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Large-inductance superconducting microstrip photon detector enabling 10 photon-number resolution

Advanced Photonics 2024年第1期6卷 96-105页

作者： Ling-Dong Kong Tian-Zhu Zhang Xiao-Yu Liu Hao Li Zhen Wang Xiao-Ming Xie Li-Xing You Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyNational Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated CircuitsShanghaiChina CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics ShanghaiChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringBeijingChina

Efficient and precise photon-number-resolving detectors are essential for optical quantum information *** this,very few detectors have been able to distinguish photon numbers with both high fidelity and a large dynamic range,all while maintaining high speed and high timing *** nanostrip-based detectors excel at counting single photons efficiently and rapidly,but face challenges in balancing dynamic range and ***,we have pioneered the demonstration of 10 true photon-number resolution using a superconducting microstrip detector,with readout fidelity reaching an impressive 98%and 90%for 4-photon and 6-photon events,***,our proposed dual-channel timing setup drastically reduces the amount of data acquisition by 3 orders of magnitude,allowing for real-time photon-number *** then demonstrate the utility of our scheme by implementing a quantum random-number generator based on sampling the parity of a coherent state,which guarantees inherent unbiasedness,robustness against experimental imperfections and environmental noise,as well as invulnerability to *** solution boasts high fidelity,a large dynamic range,and real-time characterization for photon-number resolution and simplicity with respect to device structure,fabrication,and readout,which may provide a promising avenue towards optical quantum information science.

关键词： superconducting microstrips single-photon detector photon-number resolution quantum random number

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Fabrication and Application of Nano-SQUID Magnetometer to Scanning Imaging of Two-Dimensional Quantum materials

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Electromagnetic Science 2024年第2期2卷 21-35页

作者： Bingke Xiang Yihua Wang Hao Li Shane A.Cybart Shanghai Research center for Quantum Sciences Shanghai 201315China state key laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated CircuitsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200050China 2020 X-Lab Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics Shanghai 200050China Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California RiversideRiversideCA 92521USA

superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUIDs)are directly sensitive to magnetic ***-fabricated SQUID chip with miniaturized superconducting circuits can be further utilized as scanning probes for imaging of *** SQUID microscopy(SSM)combines both high spatial resolution and high magnetic field sensitivity and is especially suitable for studying low dimensional materials with small sensing ***,we briefly review the fabrication of different types of nano-SQUIDs and the recent progress of utilizing them for scanning microscopy of quantum *** focus on but are not limited to topological states,unconventional superconductivity and exotic magnetism with a particular interest in two-dimensional *** magnet-ometry,susceptometry and current imaging modes of the SSM coupled with the external tuning of the material by magnetic field,electrical field gating and strain reveals a multitude of information beyond the scopes of charge-sensing probes.

关键词： Josephson junctions Focused ion beam Scanning SQUID microscopy Two-dimensional quantum materials

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Photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar system using superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at 1550-nm wavelength

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Chinese Physics B 2018年第1期27卷 593-597页

作者：周慧何宇昊吕超林尤立星李召辉吴光张伟君张露刘晓宇杨晓燕王镇 state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT)Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics (CENSE) state key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University

We demonstrate a photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation （CAM） light detection and ranging （lidar） system incorporating a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector （SNSPD） and operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The distance accuracy of the lidar system was determined by the CAM bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of an intermediate frequency （IF） signal. Owing to a short dead time （10 ns） and negligible dark count rate （70 Hz） of the SNSPD, the obtained IF signal attained an SNR of 42 dB and the direct distance accuracy was improved to 3 mm when the modulation bandwidth of the CAM signal was 240 MHz and the modulation period was 1 ms.

