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By-production,emissions and abatement costeclimate benefit of HFC-23 in China's HCFC-22 plants

Advances in Climate Change Research 2023年第1期14卷 136-144页

作者： Xing-Chen ZHAO Xue-Ying XIANG Shu-Cheng WANG Peng-Nan JIANG Ding GAO Li-Ying YI Min-De AN Fu-Li BAI Wei-Guang XU Jian-Jun ZHANG Jian-Xin HU College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China state key laboratory of fluorinated greenhouse gases replacement and control treatment Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry CoLtd.Hangzhou 310023China

After the Kigali Amendment(KA)came into effect,HCFC-22 plants are obliged to limit HFC-23 ***,the study of costeffective mitigation pathways for HFC-23 is important for the sustainable implementation of KA in China and other HCFC-22 producing *** study constructed an inventory of HFC-23 by-production,emissions,and abatement for HCFC-22 plants in China from 2006 to 2020,and predicted the costs and climate benefits of HFC-23 abatement in China's compliance with the KA between 2021 and *** showed that HFC-23 emissions from HCFC-22 plants in China contributed about 60%of the growth in global atmospheric mole fraction of HFC-23 observed by Advanced Global Atmospheric gases Experiment(AGAGE)from 2007 to ***,China's cumulative HFC-23 abatement was about 109 kt(1613 Mt CO_(2)-eq)from 2006 to 2019,accounting for 53%of total by-production,which allowed the global atmospheric mole fraction and radiative forcing of HFC-23 in 2020 to avoid an uplift of 9.2×10^(-9)and i.7 mW m^(-2),respectively,contributing to climate change *** the baseline of the Kigali Amendment,less emission(LE),and resource utilization(RU)scenarios,the cumulative HFC-23 abatement from 2021 to 2060 would be 683±29 kt(10,107±431 Mt CO_(2)-eq),694±29 kt(10,277±427 Mt CO_(2)-eq),and 702±29 kt(10,385±426 Mt CO_(2)-eq),*** cumulative net abatement costs for the KA,LE,and RU scenarios would be(5.0±0.2)billion,(2.9±0.2)billion,and(-2.7±0.2)billion CNY(2021 prices),*** the future,applying resource utilization technology to reduce HFC-23 emissions can achieve both climate and economic benefits.

关键词： HFC-23 By-production Emissions Kigali Amendment Abatement cost-climate benefit

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Evaluation on Cycle Performance of R161 as a Drop-in replacement for R407C in Small-Scale Air Conditioning Systems

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Journal of Thermal Science 2022年第6期31卷 2068-2076页

作者： FANG Yibo WU Mei GUO Zhikai NI Hang HAN Xiaohong CHEN Guangming key laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China state key Lab for Fluorine greenhouse gases replacement and control treatment Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical IndustryHangzhou 310023China

In this work, with excellent environmental characteristics and thermodynamic properties, R161 is considered as a drop-in replacement of R407C used in small-scale air conditioning systems. In order to study the potential of R161 in the application, the theoretical and experimental cycle performances of R161 and R407C were compared under different working conditions. The experimental results agreed well with theoretical results. In the experiment, COPs of R161 were about 15% higher than those of R407C. The compressor power consumptions of R161 were about 18% lower than those of R407C. The discharge temperatures of R161 were about 0-4℃ lower than those of R407C. Besides, the annual electric consumption of a small-scale split air conditioning in Beijing, Shanghai and Hongkong could be reduced by about 19.5%, when the working fluid was changed from R407C to R161. Overall, the results indicated that R161 has a better cycle performance and good compatibility with the existing systems designed for R407C.

关键词： R161 R407C drop-in replacement small-scale air conditioning system

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A New Excess Free Energy Mixing Rule for Representing Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Mixed Refrigerants

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 1161-1173页

作者： YE Gongran FANG Yibo YAN Yuhao LIU Ying OUYANG Hongsheng GUO Zhikai HAN Xiaohong key laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China state key Lab for Fluorine greenhouse gases replacement and control treatment Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical IndustryHangzhou310014China Zhejiang key laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China

A suitable mixing rule is important for vapor liquid equilibrium(VLE)investigations for mixed *** this work,a new excess free energy mixing rule(MRv)was proposed at zero pressure based on the linear relationship between dimensionless parameter 1/(u-1)and *** mixing rule was explicit adopted variable liquid molar *** applicable temperature range of MRv could be extended by means of an empirical method to estimate the liquid molar volume for components at high *** mixing rules modified Huron-Vidal mixing rule(MHV1),Wong-Sandler mixing rule(WS),and MRv at two reference pressures were used to compare the VLE data in the calculation of 37 mixed *** demonstrated that MRv had a relatively similar accuracy to MHV1 and WS for component and pressure ***,the average excess Gibbs free energy using the MRv mixing rule for the 37 selected mixed refrigerants(0.0013)was much lower than those using the MHV1(0.0078)and WS(0.0809)mixing rules,which was very valuable for the design and optimization of thermodynamic systems using mixed refrigerants.

