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Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese loess plateau

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第8期14卷 837-848页

作者： WANG Yaobin SHANGGUAN Zhouping state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China

The construction of artificial shelter forests(ASFs)has resulted in substantial ecological,economic,and societal benefits to the Chinese loess plateau(CLP).However,the health and benefits of ASFs are being increasingly threatened by the formation of low-efficiency artificial shelter forests(LEASFs).In this study,LEASFs are systematically analyzed in terms of their status,formation mechanisms,and developmental obstacles.The key restoration techniques and schemes were summarized to improve the quality and efficiency of LEASFs.LEASFs are formed by relatively complex mechanisms,but they arise mainly due to poor habitat conditions,improper tree species selections,mismatch between stands and habitat,extensive forest management measures,and human interferences.The restoration and improvement of LEASFs are hindered by water deficits,mismatch between stands and habitat,single management purpose,and low efficiency.LEASFs are becoming more complex due to their wide range,the challenges associated with their restoration,and insufficient technological measures for their restoration.The key techniques of the quality and efficiency improvement of LEASFs include basic forest tending methods,near-natural restoration,multifunction-oriented improvement,and systematic restoration.An understanding on the formation mechanisms of LEASFs and a scientific approach toward their restoration are urgently needed and critical for the ecological protection and high-quality development of LEASFs on the CLP.Based on these analyses,we recommend strengthening the monitoring and supervision of LEASFs,considering the bearing capacity of regional water resources,implementing multiple restoration techniques,promoting multifunction-oriented ecological development,and exploring new management concepts to achieve the sustainable development of ASFs on the CLP.

关键词： low-efficiency artificial shelter forests restoration forest management multifunctional forestry near-natural forestry Three-North Shelter Forest Chinese loess plateau

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Leaf C:N:P stoichiometric homeostasis of a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation on the loess plateau

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第4期34卷 929-937页

作者： Zhuoxia Su Bingqian Su Shenglin Mao Zhouping Shangguan state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiPeople’s Republic of China

Homeostasis is the adaptability of a species to a changing environment.However,the ecological stoichiometric homeostasis of Robinia pseudoacacia L.in diff erent climatic regions is poorly understood but could provide insights into its adaptability in the loess hilly region.This study sampled 20 year-old R.pseudoacacia plantations at 10 sites along a north–south transect on the loess plateau.Variations in the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of leaf and soil carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus were analysed and homeostatic characteristics of leaf ecological stoichiometric parameters in diff erent climates were identifi ed.Factors aff ecting leaf stoichiometry were assessed.The results show that R.pseudoacacia leaves were rich in nitrogen and defi cient in phosphorous during tree growth and development.Nitrogen and phosphorous levels in the soils of the loess region were lower than the average in soils in the rest of China.All ecological stoichiometric parameters of R.pseudoacacia leaves in two diff erent climates were considered“strictly homeostasis”.Precipitation,available phosphorus,and soil C:P were the main factors aff ecting the variation of C:N:P stoichiometry of R.pseudoacacia leaves.R.pseudoacacia in the loess hilly region has strong ecologically homeostatic characteristics and suggests that it is well-adapted to the area.

关键词： loess plateau Robinia pseudoacacia Ecological stoichiometry Homeostasis

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Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the loess plateau,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第3期14卷 325-340页

作者： LI Panpan WANG Bing YANG Yanfen LIU Guobin state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China

