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Optimized nitrogen application for maximizing yield and minimizing nitrogen loss in film mulching spring maize production on the Loess Plateau,China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第5期23卷 1671-1684页

作者： Qilong Song Jie Zhang Fangfang Zhang Yufang Shen Shanchao Yue Shiqing Li state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau College of Natural Resources and EnvironmentNorthwestA&FUniversityYangling712100China Life Science Department Luoyang Normal UniversityLuoyang 471934China

Excessive use of N fertilizers(driven by high-yield goals)and its consequent environmental problems are becoming increasingly acute in agricultural systems.A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three N application methods(application of solid granular urea once(OF)or twice(TF),application of solid granular urea mixed with controlled-release urea once(MF),and six N rates(0,60,120,180,240,and 300 kg N ha^(-1))on maize yield,economic benefits,N use efficiency,and soil N balance in the maize(Zea mays L.)film mulching system on the Loess Plateau,China.The grain yield and economic return of maize were significantly affected by the N rate and application method.Compared with the OF treatment,the MF treatment not only increased the maize yield(increased by 9.0-16.7%)but also improved the economic return(increased by 10.9-25.8%).The agronomic N use efficiency(NAE),N partial factor productivity(NPFP)and recovery N efficiency(NRE)were significantly improved by 19.3-66.7,9.0-16.7 and 40.2-71.5%,respectively,compared with the OF treatment.The economic optimal N rate(EONR)of the OF,TF,and MF was 145.6,147.2,and 144.9 kg ha^(-1) in 2019,and 206.4,186.4,and 146.0 kg ha^(-1) in 2020,respectively.The apparent soil N loss at EONR of the OF,TF,and MF were 97.1-100.5,78.5-79.3,and 50.5-68.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively.These results support MF as a one-time N application method for delivering high yields and economic benefits,with low N input requirements within film mulching spring maize system on the Loess Plateau.

关键词： maize yield N management economic optimal N rate Loess Plateau

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Effects of physical crust on soil detachment by overland flow in the Loess Plateau region of China

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2024年第1期12卷 107-120页

作者： Jiaxin Liu Liding Chen Bing Wang Xiaoyu Peng School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan UniversityKunming650091China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

Physical soil crust(PSC),a key component of surface soil structure,exists extensively in loess areas.PSC is considered to have a significant effect on soil detachment processes.However,the long-term effects and the corresponding mechanisms of PSC on soil detachment by overland flow are still not well understood,especially in natural environments.To investigate temporal variation in soil erosion resistance and the underlying factors during PSC formation,an 8×8-m soil plot was exposed to natural conditions in the Loess Plateau over a 524-day period spanning two rainy seasons and a winter between them.A flume test was conducted to determine soil detachment capacity(Dc)under six designed flow shear stress levels(5.66-22.11 Pa)using crusted(SC)and non-crusted(NSC)soil samples at different PSC development stages.Subsequently,two soil erosion resistance parameters,rill erodibility(K_(r))and critical shear stress(τ_(c)),were calculated.Over time,in the SC and NSC treatments,K_(r)decreased from 0.516 to 0.120 s m^(-1)and 0.521 to 0.223 s m^(-1),respectively,whileτ_(c)increased from 0.49 to 4.42 Pa and 0.26-2.46 Pa,respectively.Variation in soil erosion resistance was rapid in the first one to two months,and then slowed down,with slight fluctuations afterwards.In the SC treatment,K_(r)was 42%lower andτ_(c)was 67%greater than those in the NSC treatment.soil properties changed greatly for both treatments.SCT increased from 0 to 7.09 mm in the SC treatment.Coh increased from 2.91 to 9.04 kPa and 3.01-4.78 kPa in SC and NSC treatments,respectively.Both soil erosion resistance parameters could be well predicted by SCT and Coh in the SC treatment(R^(2)≥0.82),while their best predictor was Coh in the NSC treatment(R^(2)≥0.90).The results demonstrate that PSC formation enhances soil erosion resistance in the soil detachment process in the loess region under natural conditions.Our study revealed the important role and complexity of PSC in the process of soil erosion,and provided theoretical and data support for accurate understandi

关键词： Physical soil crust formation soil heterogeneity Rill erodibility Critical shear stress