关键词： photon counting photodetectors lidar

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NbN superconducting nanowire single photon detector with efficiency over 90% at 1550 nm wavelength operational at compact cryocooler temperature

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2017年第12期60卷 26-35页

作者： WeiJun Zhang LiXing You Hao Li Jia Huang ChaoLin Lv Lu Zhang XiaoYu Liu JunJie Wu Zhen Wang XiaoMing Xie state key Lab of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics Shanghai 200050 China

The rapid development of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors over the past decade has led to numerous advances in quantum information technology. The record for the best system detection efficiency at an incident photon wavelength of 1550 nm is 93%. This performance was attained from a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector made of amorphous WSi; such detectors are usually operated at sub-Kelvin temperatures. In this study, we first demonstrate superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors made of polycrystalline NbN with system detection efficiency of 90.2% for 1550-nm-wavelength photons at2.1 K, accessible with a compact cryocooler. The system detection efficiency saturated at 92.1% when the temperature was lowered to 1.8 K. We expect the results lighten the practical and high performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to quantum information and other high-end applications.

关键词： detection efficiency NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector(SNSPD) quantum information

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Supercontinuum single-photon detector using multilayer superconducting nanowires

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Photonics Research 2019年第12期7卷 1425-1431页

作者： HAO LI YONG WANG LIXING YOU HEQING WANG HUI ZHOU PENG HU WEIJUN ZHANG XIAOYU LIU XIAOYAN YANG LU ZHANG ZHEN WANG XIAOMING XIE state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200050China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics Shanghai 200050China center of materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

High-efficiency superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs), which have numerous applications in quantum information systems, function by using the optical cavity and the ultrasensitive photon response of their ultra-thin superconducting nanowires. However, the wideband response of superconducting nanowires is limited due to the resonance of the traditional optical cavity. Here, we report on a supercontinuum SNSPD that can efficiently detect single photons over an ultra-broad spectral range from visible to mid-infrared light. Our detection approach relies on using multiple cavities with well-separated absorbed resonances formed by fabricating multilayer superconducting nanowires on metallic mirrors with silica acting as spacer layers. Thus, we are able to extend the absorption spectral bandwidth while maintaining considerable efficiency, as opposed to a conventional single-layer SNSPD. Our calculations show that the proposed supercontinuum SNSPD exhibits an extended absorption bandwidth with increased nanowire layers. Its absorption efficiency is greater than 70%over the entire range from 400 to 2500 nm(or 400 to 3000 nm), when using two-layer(or three-layer) *** a proof of principle, the SNSPD with bilayer nanowires is fabricated based on the proposed detector architecture with simplified geometrical parameters. The detector achieves broadband detection efficiency over 60%from 950 to 1650 nm. This type of detector may replace multiple narrow band detectors in a system and find uses in the emerging and rapidly advancing field of atomic and molecular broadband spectroscopy.

关键词： nanowires superconducting absorption

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superconducting microstrip single-photon detector with system detection efficiency over 90%at 1550 nm

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Photonics Research 2021年第6期9卷 958-967页

作者： GUANG-ZHAO XU WEI-JUN ZHANG LI-XING YOU JIA-MIN XIONG XING-QU SUN HAO HUANG XIN OU YI-MING PAN CHAO-LIN LV HAO LI ZHEN WANG XIAO-MING XIE state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200050China center of materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics Shanghai 200050China

Generally,a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector(SNSPD)is composed of wires with a typical width of∼100 *** studies have found that superconducting strips with a micrometer-scale width can also detect single *** with the SNSPD covering the same area,the superconducting microstrip single-photon detector(SMSPD)has smaller kinetic inductance,higher working current,and lower requirements in fabrication accuracy,providing potential applications in the development of ultralarge active area ***,the study of SMSPD is still in its infancy,and the realization of its high-performance and practical use remains an open *** study demonstrates a NbN SMSPD with a nearly saturated system detection efficiency(SDE)of∼92.2%at a dark count rate of∼200 cps,a polarization sensitivity of∼1.03,and a minimum timing jitter of∼48 ps at the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm when coupled with a single-mode fiber and operated at 0.84 ***,the detector’s SDE is over 70%when operated at a 2.1 K closed-cycle cryocooler.

