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Comparative evaluation of SPE methods for biotoxicity assessment of water and wastewater:Linkage between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第8期142卷 33-42页

作者： Jiawei Zhou Shihao Wang Xiwei He Hongqiang Ren Xu-Xiang Zhang state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse School of EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Biotoxicity assessment results of environmental waters largely depend on the sample extraction protocols that enrich pollutants to meet the effect-trigger thresholds of bioassays.However,more chemical mixture does not necessarily translate to higher combined biotoxicity.Thus,there is a need to establish the link between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome to standardize extraction methods for biotoxicity assessment of environmental waters.This study compares the performance of five different extraction phases in solid phase extraction(SPE),namely HLB,HLB+Coconut,C18 cartridge,C18 disk and Strata-X,and evaluated their chemical extracting efficiencies and biotoxicity outcomes.We quantitatively assessed cytotoxicity,acute toxicity,genotoxicity,estrogenic activity,and neurotoxicity of the extracts using in vitro bioassays and characterized the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods through chemical recoveries of 23 model compounds with different polarities and total organic carbon.Using Pareto ranking,we identified HLB+Coconut as the optimal SPE method,which exhibited the highest level of water sample biotoxicity and recovered the most chemicals in water samples.We found that the biotoxicity outcomes of the extracted water samples significantly and positively correlated with the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods.Moreover,we observed synchronous changing patterns in biotoxicity outcome and chemical extracting efficiencies in response to increasing sample volumes per cartridge(SVPC)during SPE.Our findings underscore that higher chemical extracting efficiency of SPE corresponds to higher biotoxicity outcome of environmental water samples,providing a scientific basis for standardization of SPE methods for adequate assessment of biotoxicities of environmental waters.

关键词： Biotoxicity Chemical recovery Solid phase extraction Surface water Wastewater

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Biohythane production from two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste:A review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 334-349页

作者： Xiaona An Ying Xu Xiaohu Dai state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse School of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Shanghai Institute of pollution control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China

The biotransformation of food waste(FW)to bioenergy has attracted considerable research attention as a means to address the energy crisis and waste disposal problems.To this end,a promising technique is two-stage anaerobic digestion(TSAD),in which the FW is transformed to biohythane,a gaseous mixture of biomethane and biohydrogen.This review summarises the main characteristics of FW and describes the basic principle of TSAD.Moreover,the factors influencing the TSAD performance are identified,and an overview of the research status;economic aspects;and strategies such as pre-treatment,co-digestion,and regulation of microbial consortia to increase the biohythane yield from TSAD is provided.Additionally,the challenges and future considerations associated with the treatment of FW by TSAD are highlighted.This paper can provide valuable reference for the improvement and widespread implementation of TSAD-based FW treatment.

关键词： Two-stage anaerobic digestion(TSAD) Food waste(FW) Methane production Hydrogen production

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Occurrence and risk assessment of azole fungicides during the urban water cycle:A year-long study along the Yangtze River,China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第7期141卷 16-25页

作者： Yangyang Zhang Xinjie Gu Xiuwen Li Qiuyun Zhao Xiaodong Hu Rui Huang Jixiong Xu Zilong Yin Qing Zhou Aimin Li Peng Shi state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Jiangsu Province Hydraulic Research Institute Nanjing 210023China

Azole fungicides(AFs)play an important role in the prevention and treatment of fungal diseases in agricultural crops.However,limited studies are addressing the fate and ecological risk of AFs in the urban water cycle at a large watershed scale.To address this gap,we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and ecological risk of twenty AFs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River across four seasons.Carbendazim(CBA),tebuconazole(TBA),tricyclazole(TCA),and propiconazole(PPA)were found to be the dominant compounds.Their highest concentrations were measured in January(188.3 ng/L),and November(2197.1 ng/L),July(162.0 ng/L),and November(1801.9 ng/L),respectively.The comparison between wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)effluents and surface water suggested that industrial WWTPs are major sources of AFs in the Yangtze River.In particular,TBA and PPA were found to be the most recalcitrant AFs in industrial WWTPs,while difenoconazole(DFA)was found to be the most potent pollutant in municipal WWTPs,with an average removal rate of less than60%.The average risk quotient(RQ)for the entire AFs was 6.45 in the fall,which was higher than in January(0.98),April(0.61),and July(0.40).This indicates that AFs in surface water posed higher environmental risks during the dry season.Additionally,the exposure risk of AFs via drinking water for sensitive populations deserves more attention.This study provides benchmark data on the occurrence of AFs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and offers suggestions for better reduction of AFs.

