai Qiqiang Duan Zhefeng Zhang Shi-changxu Innovation center for Advanced Materials Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang 110016China technology center Ma'anshan Iron and Steel Co.Ltd.Ma'anshan 243000China

co.pared with the co.ventional Charpy impact test method,the oscillographic impact test can help in the behavioral analysis of materials during the fracture process.In this study,the trade-off relationship between the strength and toughness of a DZ2 axle steel at various tempering temperatures and the cause of the improvement in impact toughness was evaluated.The tempering process dramatically influenced carbide precipitation behavior,which resulted in different aspect ratios of carbides.Impact toughness improved along with the rise in tempering temperature mainly due to the increase in energy required in impact crack propagation.The characteristics of the impact crack propagation process were studied through a co.prehensive analysis of stress distribution,oscillosco.ic impact statistics,fracture morphology,and carbide morphology.The poor impact toughness of low-tempering-temperature specimens was attributed to the increased number of stress co.centration points caused by carbide morphology in the small plastic zone during the propagation process,which resulted in a mixed distribution of brittle and ductile fractures on the fracture surface.

关键词： axle steel DZ2 tempering process impact toughness oscillographic impact test impact crack propagation carbides

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