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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第1期15卷 21-30页

作者： Zhen LIAO Yu-Feng YUAN Yang CHEN Pan-Mao ZHAI state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

A widespread and prolonged hot extreme hit the Yangtze River basin in summer 2022,with 300 sites established new temperature records and nearly 96%stations endured more than 40 hot *** the perspective of the combination effect of the global warming and La Nina condition,potential mechanisms of the hot extreme were *** a record-breaking hot extreme was caused by an extremely strong and westward-shifted western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH).The global warming effect contributed primarily to the abnormal hot days in the Yangtze River basin,coupled with the modulation of the La Nina *** sea surface temperature anomaly pattern under La Nina condition favored more convection activities over the western Pacific,encouraging an enhanced and westward-extended *** addition,an observation-based attribution analysis indicates that anthropogenic warming may increase the probability of such extensively persistent hot extremeby1.8 times.

关键词： Hot extreme The Yangtze River basin Global warming Tropical Pacific forcing

The Performance of Downward Shortwave Radiation Products from Satellite and Reanalysis over the Transect of Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第8期41卷 1574-1588,1671-1675页

作者： Jiajia JIA Zhaoliang ZENG Wenqian ZHANG Xiangdong ZHENG Yaqiang WANG Minghu DING state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important part of the Earth's energy balance, driving Earth's system's energy, water, and carbon cycles. Due to the harsh Antarctic environment, the accuracy of DSR derived from satellite and reanalysis has not been systematically evaluated over the transect of Zhongshan station to Dome A, East ***, this study aims to evaluate DSR reanalysis products(ERA5-Land, ERA5, MERRA-2) and satellite products(CERES and ICDR) in this area. The results indicate that DSR exhibits obvious monthly and seasonal variations, with higher values in summer than in winter. The ERA5-Land(ICDR) DSR product demonstrated the highest(lowest) accuracy,as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.988(0.918), a root-mean-square error of 23.919(69.383) W m^(–2), a mean bias of –1.667(–28.223) W m^(–2) and a mean absolute error of 13.37(58.99) W m^(–2). The RMSE values for the ERA5-Land reanalysis product at seven stations, namely Zhongshan, Panda 100, Panda 300, Panda 400, Taishan, Panda 1100, and Kunlun, were 30.938, 29.447, 34.507, 29.110, 20.339, 17.267, and 14.700 W m^(-2), respectively;with corresponding bias values of 9.887, –12.159, –19.181, –15.519, –8.118, 6.297, and 3.482 W m^(–2). Regarding seasonality, ERA5-Land, ERA5,and MERRA-2 reanalysis products demonstrate higher accuracies during spring and summer, while ICDR products are least accurate in autumn. Cloud cover, water vapor, total ozone, and severe weather are the main factors affecting DSR. The error of DSR products is greatest in coastal areas(particularly at the Zhongshan station) and decreases towards the inland areas of Antarctica.

关键词： downward shortwave radiation East Antarctic reanalysis product satellite product validation

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Research progresses and prospects of multi-sphere compound extremes from the Earth System perspective

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第2期67卷 343-374页

作者： Zengchao HAO Yang CHEN College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing100081China

Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past *** the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and *** article,via a perspective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific understanding,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound *** study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive *** directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multisectoral coordinated efforts are also *** that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster prevention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and *** article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.

关键词： Extremes Compound extremes Climate change and risk Multi-sphere interactions

Preface to the Special Issue:AI Applications in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science:Pioneering the Future(Part Ⅰ)

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第7期41卷 1279-1280页

作者： Zhemin TAN key laboratory of Mesoscale severe weather Ministry of Education and School of Atmospheric SciencesNanjing University

As AI continues to establish itself as a cornerstone technology across various industries and scientific disciplines, its profound impact on atmospheric and oceanic science is becoming increasingly apparent. The advantages of AI in surmounting obstacles within our field are undeniable, as evidenced by breakthroughs in weather forecasting (e.g., Bi et al., 2023), climate prediction (e.g., Ham et al., 2019), AI-based parameterization schemes (e.g., Rasp et al., 2018; Wang and Tan, 2023), and beyond. Recognizing the transformative potential of AI in atmospheric and oceanic science, this special issue endeavors to explore the extensive applications of AI in our domain.