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Zokor activity promotes soil water infiltration in the Mu Us sandy land of northern Shaanxi,China

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Pedosphere 2024年第1期34卷 136-145页

作者： Miao GAN Xuchao ZHU Xueqin YANG Xiaorong WEI Qingyin ZHANG Tongchuan LI Ming'an SHAO Meixia MI Xi YANG Mingyu CHEN state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang 453003China College of Urban and Rural Construction Shanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhong 030801China

Zokors are common subterranean rodents that inhabit agricultural fields, shrublands, and grasslands in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. Zokor burrowing activities can alter soil structure and affect soil hydrological processes;however, there are few studies regarding their effects on soil preferential flow in the Mu Us sandy land. An evaluation of the effects of zokor disturbance on their habitat and soil water is important for understanding the ecological role of zokors in the soil ecosystem of the Mu Us sandy land. A field dye-tracing experiment was conducted in the Gechougou watershed on the southeastern edge of the Mu Us sandy land to investigate the effect of zokor burrowing activity on soil preferential flow characteristics. Our results showed that the density of zokor tunnels was the highest(0.40–0.46 m m^(-2)) under 30%–50% vegetation coverage and that the tunnels were approximately 3 cm from the surface.Both stained area ratio and stained path number were higher at sites with zokors than without zokors. Stained path widths were 10–80 and > 80 mm at zokor-harboring sites exhibiting homogeneous flow and heterogeneous finger flow, respectively. In the absence of zokors, homogeneous flow and highly interacted macropore flow were predominant. soil water content below the zokor tunnels was higher than that above the tunnels. Moderate disturbance of soil structure by zokor activity facilitated soil water infiltration. These results enabled a better understanding of the effect of soil fauna on soil structure and hydrological processes and provided recommendations for ecological construction and renovation in arid and semi-arid regions.

关键词： eld dye-tracing experiment preferential flow soil fauna stained area ratio stained path number stained path width subterranean rodent surface tortoise crack

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Using soil surface gray level to determine surface soil water content

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第10期53卷 1527-1532页

作者： ZHU YuanJun1,2,WANG YunQiang1,2 & SHAO MingAn1,2 1 state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on Loess Plateau,Institute of soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A & F University,Yangling 712100,China 2 Institute of soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling 712100,China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A & F University Yangling China Institute of soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources Yangling China

How to determine surface soil water content(SWC) quickly and accurately is fundamental in studying eco-hydrological processes and their modeling.Here we use laboratory experiments to determine surface SWC using soil surface gray level(SGL) values.A negatively exponential relationship exists between SGL and SWC,i.e.,SGL increases with the decrease of SWC.SGL can be estimated based on initial SGL value(surface gray level when SWC=0),SWC,and a surface roughness coefficient characterized by mean soil particle size.The variation range of SGL was larger than that of SWC,indicating that changes in SWC were enhanced in SGL,and that SGL would thus be sensitive to changes in soil water.At the 95% confidence level,SWC can be determined by using the relationship between SWC and SGL established by the experiments.The determination of SWC has a high precision when SWC was between dry and saturated.

关键词： Loess Plateau soil water remote sensing surface roughness

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Land use effects on the dynamics of soil C,N and microbes in the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the northern Loess Plateau,China

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Pedosphere 2024年第1期34卷 181-190页

作者： Yi WANG Chunyue LI Shunjin HU state key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'an 710061China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China Department of Entomology&Plant Pathology North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh 27695USA

