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Effect of vapour pressure deficit on gas exchange of field‑grown cotton

Journal of Cotton Research 2021年第4期4卷 337-346页

作者： BROUGHTON Katrina J. PAYTON Paxton TAN Daniel K.Y. TISSUE David T. BANGE Michael P. CSIRO Agriculture and Food Locked Bag 59NarrabriNSWAustralia Plant Breeding Institute Sydney Institute of AgricultureSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Hawkesbury CampusWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia United States Department of Agriculture Cropping Systems Research LaboratoryLubbockTXUSA

Background:Plants respond to changes in vapour pressure deficit(VPD)between the leaf and the atmosphere through changes in stomatal response,which can consequently affect transpiration,photosynthesis,and leaf-level water use *** projected warmer air temperatures,changes in rainfall distribution and altered VPD in future climates,it is important to understand the potential effect of VPD on leaf-level physiology of field-grown *** aim of this study was to assess the impact of altered VPD on leaf-level physiology of field-grown cotton to improve the current understanding of the plant-by-environment interaction,thereby contributing to validation and improvement of physiological and yield response *** VPD environments in the field were generated by planting cotton on three dates within the sowing window(early-season(S1)=5th October 2011;mid-season(S2)=9th November 2011;and late-season(S3)=30th November 2011).VPD was also modified by altering crop ***:VPDL accounted for the largest proportion of the explained variation in both stomatal conductance(32%∼39%)and photosynthetic(16%∼29%)responses of ***,smaller percentages of variation were attributed to other main factors such as the individual plant(Plant),and accumulated temperature stress hours(ASH;a measure of plant water status over time)and interactive factors,including leaf vapour pressure deficit(VPDL)×Plant and Plant×ASH;however,a proportion of variation was *** addition,the Asat/E(instantaneous transpiration efficiency,ITE)model developed based on cotton grown in the glasshouse was applied to cotton grown in the *** found that the modelled Asat/E and field-measured Asat/E were very similar,suggesting that the mechanistic basis for ITE was similar in both ***:This study highlights the importance of accounting for VPD in climate change research,given that stomata are highly responsive to changes in *** experiment pr

关键词： Climate change Gossypium hirsutum Physiology VPD

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Biological nitrogen fixation in paddy soils is driven by multiple edaphic factors and available phosphorus is the greatest contributor

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Pedosphere 2024年第6期34卷 993-1001页

作者： Tianlong HU Yanhui ZHANG Hui WANG Haiyang JIN Benjuan LIU Zhibin LIN Jing MA Xiaojie WANG Qi LIU Hongtao LIU Zhe CHEN Rong ZHOU Penghui JIN Jianguo ZHU Gang LIU Qicheng BEI Xingwu LIN Zubin XIE State Key Laboratory of Soil and sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment and Safety Engineering Nanjing Polytechnic Institute Co-Innovation Center for sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ

Biological nitrogen（N） fixation（BNF） is important for sustainable rice cultivation. Various edaphic factors have been individually evaluated for their effects on BNF in paddy soils. However, no single factor could fully explain the different soil outcomes. Paddy BNF is more likely to be simultaneously influenced to various degrees by combinations of several edaphic factors; however, the relative importance of the interaction of multiple edaphic factors on the regulation of BNF in paddy soils is still unclear. Twenty-seven paddy soil samples with different soil properties were collected from the major rice cropping areas in Southwest and Northeast China to determine the edaphic factors affecting paddy BNF amount. Rice was transplanted into pots filled with paddy soils and grown in a15N2-enriched airtight chamber. Estimation of BNF was based on the measurements of15N enrichment in the paddy soils and rice plants at the end of a 77-d incubation period. The BNF amounts ranged from 0.66 to 12.3 kg ha-1, with a significant positive relationship with available phosphorus（AP） and significant quadratic relationships with available molybdenum（AMo） and total N（TN）. Available P explained 42% of the observed variation in BNF, TN explained 17%, and AMo explained 13%. The specific interaction between soil cation exchange capacity and available soil N（as determined by rice N uptake） accounted for 28% of the variation in BNF. The BNF amount was decreased when AP was 3.2 g kg-1. These results provide valuable benchmarks that could be used to guide farmers in managing paddy soils to improve the potential contribution of paddy BNF to soil fertility.