关键词： weather forecasting prediction

Precipitation Evolution from Plain to Mountains during the July 2023 Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in North China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第04期 635-651页

作者： Mingxin LI Jisong SUN Feng LI Chong WU Rudi XIA Xinghua BAO Jinfang YIN Xudong LIANG state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological Administration

North China experienced devastating rainfall from 29 July to 1 August 2023,which caused substantial flooding and *** study analyzed observations from surface rain gauges and S-band dual-polarization radars to reveal the following unique features of the precipitation evolution from the plain to the mountains during this event.（1） The total rainfall was found concentrated along the Taihang Mountains at elevations generally > 200 m,and its spatiotemporal evolution was closely associated with northward-moving low-level jets.（2） Storms propagated northwestward with southeasterly steering winds,producing continuous rainfall along the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains owing to mountain blocking,which resulted in the formation of local centers of precipitation ***,most rainfall episodes with an extreme hourly rainfall rate（HRR）,corresponding to large horizontal wind shear at low levels,actively occurred in the plain area to the east of the Taihang Mountains.（3） The western portion of the extreme heavy rain belt in the north was mainly caused by long-lasting cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation with HRR 20 mm *** contributions of convective precipitation and cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation to the total rainfall of the southern and middle rain belts were broadly equivalent.（4） The local HRR maxima located at the transition zone from the plain to the mountains were induced by moderate storm-scale convective cells with active warm-rain processes and large number of small-sized rain droplets.（5） During the devastating rainfall event,it was observed that the rainfall peaked at around 1800 local time（LT） every day over the upstream plain area（no diurnal cycle of rainfall was observed in relation to the accumulated rainfall centers over mountain areas）.This was attributable to convective activities along the storm propagation path,which was a result of

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Precipitation Evolution from Plain to Mountains during the July 2023 Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in North China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第4期38卷 635-651页

作者： Li, Mingxin Sun, Jisong Li, Feng Wu, Chong Xia, Rudi Bao, Xinghua Yin, Jinfang Liang, Xudong state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences China Meteorological Administration Beijing China

North China experienced devastating rainfall from 29 July to 1 August 2023, which caused substantial flooding and damage. This study analyzed observations from surface rain gauges and S-band dual-polarization radars to reveal the following unique features of the precipitation evolution from the plain to the mountains during this event. (1) The total rainfall was found concentrated along the Taihang Mountains at elevations generally > 200 m, and its spatiotemporal evolution was closely associated with northward-moving low-level jets. (2) Storms propagated northwestward with southeasterly steering winds, producing continuous rainfall along the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains owing to mountain blocking, which resulted in the formation of local centers of precipitation maxima. However, most rainfall episodes with an extreme hourly rainfall rate (HRR), corresponding to large horizontal wind shear at low levels, actively occurred in the plain area to the east of the Taihang Mountains. (3) The western portion of the extreme heavy rain belt in the north was mainly caused by long-lasting cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation with HRR 20 mm h−1. The contributions of convective precipitation and cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation to the total rainfall of the southern and middle rain belts were broadly equivalent. (4) The local HRR maxima located at the transition zone from the plain to the mountains were induced by moderate storm-scale convective cells with active warm-rain processes and large number of small-sized rain droplets. (5) During the devastating rainfall event, it was observed that the rainfall peaked at around 1800 local time (LT) every day over the upstream plain area (no diurnal cycle of rainfall was observed in relation to the accumulated rainfall centers over mountain areas). This was attributable to convective activities along the storm propagat

关键词： extreme rainfall from plain to mountains convective precipitation stratiform precipitation hourly rainfall rate low-level jet diurnal variation DIURNAL-VARIATIONS HOURLY PRECIPITATION

Raindrop Size Distributions in the Zhengzhou Extreme Rainfall Event on 20 July 2021:Temporal-Spatial Variability and Implications for Radar QPE

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 489-503页

作者： Liman CUI Haoran LI Aifang SU Yang ZHANG Xiaona LYU Le XI Yuanmeng ZHANG Henan key laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique China Meteorological AdministrationZhengzhou450003China state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China Henan Meteorological Observatory Zhengzhou450003China

In this study,a regional Parsivel OTT disdrometer network covering urban Zhengzhou and adjacent areas is employed to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of raindrop size distributions(DSDs)in the Zhengzhou extreme rainfall event on 20 July *** rain rates observed by disdrometers and rain gauges from six operational sites are in good agreement,despite significant site-to-site variations of 24-h accumulated rainfall ranging from 198.3 to 624.1 *** Parsivel OTT observations show prominent temporal-spatial variations of DSDs,and the most drastic change was registered at Zhengzhou Station where the record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm over 1500-1600 LST(local standard time)was *** hourly rainfall is characterized by fairly high concentrations of large raindrops,and the mass-weighted raindrop diameter generally increases with the rain rate before reaching the equilibrium state of DSDs with the rain rate of about 50 mm h^(−1).Besides,polarimetric radar observations show the highest differential phase shift(K_(dp))and differential reflectivity(Z_(dr))near surface over Zhengzhou Station from 1500 to 1600 *** light of the remarkable temporal-spatial variability of DSDs,a reflectivity-grouped fitting approach is proposed to optimize the reflectivity-rain rate(Z-R)parameterization for radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE),and the rain gauge measurements are used for *** results show an increase of mean bias ratio from 0.57 to 0.79 and a decrease of root-mean-square error from 23.69 to 18.36 for the rainfall intensity above 20.0 mm h^(−1),as compared with the fixed Z-R *** study reveals the drastic temporal-spatial variations of rain microphysics during the Zhengzhou extreme rainfall event and warrants the promise of using reflectivity-grouped fitting Z-R relationships for radar QPE of such events.