The water-wind erosion crisscross region of the northern Loess Plateau in China is under constant pressure from severe erosion due to its windy and dry climate and intensive human activities. Identifying sustainable land use patterns is key to maintaining ecosystem sustainability in the area. Our aim was to appraise the impacts of different land use regimes on the dynamics of soil total organic C(TOC), total N(TN), and microbes in a typical watershed in the northern Loess Plateau to identify suitable land use types that can maintain soil fertility and sustainability. A field experiment was performed in Liudaogou watershed in Shenmu City, Shaanxi Province, China, where the dynamics of soil TOC and TN, microbial biomass C and N, microbial respiration, and net N mineralization in six typical land use types, dam land, rainfed slope land, deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen coniferous forest, shrubland, and grassland,were measured in three different growing seasons. Land use type and season significantly affected TOC, TN, and the dynamics of microbial biomass and activity. As the most anthropogenically disturbed land use pattern, dam land was an optimal land use pattern for TOC sequestration due to its higher TOC and TN, but lower microbial activity. soil TOC, TN, and microbial properties demonstrated a decreasing trend after natural grassland was converted to shrubland,forest, and rainfed slope land. Shrubland with exotic N-fixing Korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii Kom.) can maintain TOC, TN, and microbial properties similar to those in grassland. soil TOC, NH_(4+)^(-)N, TN, moisture, and extractable C were the principal indexes for soil microbial biomass and activity and explained 88.90% of the total variance. Thus, grassland was the optimal land use pattern in the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the northern Loess Plateau to maintain ecosystem stability and sustainability.

关键词： grassland microbial activity microbial biomass total organic C total N watershed

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Winter wheat yield improvement by genetic gain across different provinces in China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第2期23卷 468-483页

作者： Wei Chen Jingjuan Zhang Xiping Deng key laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulating of Shaanxi Province/School of Geography and Environment Baoji University of Arts and SciencesBaoji 721013China Centre for Crop and Food Innovation Murdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China

The replacement of winter wheat varieties has contributed significantly to yield improvement worldwide,with remarkable progress in China.Drawing on two sets of data,production yield from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and experimental yield from literature,this study aims to(1)illustrate the increasing patterns of production yield among different provinces from 1978 to 2018 in China,(2)explore the genetic gain in yield and yield relevant traits through the variety replacement based on experimental yield from 1937 to 2016 in China,and(3)compare the yield gap between experimental yield and production yield.The results show that both the production and experimental yields significantly increased along with the variety replacement.The national annual yield increase ratio for the production yield was 1.67%from 1978 to 2018,varying from 0.96%in Sichuan Province to 2.78%in Hebei Province;such ratio for the experimental yield was 1.13%from 1937 to 2016.The yield gap between experimental and production yields decreased from the 1970s to the 2010s.This study reveals significant increases in some yield components consequent to variety replacement,including thousand-grain weight,kernel number per spike,and grain number per square meter;however,no change is shown in spike number per square meter.The biomass and harvest index consistently and significantly increased,whereas the plant height decreased significantly.

关键词： genetic gain winter wheat yield yield components

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Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions and Phosphorus Availability in a Calcareous soil Receiving 21-Year Superphosphate Application

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Pedosphere 2010年第3期20卷 304-310页

作者： WANG Jun LIU Wen-Zhao MU Han-Feng DANG Ting-Hui state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conser-vation Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 (China) College of Urban and Environment Northwest University Xi'an 710127 (China)

A long-term (21-year) field experiment was performed to study the responses of soil inorganic P fractions and P availability to annual fertilizer P application in a calcareous soil on the Loess Plateau of China. soil Olsen-P contents increased by 3.7, 5.2, 11.2 and 20.6 mg P kg-1 after 21-year annual fertilizer P application at 20, 39, 59, and 79 kg P ha-1, respectively. Long-term fertilizer P addition also increased soil total P and inorganic P (Pi) contents significantly. The contents of inorganic P fractions were in the order of Ca10-P > Ca8-P > Fe-P > Al-P > occluded P > Ca2-P in the soil receiving annual fertilizer P application. Fertilizer P application increased Ca8-P, Al-P and Ca2-P contents as well as their percentages relative to Pi. Pi application increased Fe-P and occluded P contents but nor their percentages. soil Ca10-P content remained unchanged after fertilizer P application while its percentage relative to Pi declined with increasing fertilizer P rate. All Pi fractions but Ca10-P were correlated with Olsen-P significantly. 90% of variations in Olsen-P could be explained by Pi fractions, and the direct contribution of Ca8-P was predominant. Long-term annual superphosphate application would facilitate the accumulation of soil Ca8-P, and thus improve soil P availability.