关键词： available molybdenum available soil nitrogen influencing factors multiplicative effect rice field soil fertility

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Review Paper: Challenges and Limitations in Studying the Shrink-Swell and Crack Dynamics of Vertisol Soils

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2012年第2期2卷 82-90页

作者： Takele M. Dinka Robert J. Lascano Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA USDA-ARS1 cropping systems Research Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit Lubbock TX USA.

The need to study the shrink-swell and crack properties of vertic soils has long been recognized given their dynamics in time and space, which modifies the physical properties that impact water and air movement in the soil, flow of water into the subsoil and ground water, and generally alter the hydrology of vertic soils. Measurement of crack properties has been made by numerous researchers with the purpose to understand and quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of shrinking and swelling and the associated formation of cracks. These crack properties, which are important in modifying hydrology of soils are: width, length, depth and orientation of soil’s cracks. To better understand the hydrology of vertic soils and incorporate crack properties into hydrologic simulation models, several techniques have been developed to measure crack properties. However, little attention is given to evaluate both the advantages and the limitations associated with these techniques. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight challenges and limitations that have been used or might be used to measure cracking in vertic soils.

关键词： Shrink-Swell Crack Dynamics Crack Properties

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Cover Crop and Irrigation Effects on Soil Microbial Communities and Enzymes in Semiarid Agroecosystems of the Central Great Plains of North America

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Pedosphere 2016年第2期26卷 192-205页

作者： Francisco J. CALDERON David NIELSEN Veronica ACOSTA-MARTINEZ Merle F. VIGIL Drew LYON USDA-ARS Central Great Plains Research Station Akron CO 80720 USA USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Lubbock TX 79415 USA Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-6420 USA

Cover crops can have beneficial effects on soil microbiology by increasing carbon （C） supply, but these beneficial effects can be modulated by precipitation conditions. The objective of this study was to compare a fallow-winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） rotation to several cover crop-winter wheat rotations under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the semiarid US High Plains. Experiments were carried out at two sites, Sidney in Nebraska, and Akron in Colorado, USA, with three times of soil sampling in 2012--2013 at cover crop termination, wheat planting, and wheat maturity. The experiments included four single-species cover crops, a 10-species mixture, and a fallow treatment. The variables measured were soil C and nitrogen （N）, soil community structure by fatty acid methyl ester （FAME） profiles, and soil β-glucosidase,β-glucosaminidase, and phosphodiesterase activities. The fallow treatment, devoid of living plants, reduced the concentrations of most FAMEs at cover crop termination. The total FAME concentration was correlated with cover crop biomass （R = 0.62 at Sidney and 0.44 at Akron）. By the time of wheat planting, there was a beneficial effect of irrigation, which caused an increase in myeorrhizal and protozoan markers. At wheat maturity, the cover crop and irrigation effects on soil FAMEs had subsided, but irrigation had a positive effect on the β-glucosidase and phosphodiesterase activities at Akron, which was the drier of the two sites. Cover crops and irrigation were slow to impact soil C concentration. Our results show that cover crops had a short-lived effect on soil microbial communities in semiarid wheat-based rotations and irrigation could enhance soil enzyme activity. In the semiarid environment, longer time spans may have been needed to see beneficial effects of cover crops on soil microbial community structure, soil enzyme activities, and soil C sequestration.

关键词： crop rotation enzyme activity FAME profile fatty acid methyl ester winter wheat

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Effects of elevated CO_(2) concentration on CH_(4) and N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields:A meta-analysis

