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Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess plateau of China

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Journal of Arid land 2018年第6期10卷 833-849页

作者： TANG Yakun WU Xu CHEN Yunming state key laboratory of soil erosion and dry-land farming on the Loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory'of soil erosion and dry-land farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions,as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions.In this study,the normalized sap flow(SFn),leaf water potential,stomatal conductance(gs),and photosynthetic rate(Pr)were monitored for two dominant species,i.e.,Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides,in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess plateau.A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds(RL)for P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm,respectively,and the time lags(τ)after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species,respectively.The results indicated that P.tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H.rhamnoides.In addition,strong stomatal control allowed P.tabuliformis to experience low gsand Prin response to drought,while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential(Ψm).However,H.rhamnoides maintained high gsand Prat a lowΨmexpense.Therefore,P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species,respectively.In mixed plantation,the values of RLfor P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm,respectively;and the values ofτwere 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species,respectively,which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species,especially for P.tabuliformis.In addition,mixed afforestation significantly reduced SFn,gs,and Prfor P.tabuliformis(P<0.05),while maintaining a high leaf water potential status.However,no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H.rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought.Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species,the altered water consumption characteristics,especially for P.tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.

关键词： normalized sap flow physiological adjustments mixed afforestation Pinus tabuliformis Hippophae rhamnoides

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Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese Loess plateau

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Journal of Arid land 2022年第8期14卷 837-848页

作者： WANG Yaobin SHANGGUAN Zhouping state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China

The construction of artificial shelter forests(ASFs)has resulted in substantial ecological,economic,and societal benefits to the Chinese Loess plateau(CLP).However,the health and benefits of ASFs are being increasingly threatened by the formation of low-efficiency artificial shelter forests(LEASFs).In this study,LEASFs are systematically analyzed in terms of their status,formation mechanisms,and developmental obstacles.The key restoration techniques and schemes were summarized to improve the quality and efficiency of LEASFs.LEASFs are formed by relatively complex mechanisms,but they arise mainly due to poor habitat conditions,improper tree species selections,mismatch between stands and habitat,extensive forest management measures,and human interferences.The restoration and improvement of LEASFs are hindered by water deficits,mismatch between stands and habitat,single management purpose,and low efficiency.LEASFs are becoming more complex due to their wide range,the challenges associated with their restoration,and insufficient technological measures for their restoration.The key techniques of the quality and efficiency improvement of LEASFs include basic forest tending methods,near-natural restoration,multifunction-oriented improvement,and systematic restoration.An understanding on the formation mechanisms of LEASFs and a scientific approach toward their restoration are urgently needed and critical for the ecological protection and high-quality development of LEASFs on the CLP.Based on these analyses,we recommend strengthening the monitoring and supervision of LEASFs,considering the bearing capacity of regional water resources,implementing multiple restoration techniques,promoting multifunction-oriented ecological development,and exploring new management concepts to achieve the sustainable development of ASFs on the CLP.

关键词： low-efficiency artificial shelter forests restoration forest management multifunctional forestry near-natural forestry Three-North Shelter Forest Chinese Loess plateau

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Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the Loess plateau,China

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Journal of Arid land 2022年第3期14卷 325-340页

作者： LI Panpan WANG Bing YANG Yanfen LIU Guobin state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China

Vegetation near-soil-surface factors can protect topsoil from erosion,however,their contributions to the reduction of soil erosion,especially under natural rainfall events,have not been systematically recognized.This study was performed to quantify the effects of near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment under natural rainfall events on grasslands dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI grassland)and Artemisia gmelinii Thunb.(AG grassland)in two typical watersheds on the Loess plateau,China in 2018.By successive removal of the plant canopy,litter,biological soil crusts(BSCs)and plant roots,we established five treatments including plant roots,plant roots+BSCs,plant roots+BSCs+litter,intact grassland and bare land in each grassland type.In total,twenty runoff plots(5 m×3 m)with similar slopes and aspects were constructed in the two types of grasslands.Results showed that plant canopy,litter and roots reduced runoff,while BSCs,which swelled in the presence of water,increased runoff.In contrast,all of these factors reduced sediment yield.In addition,the reductions in runoff and sediment yield increased with I30(maximum 30-min rainfall intensity)for each vegetation near-soil-surface factor except for BSCs.Among these factors,plant canopy had the largest contribution to runoff reduction,accounting for 48.8% and 39.9% in the BI and AG grasslands,respectively.The contributions of these vegetation near-soil-surface factors to sediment yield reduction were similar(21.3%-29.9%)in the two types of grasslands except for BSCs in the AG grassland(10.3%).The total reduction in runoff in the BI grassland(70.8%)was greater than that in the AG grassland(53.1%),while the reduction in sediment yield was almost the same in both grasslands(97.4%and 96.7%).In conclusion,according to the effects of different vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment production,our results may provide more complete insight and scientific basis into the effects of various vegetation related factors in controlling soil ero