关键词： Azole fungicides Spatiotemporal distribution Ecological risk Urban water cycle the Yangtze River

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Material flow analysis and global warming potential assessment of an industrial insect-based bioconversion plant using housefly larvae

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 483-495页

作者： Tao Lu Fan Lü Nanlin Liao Honghui Chai Hua Zhang Pinjing He Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China state key laboratory of pollution control and source reuse Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Zhejiang Qihe Ecological Technology Co. Ltd.Hangzhou 310052China

The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment option.It can provide a source of protein while treating biomass waste,which means that nutrients can be returned to the natural food chain.However,the performance of this technology in terms of its environmental impacts is still unclear,particularly with regards to global warming potential(GWP).This study used a life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess a housefly larvae treatment plant with a treatment capacity of 50 tons of biomass waste per day.The LCA results showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the GWP in summer and winter were determined to be 24.46-32.81 kg CO_(2) equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)/ton biomass waste and5.37-10.08 kg CO_(2)-eq/ton biomass waste,respectively.The greater GWP value in summer is due to the longer ventilation time and higher ventilation intensity in summer,which consumes more power.The main GWP contributions are from(1)electricity needs(accounting for 78.6% of emissions in summer and 70.2%in winter)and(2)product substitution by mature housefly larvae and compost(both summer and winter accounting for 96.8% of carbon reduction).

关键词： Biomass waste Musca domestica Housefly larvae Life cycle assessment Global warming potential

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The response of structure and nitrogen removal function of the biofilm on submerged macrophytes to high ammonium in constructed wetlands

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第8期142卷 129-141页

作者： Xue Jiang Mengmeng Wang Shunqing Yang Di He Fei Fang Liuyan Yang state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Resources and Environment Anqing Normal UniversityAnqing 246133China

The ammonium exceedance discharge from sewage treatment plants has a great risk to the stable operation of subsequent constructed wetlands(CWs).The effects of high ammonium shocks on submerged macrophytes and epiphytic biofilms on the leaves of submerged macrophytes in CWs were rarely mentioned in previous studies.In this paper,the 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to investigate the variation of the microbial communities in biofilms on the leaves of Vallisneria natans plants while the growth characteristics of V.natans plants were measured at different initial ammonium concentrations.The results demonstrated that the total chlorophyll and soluble sugar synthesis of V.natans plants decreased by 51.45%and 57.16%,respectively,and malondialdehyde content increased threefold after8 days if the initial NH_(4)^(+)-N concentration was more than 5 mg/L.Algal density,bacterial quantity,dissolved oxygen,and pH increased with high ammonium shocks.The average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and NH_(4)^(+)-N reached 73.26%and 83.94%,respectively.The heat map and relative abundance analysis represented that the relative abundances of phyla Proteobacteria,Cyanobacteria,and Bacteroidetes increased.The numbers of autotrophic nitrifiers and heterotrophic nitrification aerobic denitrification(HNAD)bacteria expanded in biofilms.In particular,HNAD bacteria of Flavobacterium,Hydrogenophaga,Acidovorax,Acinetobacter,Pseudomonas,Aeromonas,and Azospira had higher abundances than autotrophic nitrifiers because there were organic matters secreted from declining leaves of V.natans plants.The analysis of the nitrogen metabolic pathway showed aerobic denitrification was the main nitrogen removal pathway.Thus,the nitrification and denitrification bacterial communities increased in epiphytic biofilms on submerged macrophytes in constructed wetlands while submerged macrophytes declined under ammonium shock loading.