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第1期65卷 96-106页

作者： Haiyang YU Tianyu WANG Qiong HUANG Kaifu SONG Guangbin ZHANG Jing MA Hua XU State Key Laboratory of Soil and sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The inevitable rise of atmospheric CO_(2) concentration plays an important role in regulating the carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)cycling in the rice-cropping *** the effects of elevated CO_(2) concentration(ECO_(2))on CH_(4) and N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields is essential for evaluating agricultural production in response to global climate *** this study,we conducted a global meta-analysis to assess the overall effect of ECO_(2) on CH_(4) and N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields,aiming at providing a guideline for sustainable C and N management in paddy fields under future climate *** results showed that,overall,ECO_(2) significantly increased CH_(4) emissions from rice fields by 23%(P10 yr)of ECO_(2) ,ECO_(2) significantly reduced CH_(4) and N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields by 27%and 53%,respectively(P<0.05).Along with the increasing levels of ECO_(2) ,the stimulating effect of ECO_(2) on CH_(4) emissions showed a trend of"weakening firstly and then strengthening",while its effect on N_(2)O emissions changed from stimulation to *** managements(e.g.,N application rates,straw incorporations,water regimes,and rice cultivars)affected the effects of ECO_(2) on CH_(4) and N_(2)O emissions from paddy *** no or half amount of straw incorporation,ECO_(2) increased CH_(4) emissions by 27% or 49%(P<0.05)from paddy fields,respectively,while non-significant effects on CH_(4) emissions from paddy fields were observed under full straw *** the increasing amount of straw incorporation,the reductions in N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields were enhanced by ECO_(2).Compared with a continuous flooding regime,intermittent irrigation weakened the promoted effect on CH_(4) emissions but stimulated the inhibited effect on N_(2)O emissions from paddy fields under ECO_(2).Therefore,under the future condition of ECO_(2),it is recommended to adopt the appr

关键词： Elevated CO_(2) Paddy field CH_(4) N_(2)O Agronomy managements Meta-analysis

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A Technical Note: Orientation of Cracks and Hydrology in a Shrink-Swell Soil

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2012年第2期2卷 91-94页

Crack orientations are an important soil physical property that affects water flow, particularly in vertic soils. However, the spatial and temporal variability of crack orientations across different land uses and gilgai features is not well-documented and addressed in hydrology models. Thus;there is a need to quantify crack orientations for different land uses and to incorporate their spatial and temporal dynamics into hydrological models. Our objectives were to document the spatial variability of cracks orientations across two land uses and to demonstrate the potential importance of crack orientation related to the hydrology of Vertisols. The exploratory field measurements of the spatial distribution of crack orientations across two Vertisol catenae of two land uses and gilgai features are presented. The field survey showed the complexity of crack geometry in a field, the potential impact of crack orientation on Vertisol hydrology and the challenges associated with measurement of crack orientations.

关键词： Crack Orientation Hydrology

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Changes of multiple cropping in Huang-Huai-Hai agricultural region,China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018年第11期28卷 1685-1699页

作者：闫慧敏刘芳牛忠恩顾峰雪杨艳昭 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Multiple cropping index （MCI） is the ratio of total sown area and cropland area in a region, which represents the regional time intensity of planting crops. Multiple cropping systems have effectively improved the utilization efficiency and production of cropland by increasing cropping frequency in one year. Meanwhile, it has also significantly altered biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of multiple cropping intensity is of great significance for ensuring food and ecological security. In this study, MCI of Huang-Huai-Hai agricultural region with intensive cropping practices was extracted based on a cropping intensity mapping algorithm using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI） time series at 500-m spatial resolution and 8-day time intervals. Then the physical characteristics and landscape pattern of MCI trends were analyzed from 2000-2012. Results showed that MCI in Huang-Huai-Hai agricultural region has increased from 152% to 156% in the 12 years. Topography is a primary factor in determining more stable in hilly area than in plain area. An the spatial pattern dynamics of MCI, which is increase from 158% to 164% of MCI occurred irplain area while there was almost no change in hilly area with single cropping. The most active region of MCI change was the intersection zone between the hilly area and plain area. In spatial patterns, landscape of multiple cropping systems tended to be homogenized reflected by a reduction in the degree of fragmentation and an increase in the degree of concentration of cropland with the same cropping system.

关键词： Huang-Huai-Hai agricultural region MCI spatio-temporal dynamics MODIS EVI landscape pattern

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A 2-year study on the effect of biochar on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in an intensive rice-wheat cropping system

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Biochar 2019年第2期1卷 177-186页

作者： Shuwei Wang Shutan Ma Jun Shan Yongqiu Xia Jinghui Lin Xiaoyuan Yan State Key Laboratory of Soil and sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshu 215555China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Anhui Normal UniversityWuhu 241002China