关键词： extreme rainfall raindrop size distribution radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE)

Cloud Microphysical Characteristics of Typhoon Meranti(2016)during Its Rapid Intensification:Model Validation and SST Sensitivity Experiments

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 542-557页

作者： Rui WANG Yihong DUAN Jianing FENG Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences&Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai200438China state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China

Cloud microphysics plays an important role in determining the intensity and precipitation of tropical cyclones(TCs).In this study,a high-resolution numerical simulation by WRF(version 4.2)of Typhoon Meranti(2016)during its rapid intensification(RI)period was conducted and validated by multi-source observations including Cloud-Sat and Global Precipitation Mission satellite *** snow and ice particles content were found to increase most rapidly compared with other hydrometeors during the RI *** all hydrometeors continued to *** graupel content only increased in the initial RI stage,and then decreased afterwards due to precipitation during the RI *** addition,sea surface temperature(SST)sensitivity experiments showed that,although the intensity of the TC increased with a higher SST,not all hydrometeors *** graupel content continued to increase with the increase in SST,mainly due to the accumulation of more lower-temperature supercooled water vapor at the corresponding *** content of snow decreased with the increase in SST because stronger vertical motion at the corresponding height affected the aggregation of ice crystals.

关键词： tropical cyclone rapid intensification cloud microphysical characteristics sea surface temperature(SST)

A microphysical investigation of different convective cells during the precipitation event with sustained high-resolution observations

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 279-295页

作者： Ziheng HUANG Zheng RUAN Debin SU state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Electronic Engineering Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China key laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding China Meteorological AdministrationChengdu 610225China

The growth and breakup processes of raindrops within a cloud influence the rain intensity and the sizes of raindrops on the *** Doppler velocity spectrum acquired by a vertically pointing radar(VPR)contains information on atmospheric turbulence and the size classification of falling *** this study,the four types of Convective Cells(CC)during precipitation events with more than 700 mm of precipitation in southern China are *** characteristics of four types of CCs correspond to the isolated convection,the early stage,the mature stage,and the decline stage of organizational convection,in that *** analysis using retrieval of vertical air motion(Vair)and raindrop evolution in clouds from Doppler velocity spectra collected by C-band VPR revealed the growth and breakup of falling raindrops with dynamic *** raindrops appear in the early stages and are accompanied by ice particles,which are impacted by the falling path᾽s *** aggregation,which is primarily related to the alternation of updraft and downdraft,accounts for the mature stage᾽s high efficiency of surface *** CCs in the decline stage originate from the shallow uplift in the weak and broad downdraft under conditions of enough water *** updraft dominates the stage of isolated *** of convective cells could be more accurately represented in model evaluations.

关键词： cloud microphysics convective systems convective cell vertically pointing radar observations Doppler velocity spectrum

Characteristics and Preliminary Causes of Tropical Cyclone Remote Precipitation over China

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第04期23卷 845-858页

作者： JIA Li REN Fumin MCBRIDE John Leonard CONG Chunhua School of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology state key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences School of Earth Science University of Melbourne Research and Development Division Bureau of Meteorology Shandong Meteorological Bureau

In this study, the characteristics and preliminary causes of tropical cyclone remote precipitation(TRP) over China during the period from 1979 to 2020 are investigated. Results indicated that approximately 72.42% of tropical cyclones(TCs) in the Western Pacific produce TRP over China. The peak months for TRP are July and August. The four key regions of TRP are the adjacent areas between the Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces, the northern coast of the Bohai Sea, the coast of the Yellow Sea, and the southern coast area. The typical distance between the station with TRP and the TC center ranges from 1500 to 2500 km. Most of these stations are situated north to 60? west of north of the TC. The south – west water vapor transportation on the west side of the TC is crucial to TRP. TRP has a decreasing trend because of the decrease in the number of TCs that generate TRP. From the perspective of large-scale environmental conditions, a decrease in the integrated horizontal water vapor transport in Mainland China, the weakening of upward motion at approximately 25? – 35?N, which is inconducive to convection, and an increase in low-level vertical wind shear, which is unfavorable for the development of TC in areas with high frequencies of TRP-related TCs, are the factors that result in the decreasing trend of TRP.

关键词： tropical cyclone remote precipitation characteristics causes