关键词： vegetation near-soil-surface factor grassland arid and semi-arid soil erosion Loess plateau

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Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin, China

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Journal of Arid land 2022年第4期14卷 426-440页

作者： WU Changxue QIU Dexun GAO Peng MU Xingmin ZHAO Guangju state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin(WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources m

关键词： water yield InVEST model Weihe River Basin Geoda model scenario analysis

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Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018

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Journal of Arid land 2022年第12期14卷 1344-1360页

作者： WU Changxue Xu Ruirui QIU Dexun DING Yingying GAO Peng MU Xingmin ZHAO Guangju state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

Exploring the current runoff characteristics after the large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green(GFG)project and investigating its sensitivities to potential drivers are crucial for water resource prediction and management.Based on the measured runoff data of 62 hydrological stations in the Weihe River Basin(WRB)from 2006 to 2018,we analyzed the temporal and spatial runoff characteristics in this study.Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between different runoff indicators and climate-related factors.Additionally,an improved Budyko framework was applied to assess the sensitivities of annual runoff to precipitation,potential evaporation,and other factors.The results showed that the daily runoff flow duration curves(FDCs)of all selected hydrological stations fall in three narrow ranges,with the corresponding mean annual runoff spanning approximately 1.50 orders of magnitude,indicating that the runoff of different hydrological stations in the WRB varied greatly.The trend analysis of runoff under different exceedance frequencies showed that the runoff from the south bank of the Weihe River was more affluent and stable than that from the north bank.The runoff was unevenly distributed throughout the year,mainly in the flood season,accounting for more than 50.00%of the annual runoff.However,the trend of annual runoff change was not obvious in most areas.Correlation analysis showed that rare-frequency runoff events were more susceptible to climate factors.In this study,daily runoff under 10%-20%exceeding frequencies,consecutive maximum daily runoff,and low-runoff variability rate had strong correlations with precipitation,aridity index,and average runoff depth on rainy days.In comparison,daily runoff under 50%-99%exceeding frequencies,consecutive minimum daily runoff,and high-runoff variability rate had weak correlations with all selected impact factors.The sensitivity analysis results suggested that the sensitivity of annual runoff to precipitation was always higher than that to potent

关键词： daily runoff climate-related factors precipitation potential evaporation correlation analysis sensitivity analysis Weihe River Basin

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Estimating soil erosion response to land use/cover change in a catchment of the Loess plateau, China

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第1期6卷 13-22页

作者： Rui Yan Xiaoping Zhang Shengjun Yan Hao Chen state key laboratory of soil erosion and dry land farming on the Loess plateau Northwest A&F University Institute of soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYanglingShaanxi 712100China

The vegetation restoration project, named the Grain to Green Program, has been operating for more than ten years in the upper reaches of the Beiluo River basin, located in the Loess plateau of China. It is significant to be able to estimate the success of preventing soil erosion. In this study, the Revised Universal soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Sediment Distributed Delivery (SEDD) model were used to assess the annual soil loss derived from water erosion. The results showed that the study area suffered from primary land use changes, with increasing grassland and forest and decreasing farmland from 1990 to 2010. Based on that, the average soil erosion modulus decreased from 18,189.72 t/(km2 a) in 1990– 7408.93 t/(km2 a) in 2000 and 2857.76 t/(km2 a) in 2010. Compared with 1990, the average soil erosion modulus decreased by 59.0% and 84.3% for 2000 and 2010, respectively. Benefiting from the increased vegetation coverage and improved ecological environment, the soil erosion in this study area clearly declined. This research also found that the distribution of the three years of soil erosion was similarly based on topographic factors. The soil erosion modulus varied with different land use types and decreased in the order of residential area>farmland>grassland>forest. The average soil erosion modulus gradually increased with the increase of the slope gradient, and 76.08% of the total soil erosion was concentrated in the region with a gradient more than 15 degrees. The soil erosion modulus also varied with slope aspects in the order of sunny slope>half-sunny slope>half-shady slope>shady slope. This research provides useful reference for soil and water conservation and utilization in this area and offers a technical basis for using the RUSLE to estimate soil erosion in the Loess plateau of China.

关键词： Loess plateau land use changes RUSLE SEDD soil erosion

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Effects of freeze-thaw on soil erosion processes and sediment selectivity under simulated rainfall

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Journal of Arid land 2017年第2期9卷 234-243页

作者： WANG Tian LI Peng REN Zongping XU Guoce LI Zhanbin YANG Yuanyuan TANG Shanshan YAO Jingwei state key laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area Xi’an University of Technology state key laboratory of soil erosion and dry-land farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources

The freeze-thaw （FT） processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FF processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope （FTS） decreased by 8% compared to the control slope （CS）, and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff （P〈0.01）. Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions （R2〉0.98, P〈0.01）. Significant differences in the mean weight diameter （MWD） values of particles were between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and observed for washed particles and splashed particles process （P〈0.05）. The mean MWD values under CS splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS.