Vegetation near-soil-surface factors can protect topsoil from erosion,however,their contributions to the reduction of soil erosion,especially under natural rainfall events,have not been systematically recognized.This study was performed to quantify the effects of near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment under natural rainfall events on grasslands dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI grassland)and Artemisia gmelinii Thunb.(AG grassland)in two typical watersheds on the loess plateau,China in 2018.By successive removal of the plant canopy,litter,biological soil crusts(BSCs)and plant roots,we established five treatments including plant roots,plant roots+BSCs,plant roots+BSCs+litter,intact grassland and bare land in each grassland type.In total,twenty runoff plots(5 m×3 m)with similar slopes and aspects were constructed in the two types of grasslands.Results showed that plant canopy,litter and roots reduced runoff,while BSCs,which swelled in the presence of water,increased runoff.In contrast,all of these factors reduced sediment yield.In addition,the reductions in runoff and sediment yield increased with I30(maximum 30-min rainfall intensity)for each vegetation near-soil-surface factor except for BSCs.Among these factors,plant canopy had the largest contribution to runoff reduction,accounting for 48.8% and 39.9% in the BI and AG grasslands,respectively.The contributions of these vegetation near-soil-surface factors to sediment yield reduction were similar(21.3%-29.9%)in the two types of grasslands except for BSCs in the AG grassland(10.3%).The total reduction in runoff in the BI grassland(70.8%)was greater than that in the AG grassland(53.1%),while the reduction in sediment yield was almost the same in both grasslands(97.4%and 96.7%).In conclusion,according to the effects of different vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment production,our results may provide more complete insight and scientific basis into the effects of various vegetation related factors in controlling soil ero

关键词： vegetation near-soil-surface factor grassland arid and semi-arid soil erosion loess plateau

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Effects of nitrogen addition on the soil detachment in the typical grasslands of the loess plateau

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第12期19卷 3503-3516页

作者： LI Pan-pan WANG Bing YANG Yan-fen LIU Guo-bin state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China

Nitrogen deposition will alleviate the nitrogen limitation in terrestrial ecosystems and greatly affect vegetation growth,thereby soil erosion.It is important to clarify the effects of nitrogen addition to the plant roots and soil properties on the soil erosion process.A nitrogen addition experiment was conducted in the grassland dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI),which has received 0,2.5,5,and 10 g N m^(-2) yr^(-1)(N_(0),N_(2.5),N_(5)and N_(10),respectively)for three consecutive years.Then,a total of 150 undisturbed soil samples were collected(including bare soil control)and subjected to flowing water to test their soil detachment capacities under six shear stress levels(10.2 Pa to 29.9 Pa).Three-year nitrogen addition increased the soil bulk density,soil cohesion and nitrate nitrogen while decreasing the saturated hydraulic conductivity,soil water-stable aggregates,soil organic carbon,total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen.The root mass density and root diameter decreased with nitrogen addition.And the root length,surface area and volume density of the N_(0) and N_(5) treatments were larger than those of the other treatments,while the plant roots were significantly inhibited by N_(10).Additionally,the soil detachment capacity(D_(c))and rill erodibility(K_(r))of the N_(0) and N_(5) treatments were significantly less than those of the N_(2.5) and N_(10)treatments,of which the Dc(0.020 kg m^(-2) s^(-1))of the N_(0) treatment was 69.0%,24.3%and 66.8%less than that of the N_(2.5),N_(5) and N_(10) treatments,respectively.The Kr of the N_(0) treatment was 0.0012 s m^(-1),which was 72.1%,25.0%and 70.0%less than that of the others.This study implies that an increase in nitrogen addition likely exacerbates soil erosion in the early(approximately 2.5 g N m^(-2) yr^(-1))and late phases(more than 10 g N m^(-2) yr^(-1)).However,when the nitrogen addition rate is approximately 5 g m^(-2) yr^(-1),soil erosion may be inhibited because of the responses of the plant roots and soil to nitrogen addition.

关键词： Nitrogen deposition Root traits Soil properties Soil detachment Grassland loess plateau

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Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat

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The Crop Journal 2017年第3期5卷 231-239页

作者： Yuping Li Hongbing Li Yuanyuan Li Suiqi Zhang state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F University state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources

In wheat, the ear is one of the main photosynthetic contributors to grain filling under drought stress conditions. In order to determine the relationship between stomatal characteristics and plant drought resistance, photosynthetic and stomatal characteristics and water use efficiency(WUE) were studied in two wheat cultivars: the drought-resistant cultivar ‘Changhan 58' and the drought-sensitive cultivar ‘Xinong 9871'. Plants of both cultivars were grown in pot conditions under well-watered(WW) and water-stressed(WS) conditions. In both water regimes,‘Changhan 58' showed a significantly higher ear photosynthetic rate with a lower rate of variation and a significantly higher percentage variation of transpiration compared to control plants at the heading stage under WS conditions than did ‘Xinong 9871' plants. Moreover,‘Changhan 58' showed lower stomatal density(SD) and higher stomatal area per unit organ area(A) under both water conditions. Water stress decreased SD, A, and stomatal width(SW), and increased stomatal length in flag leaves(upper and lower surfaces) and ear organs(awn, glume,lemma, and palea), with the changes more pronounced in ear organs than in flag leaves.Instantaneous WUE increased slightly, while integral WUE improved significantly in both cultivars. Integral WUE was higher in ‘Changhan 58', and increased by a greater amount, than in‘Xinong 9871'. These results suggest that drought resistance in ‘Changhan 58' is regulated by stomatal characteristics through a decrease in transpiration rate in order to improve integral WUE and photosynthetic performance, and through sustaining a higher ear photosynthetic rate, therefore enhancing overall drought-resistance.

关键词： Wheat Stomatal structure Ear photosynthesis Drought resistance Water use efficiency

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Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen distribution of large-spike wheat in Northwest China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第3期15卷 545-552页

作者： WANG Li-fang CHEN Juan SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F University

The leaf photosynthesis and nitrogen（N） translocation in three large-spike lines and control cultivar（Xi＇nong 979） of winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） were studied in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in the physiological characteristics of large-spike lines and control cultivar and identify the limiting factors that play a role in improving the yield of breeding materials. The average yield, grain number per spike, kernel weight per spike, and 1 000-kernel weight of the large-spike lines were 16.0, 26.8, 42.6, and 15.4%, respectively, significantly higher than those of control. The average photosynthetic rates（Pn） were not significant between the large-spike lines and control cultivar during the active growth period. The average PSII maximum energy conversion efficiency（Fv/Fm）, PSII actual quantum efficiency（Ф（PSII））, photochemical quenching coefficient（qP）, PSII reaction center activity（Fv′/Fm′） and water-use efficiency（WUE） of the large-spike lines were 1.0, 5.1, 3.6, 0.8, and 43.4%, respectively, higher than those of the control during the active growth stages. The N distribution proportions in different tissues were ranked in the order of grains〉culms＋sheathes〉rachis＋glumes〉flag leaves〉penultimate leaves〉remain leaves. This study suggested that utilization of the large-spike wheat might be a promising approach to obtain higher grain yield in Northwest China.

关键词： wheat nitrogen distribution large-spike lines photosynthetic characteristics yield

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Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第4期14卷 426-440页

作者： WU Changxue QIU Dexun GAO Peng MU Xingmin ZHAO Guangju state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin(WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources m

关键词： water yield InVEST model Weihe River Basin Geoda model scenario analysis

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Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第12期14卷 1344-1360页

作者： WU Changxue Xu Ruirui QIU Dexun DING Yingying GAO Peng MU Xingmin ZHAO Guangju state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

Exploring the current runoff characteristics after the large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green(GFG)project and investigating its sensitivities to potential drivers are crucial for water resource prediction and management.Based on the measured runoff data of 62 hydrological stations in the Weihe River Basin(WRB)from 2006 to 2018,we analyzed the temporal and spatial runoff characteristics in this study.Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between different runoff indicators and climate-related factors.Additionally,an improved Budyko framework was applied to assess the sensitivities of annual runoff to precipitation,potential evaporation,and other factors.The results showed that the daily runoff flow duration curves(FDCs)of all selected hydrological stations fall in three narrow ranges,with the corresponding mean annual runoff spanning approximately 1.50 orders of magnitude,indicating that the runoff of different hydrological stations in the WRB varied greatly.The trend analysis of runoff under different exceedance frequencies showed that the runoff from the south bank of the Weihe River was more affluent and stable than that from the north bank.The runoff was unevenly distributed throughout the year,mainly in the flood season,accounting for more than 50.00%of the annual runoff.However,the trend of annual runoff change was not obvious in most areas.Correlation analysis showed that rare-frequency runoff events were more susceptible to climate factors.In this study,daily runoff under 10%-20%exceeding frequencies,consecutive maximum daily runoff,and low-runoff variability rate had strong correlations with precipitation,aridity index,and average runoff depth on rainy days.In comparison,daily runoff under 50%-99%exceeding frequencies,consecutive minimum daily runoff,and high-runoff variability rate had weak correlations with all selected impact factors.The sensitivity analysis results suggested that the sensitivity of annual runoff to precipitation was always higher than that to potent