关键词： polarization photon system

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superconducting X-ray detectors

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第8期63卷 91-109页

作者： Can YANG Mengting SI Lixing YOU state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT)Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics (CENSE) center of materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhejiang Photon Technology Co.Ltd. Guigu Science Park

Owing to their high sensitivity and low noise, superconducting detectors are used for photon detection from microwave to high-energy particles. X-ray detection plays an important role in materials analysis, astronomy, and medical radiography, which require high efficiency as well as high energy resolution. However, traditional semiconducting detectors cannot fulfill these requirements. In this article, we review superconducting quantum detectors for X-ray detection, including transition-edge sensor(TES), superconducting tunneling junctions(STJs), kinetic inductance detectors(KIDs) and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs), and introduce the physical structures, working mechanisms, and device behaviors of these detectors. We also review their performances regarding X-ray detection and analyze their respective characteristics. According to recent progress and the requirements of various applications, possible improvement of superconducting detectors for X-rays are discussed.

关键词： superconducting X-ray detectors transition-edge sensors superconducting tunneling junctions kinetic inductance detectors superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

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Optimization of pick-up coils for weakly damped SQUID gradiometers

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Chinese Physics B 2018年第5期27卷 137-142页

作者： Kang Yang Jialei Wang Xiangyan Kong Ruihu Yang Hua Chen state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai 200050 China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics (CENSE) Shanghai 200050 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The performance of a superconducting quantum interference device（SQUID） gradiometer is always determined by its pick-up coil geometry, such as baseline and radius. In this paper, based on the expressions for the coupled flux threading a magnetometer obtained by Wikswo, we studied how the gradiometer performance parameters, including the current dipole sensitivity, spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）, are affected by its pick-up coil via Mat Lab *** on the simulation results, the optimal pick-up coil design region for a certain gradiometer can be *** verify the simulation results, we designed and fabricated several first-order gradiometers based on the weakly damped SQUID with different pick-up coils by applying superconducting connection. The experimental measurements were conducted on a simple current dipole in a magnetically shielding room. The measurement results are well in coincidence with the simulation ones, indicating that the simulation model is useful in specific pick-up coil design.

关键词： superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometer spatial resolution dipole sensitivity signal-to-noise ratio

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Flux-to-voltage characteristic simulation of superconducting nanowire interference device

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Chinese Physics B 2020年第9期29卷 553-558页

作者： Xing-Yu Zhang Yong-Liang Wang Chao-Lin Lv Li-Xing You Hao Li Zhen Wang Xiao-Ming Xie state key laboratory of functional Material for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200050China center of materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics Shanghai 200050China

Inspired by recent discoveries of the quasi-Josephson effect in shunted nanowire devices,we propose a superconducting nanowire interference device in this study,which is a combination of parallel ultrathin superconducting nanowires and a shunt resistor.A simple model based on the switching effect of nanowires and fluxoid quantization effect is developed to describe the behavior of the *** current-voltage characteristic and flux-to-voltage conversion curves are simulated and discussed to verify the *** parameters of the shunt resistor and inductor are deduced for fabricating the devices.

关键词： superconducting nanowire switching effect flux-to-voltage conversion interference device

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Wavelength dependence of intrinsic detection efficiency of NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

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Chinese Physics B 2019年第7期28卷 534-537页

作者： Yong Wang Hao Li Li-Xing You Chao-Lin Lv He-Qing Wang Xing-Yu Zhang Wei-Jun Zhang Hui Zhou Lu Zhang Xiao-Yan Yang Zhen Wang state key laboratory of functional materials for informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT) Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China CAS center for excellence in superconducting electronics(CENSE) Shanghai 200050 China

superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent detection performance;however, the underlying physics of the detection process is still *** this study, we investigate the wavelength dependence of the intrinsic detection efficiency(IDE) for NbN *** fabricate various NbN SNSPDs with linewidths ranging from 30 nm to 140 ***, for each detector, the IDE curves as a function of bias current for different incident photon wavelengths of 510–1700 nm are *** the IDE curves, the relations between photon energy and bias current at a certain IDE are *** results exhibit clear nonlinear energy–current relations for the NbN detectors, indicating that a detection model only considering quasiparticle diffusion is unsuitable for the meander-type NbN-based *** work provides additional experimental data on SNSPD detection mechanism and may serve as an interesting reference for further investigation.

关键词： niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors detection mechanism

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