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Mass extinctions, their causes and consequences: an interview with Douglas *** and Shuzhong Shen

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 66-70页

作者： Shucheng Xie state key laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology China University of Geosciences at Wuhan

‘Mass extinctions’ have been a hot topic for several decades. What triggers a mass extinction? How does a mass extinction impact the evolution of life? How does our ecosystem recover after a mass extinction? These questions attracted the interest of both scientists and the public *** spoke to two renowned researchers in the field of mass extinctions: Prof. Douglas H. Erwin from the National Museum of Natural History of the USA, and Prof. Shuzhong Shen from Nanjing University, China.

关键词： Stratigraphy

Theory and classification of mass extinction causation

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 16-36页

作者： Thomas J.Algeo Jun Shen state key laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology China University of Geosciences—Wuhan state key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences—Wuhan Department of Geosciences University of Cincinnati

Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, i.e. the trigger that leads to various climato-environmental changes, and one or more proximate cause(s), i.e. the specific climato-environmental changes that result in elevated biotic mortality. With regard to ultimate causes, strong cases can be made that bolide(i.e. meteor) impacts, large igneous province(LIP) eruptions and bioevolutionary events have each triggered one or more of the Phanerozoic Big Five mass extinctions, and that tectono-oceanic changes have triggered some second-order extinction events. Apart from bolide impacts, other astronomical triggers(*** flares, gamma bursts and supernova explosions) remain entirely in the realm of speculation. With regard to proximate mechanisms, most extinctions are related to either carbon-release or carbon-burial processes, the former being associated with climatic warming, ocean acidification, reduced marine productivity and lower carbonate δ13C values, and the latter with climatic cooling, increased marine productivity and higher carbonate δ13C values. environmental parameters such as marine redox conditions and terrestrial weathering intensity do not show consistent relationships with carbon-cycle *** this context, mass extinction causation can be usefully classified using a matrix of ultimate and proximate factors. Among the Big Five mass extinctions, the end-Cretaceous biocrisis is an example of a bolide-triggered carbon-release event, the end-Permian and end-Triassic biocrises are examples of LIP-triggered carbon-release events, and the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian biocrises are examples of bioevolution-triggered carbon-burial events. Whereas the bolide-impact and LIP-eruption mechanisms appear to invariably cause carbon release, bioevolutionary triggers can result in variable carbon-cycle changes, e.g. carbon burial durin

关键词： biocrisis ultimate cause proximate cause bolide large igneous province bioevolutionary event

Characteristics and Genesis of Acid Drainage Contamination from a Rock Tunneling Project Site

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 190-200页

作者： Yanyun Li Zejiao Luo Shihua Qi Hubei key laboratory of Yangtze River Basin environmental Aquatic Science School of Environmental StudiesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430078China state key laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430078China

While acid mine drainage(AMD)issues have become a topic of global concern,few studies have focused on acid drainage problems of non-mining *** conducted field research and a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the characteristics,release processes and formation of acid drainage *** rock samples and adjacent surface water,groundwater,soil and sediment samples were collected at a railway tunnel construction site in central China,and various parameters,such as the p H,mineral ion concentrations,and heavy metal concentrations,were *** on the measured concentrations,surface water and sediments were seriously contaminated by acids,sulfate salts and heavy *** in surface water showed a decreasing tendency as the distance from the spoils increased,while that in sediments showed a greater influence of coprecipitation and adsorption processes of heavy metal *** eluviation experiments of three rock samples indicated that R2(silty fine sandstone)was the most likely major acid drainage *** ferrooxidans was cultured and isolated from contaminated water to study the oxidation conditions during the release *** significant release of acid drainage when air and bacteria were both in the culture container suggested that oxygen and bacteria were necessary to produce acid drainage from spoils.

关键词： acid mine drainage heavy metals leaching oxidation

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Superwettable interface towards biodetection in confined space

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Nano Research 2024年第2期17卷 602-617页

作者： Zexu Pang Zhikang Cao Wanlu Li Wenxia Xu Yingying Zhang Qitao Zhou Jing Pan Fan Xia state key laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of the Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

The detection of biomarkers with both high sensitivity and specificity is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of related ***,many current detections employ ex-situ detection method and non-confined condition,thus have many problems,which may eventually lead to inaccurate detection *** to detection in non-confined space,detection in confined space can better reflect the real in-vivo ***,the construction of detection for target molecules in confined space has great significance for both theoretical research and practical *** realize the detection of target molecules in confined space,the probes should accurately enter the confined space where the target molecules reside and interact with the ***,how to explore and utilize the properties of the interface(for example,bioinspired superwettability)has always been a hot and difficult topic in this ***,the recent advances and our efforts in recent 10 years on detection of bio-target molecules in confined space with superwettable interface have been introduced from the perspective of the detection *** suitable and most widely employed detection methods for target molecules in confined spaces are introduced ***,recent progresses for related detections based on visual,optical,and electrochemical detection methods are presented ***,the perspective for detection in confined space is discussed for the future development of biochemical detection.

关键词： biodetection superwettability confined space interface

Spatial continuous modeling of early Cenozoic carbon cycle and climate

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 30-32页

作者： Yonggang Liu Jian Zhang Haoyue Zuo Zhilin He Jiaqi Guo Qifan Lin Haonan Yu Jiawenjing Lan Jing Han Zhihong Song Zihan Yin Liang Zhao Yongyun Hu Zhengtang Guo laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University key laboratory of Cenozoic geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences state key laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The partial pressure of atmospheric CO2（pCO2） is determined by the carbon cycle that involves climate, biogeochemistry, and plate tectonics. In this cycle,atmospheric CO2is converted into organic carbon and carbonates by biological activities and silicate weathering, and buried as sediments. The sediments on the ocean floor are subducted into the Earth’s interior, and subsequently converted back into CO2and outgassed into the atmosphere.