关键词： daily runoff climate-related factors precipitation potential evaporation correlation analysis sensitivity analysis Weihe River Basin

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Species Composition, Richness and Aboveground Biomass of Natural Grassland in Hilly-Gully Regions of the loess plateau, China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第11期13卷 2527-2536页

作者： DENG Lei SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F University

In order to study the characteristics of species composition, richness and aboveground biomass of natural grasslands, and then ifnd out the relations between species richness and aboveground productivity of the communities and possible mechanisms to form the relations, four typical grassland communities （Artemisia capillaries （AC）, Thymus quinquecostatus （TQ）, Stipa bungeana （SB） and Stipa grandis （SG）） along with a succession sequence in hilly-gully regions of the loess plateau, China, were investigated by ifeld survey and laboratory analysis. The results were summarized as follows：Different succession stages had different species compositions as well as different proportions of plant life forms and photosynthetic types, and Asteraceae, Poaceae and Leguminosae were their dominant species as well as their dominant perennial herb species;and different succession stages had signiifcantly different species richness and aboveground biomasses. There were many relation patterns （linear positive correlation, unrelated relations and unimodal relations） between the species richness and aboveground biomass in different succession stages and a signiifcant unimodal relation between the species richness and aboveground biomass in all the grassland communities and the highest species diversity appeared at a moderate level of productivity. The results suggest the unimodal relations in all the grassland communities are accumulative results of the relations in each succession stage.

关键词： life forms photosynthetic types productivity species diversity

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Dynamics of forest biomass carbon stocks from 1949 to 2008 in Henan Province,east-central China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第2期29卷 434-443页

作者： Yanfang Wang Ling Liu Zhouping Shangguan state key laboratory of Soil Erosion and dryland farming on the loess plateau Northwest A&F University College of Agriculture Henan University of Science and Technology

We estimated forest biomass carbon storage and carbon density from 1949 to 2008 based on nine consecutive forest inventories in Henan Province,China.According to the definitions of the forest inventory,Henan forests were categorized into five groups: forest stands,economic forests,bamboo forests,open forests,and shrub forests.We estimated biomass carbon in forest stands for each inventory period by using the continuous biomass expansion factor method.We used the mean biomass density method to estimate carbon stocks in economic,bamboo,open and shrub forests.Over the 60-year period,total forest vegetation carbon storage increased from34.6 Tg(1 Tg = 1×10;g) in 1949 to 80.4 Tg in 2008,a net vegetation carbon increase of 45.8 Tg.By stand type,increases were 39.8 Tg in forest stands,5.5 Tg in economic forests,0.6 Tg in bamboo forests,and-0.1 Tg in open forests combine shrub forests.Carbon storageincreased at an average annual rate of 0.8 Tg carbon over the study period.Carbon was mainly stored in young and middle-aged forests,which together accounted for 70–88%of the total forest carbon storage in different inventory periods.Broad-leaved forest was the main contributor to forest carbon sequestration.From 1998 to 2008,during implementation of national afforestation and reforestation programs,the carbon storage of planted forest increased sharply from 3.9 to 37.9 Tg.Our results show that with the growth of young planted forest,Henan Province forests realized large gains in carbon sequestration over a 60-year period that was characterized in part by a nation-wide tree planting program.

关键词： Forest biomass carbon stock Forest resource inventory Henan Province

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