关键词： Ammonium shock loading Biofilm Autotrophic nitrifiers Heterotrophic nitrification aerobic denitrification bacteria Submerged macrophyte

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Synthesis of chitosan-based grafting magnetic flocculants for flocculation of kaolin suspensions

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 193-205页

作者： Chuang Liu Xiaoyu Wang Sicong Du Wenyan Liang Beijing key Lab for source control Technology of Water pollution/Engineering Research Center for Water pollution source control&Eco-remediation/College of Environmental Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China

A series of novel chitosan-based magnetic flocculants FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC)was prepared by molecular structure control.The characterization results showed that FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC)had a uniform size of about 21.46 nm,featuring a typical core-shell structure,and the average coating layer thickness of CTS-P(AM-DMC)was about 5.03 nm.FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC)exhibited excellent flocculation performance for kaolin suspension,achieved 92.54% turbidity removal efficiency under dosage of 150 mg/L,pH 7.0,even at high turbidity(2000 NTU)with a removal efficiency of 96.96%.The flocculation mechanism was revealed to be dominated by charge neutralization under acidic and neutral conditions,while adsorption and bridging effects play an important role in alkaline environments.The properties of magnetic aggregates during flocculation,breakage,and regeneration were studied at different pH levels and dosages.In the process of magnetophoretic,magnetic particles collide and adsorb with kaolin particles continuously due to magnetic and electrostatic attraction,transform into magnetic chain clusters,and then further form three-dimensional network magnetic aggregates that can capture free kaolin particles and other chain clusters.Particle image velocimetry confirmed the formation of eddy current of magnetic flocs and experienced three stages:acceleration,stabilization,and deceleration.

关键词： Magnetic flocculation Chitosan Fe_(3)O_(4) Graft copolymerization PIV

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The risk factors and threshold level of subchronic inhalation exposure of reclaimed water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第3期137卷 639-650页

作者： Jiayang Kong Yun Lu Yunru Ren Menghao Chen Gang Liu Liangliang Shi state key Joint laboratory of Environment Simulation and pollution control State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Inhalation of reclaimed water is known to cause lung infammation,and free endotoxins have been shown to be a major risk factor for acute exposure.Subchronic exposure has also been shown to induce infammatory responses with visible tissue damage.However,subchronic risk factors have yet to be identified,and a threshold for the protection of occupational populations during urban reuse is necessary.In this study,potential risk factors in reclaimed water were examined by subchronic exposure with fractionated reclaimed water,and the health risk threshold was tested with a series of diluted reclaimed water.Accordingly,following a 12-week exposure,macromolecules and microorganisms were found to be two major risk factors in reclaimed water that could cause pulmonary infammation,including increased proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchoalveolar fuid,formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue,and elevation of Immunoglobulin A levels.Moreover,infammation persisted after a 4-week recovery period.The calculated threshold of reclaimed water exposure for mice was 31.8 Endotoxin Unit(EU)/(kg·day)under when exposed to 50%additional relative humidity from reclaimed water at 25℃ for 2 hr/day.Meanwhile,the subchronic threshold estimate for humans under the same exposure conditions was found to be 12.2 EU/(kg·day),corresponding to endotoxin levels of 61.7 EU/mL in reclaimed water.The threshold level of endotoxin was lower than that in most non-potable reclaimed water.The findings of this study suggest that occupational exposure of reclaimed water can serve as a potential risk to workers.

关键词： Reclaimed water Inhalation exposure Risk factor Threshold Infammation Endotoxin

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A probe into the acid deposition mitigation path in China over the last four decades and beyond

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 84-92页

作者： Qian Yu Xiaodong Ge Haotian Zheng Jia Xing Lei Duan Dongwei Lv Dian Ding Zhaoxin Dong Yisheng Sun Posch Maximilian Danni Xie Yu Zhao Bin Zhao Shuxiao Wang Jan Mulder Thorj?rn Larssen Jiming Hao state key laboratory of Environmental Simulation and pollution control School of EnvironmentTsinghua University state key laboratory of pollution control &Resource reuse and School of the Environment Nanjing University state Environmental Protection key laboratory of sources and control of Air pollution Complex School of EnvironmentTsinghua University International Institute for Applied System Analysis(IIASA) School of Land Engineering Chang'an University Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Norwegian Institute for Water Research

China currently has the highest acid deposition globally, yet research on its status, impacts, causes and controls is lacking. Here, we compiled data and calculated critical loads regarding acid deposition. The results showed that the abatement measures in China have achieved a sharp decline in the emissions of acidifying pollutants and a continuous recovery of precipitation p H, despite the drastic growth in the economy and energy consumption. However, the risk of ecological acidification and eutrophication showed no significant decrease. With similar emission reductions, the decline in areas at risk of acidification in China(7.0%) lags behind those in Europe(20%) or the USA(15%). This was because, unlike Europe and the USA, China's abatement strategies primarily target air quality improvement rather than mitigating ecological impacts. Given that the area with the risk of eutrophication induced by nitrogen deposition remained at 13%of the country even under the scenario of achieving the dual targets of air quality and carbon dioxide mitigation in 2035, we explored an enhanced ammonia abatement pathway. With a further 27% reduction in ammonia by 2035, China could largely eliminate the impacts of acid deposition. This research serves as a valuable reference for China's future acid deposition control and for other nations facing similar challenges.