关键词： ATMOSPHERIC CO2

Unstable evolution of railway slope under the rainfall-vibration joint action

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第4期21卷 1419-1431页

作者： DONG Haoyu WANG Jiading ZHANG Dengfei LI Lin XU Yuanjun state key laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China

Understanding the unstable evolution of railway slopes is the premise for preventing slope failure and ensuring the safe operation of ***,as two major factors affecting the stability of railway slopes,few scholars have explored the unstable evolution of railway slopes under the joint action of *** on the model test of sandy soil slope,the unstable evolution process of slope under locomotive vibration,rainfall,and rainfall-vibration joint action conditions was simulated in this *** comparing and analyzing the variation trends of soil pressure and water content of slope under these conditions,the change laws of pore pressure under the influence of vibration and rainfall were *** main control factors affecting the stability of slope structure under the joint action conditions were further *** with the slope failure phenomena under these three conditions,the causes of slope instability resulting from each leading factor were ***,according to the above conclusions,the unstable evolution of the slope under the rainfall-vibration joint action was *** test results show that the unstable evolution process of sandy soil slope,under the rainfall-vibration joint action,can be divided into:rainfall erosion cracking,vibration promotion penetrating,and slope instability sliding three *** the process of slope unstable evolution,rainfall and vibration play the roles of inducing and promoting slide *** addition,the deep cracks,which are the premise for the formation of the sliding surface,and the violent irregular fluctuation of soil pressure,which reflects the near penetration of the sliding surface,constitute the instability characteristics of the railway slope *** paper reveals the unstable evolution of sandy soil slopes under the joint action of rainfall-vibration,hoping to provide the theoretical basis for the early warning and prevention technology of railway slopes.

关键词： Rainfall vibration joint action Small scale model tests Unstable evolution process Unstable characteristics Inducing sliding and promoting sliding

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Earthquake potential across the North–South seismic belt of China

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Science Bulletin 2024年第2期69卷 179-182页

作者： Yanchuan Li Xinjian Shan Chunyan Qu Guohong Zhang Xiaogang Song state key laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China

The elastic rebound theory,which frames our understanding of earthquakes,suggests that the accumulated elastic strain on faults will ultimately be released through earthquakes[1].As such,identifying the location,rate,and accumulation of slip deficit on faults constitutes a basis for seismic potential assessment[2].Interseismic coupling(ISC)refers to the ratio of the slip deficit rate on a fault to the far-field loading rate,where full and no coupling correspond to 100%and 0%slip deficits,respectively.

关键词： seismic belt fault

Beyond microbial carbon use efficiency

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 33-35页

作者： Ke-Qing Xiao Chao Liang Zimeng Wang Jingjing Peng Yao Zhao Ming Zhang Mingyu Zhao Shuiqing Chen Yong-Guan Zhu Caroline L.Peacock state key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University College of Resources and environmental Sciences China Agricultural University state key laboratory of environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences state key laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University key laboratory of Cenozoic geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE)is defined as the proportion of microbial biomass growth C versus substrate C uptake, and thus provides a useful measure of microbially driven accumulation and loss of soil organic carbon (SOC)[1]. In a recent study published in Nature [2],the authors used a data-driven machinelearning approach to conclude that CUE promotes global SOC storage based on a positive correlation between CUE and SOC content and that, based on sensitivity analysis, CUE is at least four times as important as six other evaluated factors,namely plant C inputs, C input allocation, non-microbial C transfer, substrate decomposability, environmental modifications and vertical transport.

关键词： SOIL-CARBON ORGANIC-MATTER

Structural geology and Chronology of Shear Zones along the Shangdan Suture in Qinling Orogenic Belt,China:Implications for Late Mesozoic Intra-Continental Deformation of East Asia

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第2期35卷 376-393页

作者： Falak Sheir Wei Li Le Zhang Basil Alabowsh Liuqing Jiang Li Liang Sainan Gao Shair Baz Umar Ashraf state key laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an710069China Institute of geology University of PunjabLahore45590Pakistan

The Shangdan suture zone(SDZ)in the Qinling orogenic belt(QOB)is a key to understanding the East Asia tectonic *** SDZ gives information about convergent processes between the North China Block(NCB)and South China Block(SCB).In the Late Mesozoic,several shear zones evolved along the SDZ boundary that helps us comprehend the collisional deformation between the NCB and SCB,which was neglected in previous *** shear zones play an essential role in the tectonic evolution of the East Asia *** study focuses on the deformation and geochronology of two shear zones distributed along the SDZ,identified in the Shaliangzi and Maanqiao *** shear sense indicators and kinematic vorticity numbers(0.54–0.90)suggest these shear zones have sinistral shear and sub-simple shear deformation *** quartz’s dynamic recrystallization and c-axis fabric analysis in the Maanqiao shear zone(MSZ)revealed that the MSZ experienced deformation under green-schist facies conditions at∼400–500℃.The Shaliangzi shear zone deformed under amphibolite facies at∼500–700℃.The^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar(muscovite-biotite)dating of samples provided a plateau age of 121–123 *** with previously published data,our results concluded that QOB was dominated by compressional tectonics during the Late Early ***,we suggested that the Siberian Block moved back to the south and Lhasa-Qiantang-Indochina Block to the north,which promoted intra-continental compressional tectonics.

关键词： Qinling orogenic belt Shangdan suture zone shear zone Late Mesozoic intra-continental deformation East Asia tectonics

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