关键词：土壤无机磷无机磷组分过磷酸钙石灰性应用磷有效性土壤速效磷含量中国科学院

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soil type and wetting intensity control the enhancement extent of N_(2)O efflux in soil with drought and rewetting cycles

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2024年第1期12卷 137-144页

作者： Panpan Jiao Lei Yang Zhongwu Li Peng Zheng Xiaodong Nie School of Geographical Sciences Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410081China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of EducationYangling 712100China Institute of soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China key laboratory of soil Environment and Pollution Remediation Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China

Climate change alters the intensity and frequency of drought and rewetting(D/W)events;however,the influence patterns of D/W on soil N_(2)O efflux in the water-limited area were not fully understood.Therefore,the impacts of D/W cycles varying in different extent of rewetting and frequency to N_(2)O efflux in two kinds of soil on the Loess Plateau were investigated.The incubation conditions consisted of 1)D/W treatments with four 7-day cycles from 10%water holding capacity(WHC)to 60%WHC or 90%WHC,2)constant moisture of 60%WHC and 90%WHC.The pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate under 10-60%WHC treatment was higher than that under 10-90%WHC treatment in calcic cambisols,while opposite trend was observed in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.Meanwhile,the pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate decreased as cycle number increased for different wetting intensities and soil types.The direct N_(2)O efflux under 10-60%WHC and 10-90%WHC treatments were 5.49 and 1.89μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in calcic cambisols,with those being 1.92 and 10.85μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols,respectively.The N loss in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols was approximately 5.74 times greater than that in calcic cambisols under 10-90%WHC treatment,whereas the N loss under 10-60%WHC treatment was about 2.86 times greater in calcic cambisols than that in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.This study suggested that extreme rainfall events can enhance the N_(2)O efflux and N loss in agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau in terms of soil type and wetting intensity,which should not be ignored in the N fertilizer management.

关键词： Drought/rewetting cycles N_(2)O efflux Wetting intensity Microbial biomass N Dissolved organic N Loess plateau

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Wheat Grain Yield and Yield Stability in a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment on the Loess Plateau

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Pedosphere 2007年第2期17卷 257-264页

作者： HAO Ming-De FAN Jun WANG Quan-Jiu DANG Ting-Hui GUO Sheng-Li WANG Ji-Jun Institute of soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling 712100 （China）. state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling 712100 （China） Northwest A ＆ F University Yangling 712100 （China）

To provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management, a 20-year fertility experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China to investigate the effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizers on wheat grain yield and yield stability on the Loess Plateau using regression and stability analysis. The experiment consisted of 17 fertilizer treatments, containing the combinations of different N and P levels, with three replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea, and P was applied as calcium superphosphate. Fertilizer rates had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Phosphorus, combined with N, increased yield significantly (P < 0.01). In the unfertilized control and the N or P sole application treatments, wheat yield had a declining trend although it was not statistically significant. Stability analysts combined with the trend analysis indicated that integrated use of fertilizer N and P was better than their sole application in increasing and sustaining the productivity of rainfed winter wheat.

关键词：黄土高原长期施肥实验小麦产量收率稳定性

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Quantitative analysis of soil pores under natural vegetation successions on the Loess Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第4期53卷 617-625页

作者： ZHAO ShiWei1,ZHAO YongGang1,2 & WU JinShui3 1 state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau,Institute of soil and Water Conservation,Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University,Yangling 712100,China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China 3 Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changsha 410125,China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University Yangling China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China

soil pore is a key attribute of the soil structure that affects soil reservoir under natural vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau.This study is to quantitatively analyze soil pore parameters,measured with Computed Tomography(CT) at 15-57 mm depths under five different vegetation succession stages using a concept of substituting "space" for "time" in the Ziwuling Forest Region of the Loess Plateau.The results showed that the soil pore parameters,such as pore number,porosity,circularity,and fractal dimension,increased significantly under the natural vegetation successions and varied with the pattern climax community stage>pioneering arbor community stage>scrub community stage>herbaceous community stage>abandoned farmland stage,indicating that natural vegetation recovery could remarkably improve soil pore characteristics.With the vegetation succession,this positive effect will be strengthened gradually,which means that the soil pore parameters may appear to be best at the climax community stage.soil organic matter content increased linearly with the soil pore parameters(Psoil pore characteristics in natural vegetation succession.

关键词： Computed Tomography Loess Plateau natural vegetation succession soil pore soil organic matter

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