关键词： freeze-thaw erosion loess soil soil erodibility runoff sediment size-selectivity rainfall simulation

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Influences of rock fragments on the hydraulics and erosion of concentrated runoff in steep spoil heaps on the Loess plateau of China

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第5期37卷 553-562页

作者： Wenzhao Guo Hongliang Kang Xiao Yu Wenlong Wang Pei Tian state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Water and Soil Conservation Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University key laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province Central China Normal University

The soil-rock mixed spoil heaps are prone to severe soil erosion during heavy rain, causing severe land degradation and ecological and environmental damage. Nevertheless, past research on the erosion on spoil heaps has focused on soil particles that were readily eroded and disregarded the rock fragments(RF) that were not readily eroded. To explore the effect of the RF embedded in spoil heaps on the hydraulics of and erosion caused by concentrated runoff, scour-erosion experiments were implemented on three types of spoil heaps: RF = 7%, RF = 45%, and RF = 69%. The RF clearly reduced runoff and erosion on steep spoil heaps. As the RF increased from 7% to 69%, the runoff intensity and runoff coefficient decreased by 72.9%-79.1% and 83.2%-84.1% respectively, and the sediment concentration, soil denudation rate, and total soil loss decreased by 36.0%-47.8%, 83.7%-87.1%, and 87.0%-92.3%, respectively.Narrow rills were generated during the experiments, and the RF distinctly influenced the rill characteristics. High contents of RF restrained rill retreating and undercutting, and promoted rill widening. With an increase in RF, the flow shear stress and stream power gradually decreased, and the Darcy-Weisbach roughness coefficient increased. These findings imply that the RF dissipated the flow energy and reduced soil detachment capacity and sediment transport capacity. soil detachment is strongly related to the Darcy-Weisbach roughness coefficient, Reynolds number, and runoff intensity,which may be the preferred descriptors of soil detachment. The current findings indicate that embedded rock fragments could effectively reduce soil loss on steep spoil heaps.

关键词： soil erosion Runoff Rock fragments (RF) Rills Chinese loess plateau

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Decreasing magnitude of soil erosion along vegetation succession on sloping farmland in the Loess plateau of China:5 years field monitoring evidence

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第8期19卷 2360-2373页

作者： LIANG Yue JIAO Ju-ying TANG Bing-zhe CAO Bin-ting LI Hang state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationAcademy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China

The impacts of vegetation restoration on the soil erosion have been widely elucidated in the semi-arid regions.However,the magnitude of soil erosion on abandoned sloping farmland still remained unclear and their responses to vegetation succession were rarely addressed.The main objective of this study is to determine the magnitude of soil erosion along vegetation succession and explore the impact of vegetation succession on soil erosion from abandoned sloping farmland.Field observations were employed to monitor the rainfall,runoff,and soil erosion of seven sloping farmland plots with different abandoned ages and bare land from 2015 to 2019.The results indicated that the annual runoff depth and soil erosion modulus of vegetation types were in the range of 0.46 to 5.49 mm·a^(-1)and 1.3 to 24.5 t·km^(-2)·a^(-1),respectively.The vegetation effectively reduced the annual surface runoff and soil erosion with reduction of 73.8% to 97.8%and 98.0% to 99.9% as opposed to bare land.However,there were no significant differences in runoff and soil erosion for different vegetation types along succession.The largest event of vegetation types contributed to 38.7%-44.1% of the annual runoff and 42.5%-66.3% of the annual soil erosion,respectively.Vegetation restoration considerably alleviated the contribution of largest erosive event to annual soil erosion.The relationships between soil erosion,runoff and rainfall factors could be fitted well by linear functions,and the performances of regression models in predicting runoff were more satisfactory compared to predicting soil erosion.The Artemisia gmelinii(Agm)+Stipa bungeana(Sb)optimized the trade-off between sediment reduction and runoff maintenance,which should be selected as the suitable vegetation types to achieve the sustainability of socio-ecological systems.

关键词： Vegetation restoration Abandoned ages soil erosion Vegetation types Abandoned slope Loess plateau

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Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess plateau, China

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Journal of Arid land 2016年第1期8卷 47-59页

作者： LIU Bingxia SHAO Ming'an state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources key laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources Center for Agricultural Resources Research Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences state key laboratory of soil erosion and dryland farming on the Loess plateau Northwest A&F University

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. soil water contents (SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal (2010), dry (2011), wet (2014) and extremely wet (2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as crop>fallow>pasture>shrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth >1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers

关键词： precipitation pattern restoration soil water dynamics soil desiccation vegetation type

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