关键词： acid deposition critical loads acidification eutrophication ammonia abatement

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Acetylacetone effectively controlled the secondary metabolites of Microcystis aeruginosa under simulated sunlight irradiation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 285-295页

作者： Xiaomeng Wang Yixin Luo Shujuan Zhang Lixiang Zhou Department of Environmental Engineering College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China The state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Inactivation of cyanobacterial cells and simultaneous control of secondary metabolites is of significant necessity for the treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water.Acetylacetone(AcAc)has been reported a specific algicide to inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)and an effective light activator to degrade pollutants.This study systematically investigated the photodegradation ability of AcAc under xenon(Xe)irradiation on the secondary metabolites of M.aeruginosa,mainly algal organic matter(AOM),especially toxic microcystin-LR(MC-LR).Results showed that AcAc outperformed H_(2)O_(2)in destructing the protein-like substances,humic acid-like matters,aromatic proteins and fulvic-like substances of AOM.For MC-LR(250μg/L),0.05 mmol/L AcAc attained the same degradation efficiency(87.0%)as 0.1mmol/L H_(2)O_(2).The degradation mechanism of Xe/AcAc might involve photo-induced energy/electron transfer and formation of carbon center radicals.Alkaline conditions(pH>9.0)were detrimental to the photoactivity of AcAc,corresponding to the observed degradation rate constant(k_(1)value)of MC-LR drastically decreasing to 0.0013 min^(-1)as solution pH exceeded 9.0.The PO_(4)^(3-)and HCO_(3)^(-)ions had obvious inhibition effects,whereas NO_(3)^(-)slightly improved k_(1)value from 0.0277 min^(-1)to 0.0321 min^(-1).The presence of AOM did not significantly inhibit MC-LR degradation in Xe/AcAc system.In addition,the biological toxicity of MC-LR was greatly reduced after photoreaction.These results demonstrated that AcAc was an alternative algicidal agent to effectively inactivate algal cells and simultaneously control the secondary metabolites after cell lysis.Nevertheless,the concentration and irradiation conditions should be further optimized in practical application.

关键词： Microcystis aeruginosa Photodegradation Acetylacetone Secondary metabolites Microcystin

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Metagenomics reveals the microbial community and functional metabolism variation in the partial nitritation-anammox process:From collapse to recovery

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 210-221页

作者： Hong Wang Hui Gong Xiaohu Dai Min Yang state key laboratory of pollution control and Resource reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China BIOMATH Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhent 9000Belgium

Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox(PNA)process easily suffers from performance instability and even reactor collapse in application.Thus,it is of great significance to unveil the characteristic of performance recovery,understand the intrinsic mechanism and then propose operational strategy.In this study,we combined long-term reactor operation,batch tests,and metagenomics to reveal the succession of microbial community and functional metabolism variation from system collapse to recovery.Proper aeration control(0.10-0.25mg O_(2)/L)was critical for performance recovery.It was also found that Candidatus Brocadia became the dominant flora and its abundance increased from 3.5%to 11.0%.Significant enhancements in carbon metabolism and phospholipid biosynthesis were observed during system recovery,and the genes abundance related to signal transduction was dramatically increased.The up-regulation of sdh and suc genes showed the processes of succinate dehydrogenation and succinyl-CoA synthesis might stimulate the production of amino acids and the synthesis of proteins,thereby possibly improving the activity and abundance of AnAOB,which was conducive to the performance recovery.Moreover,the increase in abundance of hzs and hdh genes suggested the enhancement of the anammox process.Changes in the abundance of key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism indicated that nitrogen removal pathway was more diverse after system recovery.The achievement of performance recovery was driven by anammox,nitrification and denitrification coupled with dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.These results provide deeper insights into the recovery mechanism of PNA system and also provide a potential regulation strategy for the stable operation of the mainstream PNA process.

关键词： Partial nitritation-anammox Metagenomics Microbial community Functional metabolism Recovery

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