The impacts of biochar addition with nitrogen fertilizer(Urea-N)on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and grain yields are not comprehensively ***,we designed a field experiment in an intensive rice-wheat cropping system located in the Taihu Lake region of China and measured CH4 and N_(2)O emissions for 2 consecutive years to examine the impacts of biochar combined with N-fertilizer on rice production and GHG *** field experimental treatments were designed:(1)no N-fertilizer application(N0);(2)270 kg N ha^(−1) application(N270);and(3)270 kg N-fertilizer ha^(−1) plus 25 t ha^(−1) biochar application(N270+C).We found that,compared with urea application alone,biochar applied with Urea-N fertilizer increased N use efficiency(NUE)and resulted in more stable growth of rice *** addition,biochar addition increased CH4 emissions by 0.5-37.5%on average during the two consecutive rice-growing seasons,and decreased N_(2)O-N loss by~16.7%.During the first growing season,biochar addition did not significantly affect the global warming potential(GWPt)or the greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI)of rice production(p>0.05).By contrast,during the second rice-growing season,biochar application significantly increased GWPt and GHGI by 28.9%and 18.8%,respectively,mainly because of increased CH_(4) *** results suggest that biochar amendment could improve grain yields and NUE,and increased soil GWPt,resulting in a higher potential environmental cost,but that biochar additions enhance exogenous carbon sequestration by the soil,which could offset the increases in GHG emissions.

关键词： Biochar Greenhouse gas fluxes Rice yields N use efficiency(NUE)

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Alternate Wetting and Drying of Rice Reduced CH4 Emissions but Triggered N2O Peaks in a Clayey Soil of Central Italy

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Pedosphere 2016年第4期26卷 533-548页

作者： Alessandra LAGOMARSINO Alessandro Elio AGNELLI Bruce LINQUIST Maria Arlene ADVIENTO-BORBE Alberto AGNELLI Giacomo GAVINA Stefano RAVAGLIA Rossana Monica FERRARA Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria centro di ricerca per l'Agro Biologia e la Pedologia 50121 Firenze Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali Universita di Perugia 06123 Perugia Societa Italiana Sementi S. Lazzaro di Savena 40068 Bologna Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments70125 Bari

Reducing CH4 and N20 emissions from rice cropping systems while sustaining production levels with less water requires a better understanding of the key processes involved. Alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation is one promising practice that has been shown to reduce CH4 emissions. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on N20 emissions, in particular under Mediterranean climate. To close this knowledge gap, we assessed how AWD influenced grain yield, fluxes and annual budgets of CH4 and N20 emissions, and global warming potential （GWP） in Italian rice systems over a 2-year period. Overall, a larger GWP was observed under AWD, as a result of high N20 emissions which offset reductions in CH4 emissions. In the first year, with 70% water reduction, the yields were reduced by 33%, CH4 emissions decreased by 97%, while N20 emissions increased by more than 5-fold under AWD as compared to PF; in the second year, with a 40% water saving, the reductions of rice yields and CH4 emissions （13% and 11%, respectively） were not significant, but N20 fluxes more than doubled. The transition from anaerobic to aerobic soil conditions resulted in the highest N20 fluxes under AWD. The duration of flooding, transition to aerobic conditions, water level above the soil surface, and the relative timing between fertilization and flooding were the main drivers affecting greenhouse gas mitigation potential under AWD and should be carefully planned through site-specific management options.

关键词： aerobic soil conditions fertilization global warming potential greenhouse gas mitigation potential water saving

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From Parallel Plants to Smart Plants:Intelligent Control and Management for Plant Growth

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2017年第2期4卷 161-166页

作者： Mengzhen Kang Fei-Yue Wang State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex systems Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of Sciences (SKL-MCCSCASIA) Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent systems and Technology IEEE State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex systems (SKL-MCCS) Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) School of Computer and Control Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Military Computational Experiments and Parallel systems Technology National University of Defense Technology

Precision management of agricultural systems, aiming at optimizing profitability, productivity and sustainability, comprises a set of technologies including sensors, information systems, and informed management, etc. Expert systems are expected to aid farmers in plant management or environment control, but they are mostly based on the offline and static information, deviated from the actual situation. Parallel management, achieved by virtual/artificial agricultural system, computational experiment and parallel execution, provides a generic framework of solution for online decision support. In this paper, we present the three steps toward the parallel management of plant: growth description U+0028 the crop model U+0029, prediction, and prescription. This approach can update the expert system by adding learning ability and the adaption of knowledge database according to the descriptive and predictive model. The possibilities of passing the knowledge of experienced farmers to younger generation, as well as the application to the parallel breeding of plant through such system, are discussed. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

关键词： Agriculture Artificial intelligence Decision support systems Expert systems sustainable development

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