关键词： mixed refrigerant vapor liquid equilibrium(VLE) mixing rule reproducibility

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Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics and Delayed Dry-Out Ability of Non-Azeotropic Mixtures R245fa/R134a in Microchannels

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 1174-1188页

作者： LU Yongjie LING Yongjun ZHUANG Yuan LI Chenyang OUYANG Hongsheng HAN Xiaohong key laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310007China Zhejiang Zhongguang Electrical Co. Ltd.Lishui323000China state key Lab for Fluorine greenhouse gases replacement and control treatment Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical IndustryHangzhou310014China

Microchannel flow boiling heat transfer has the advantages of strong heat dissipation capacity,good temperature uniformity,and compact *** is an excellent way to thermally manage electronic devices,but when the heat flux exceeds CHF(Critical Heat Flux),the heat transfer performance deteriorates as the working fluid dries ***-azeotropic mixtures have the potential to effectively delay or avoid dry-out during the boiling process due to their temperature slide characteristics which causes the mass transfer *** understand the influence of non-azeotropic mixtures on microchannel flow boiling,using the phase-change microchannel heat sink as the research object,the experiments on the flow boiling heat transfer performance of R245fa/R134a mixtures under different working conditions were carried out,and the characteristics of flow boiling heat transfer were obtained under the different working conditions,and comparison was developed with those of pure substance *** results demonstrated that a small amount of low-boiling-point components in the high-boiling-point working fluid inhibited boiling heat transfer to some extent,and lowered the average heat transfer coefficient under the non-dryout condition slightly lower than that of the pure substance;however,it also effectively delayed the onset of local dry-out and prevented significant deterioration in thermal transfer performance under the lower mass flow rate and higher heat flux,which could enhance the heat sink's stability.

关键词： microchannel flow boiling non-azeotropic mixture heat transfer characteristics dry-out

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Forecast of Consumption and Emission of HFC-134a Used in the Mobile Air-conditioner Sector in China

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2010年第1期1卷 20-26页

作者： Jianxin Hu Dan Wan Chunmei Li Jianbo Zhang Xu Yi state key Joint laboratory for Environmental Simulation ＆ Pollution control College of Environmental Sciences ＆ Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China Beijing Environmental Protection Supervision Team Beijing 100044 China China Automobile Industrial Association Beijing 100823 China

HFC-134a is the most important alternative to CFC-12 used in the mobile air-conditioner sector in China. The con- sumption of HFC-134a has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It becomes the most consumed HFC in the sector. Selecting 2005 as the base line year, future consumption and emission amounts of HFC-134a are estimated through an analysis of a combined scenario： 1） replacement by non-HFC-134a blends, 2） good practice in servicing, 3） technology promotion, and 4） government policies on control of HFC-134a emissions. The analysis shows that HFC-134a consumption and emissions will continue to increase in the next 10 years. The projected HFC-134a consumption will approach 20,150 t and 34,875 t in 2010 and 2015 respectively, while the estimated emission amounts will reach 16,065 t and 30,186 t （i.e., 21 Mt CO2-eq and 39 Mt CO2-eq emissions） correspondingly. Compared with the business-as-usual scenario, the expected emission reductions in 2010 and 2015 will range between 6.7 Mt CO2-eq and 13.0 Mt CO2-eq.

关键词： mobile air-conditioner HFC-134a emission reduction

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Modulation doping of p-type Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)toward improving thermoelectric performance

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第4期171卷 71-79页

作者： Khak Ho Lim Mingquan Li Yu Zhang Yue Wu Qimin Zhou Qingyue Wang Xuan Yang Pingwei Liu Wen-Jun Wang Ka Wai Wong Ka Ming Ng Yu Liu Andreu Cabot Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou Quzhou 324000China College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310007China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA Ostia Technologies Limited United Kingdom Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina ICREA Pg.Lluis Companys 23Barcelona 08010Spain Catalonia Energy Research Institute-IREC Sant Adria del BesosBarcelona 08930Spain

The commercial viability of thermoelectric(TE)devices relies heavily on two factors:cost reduction and efficiency *** this study,we first produce p-type Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(16-x)(x=0,3,4)using a low-temperature bottom-up approach and demonstrate Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)to show the best TE performance among the three tested ***,the TE energy conversion efficiency of Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)is further enhanced by optimizing its electronic band structure through the incorporation of small amounts of *** an optimal Te content of 5 mol%,more than a twofold increase in the TE figure of merit(zT)is *** gain insight into the mechanism of improvement on the transport properties of the mate-rial,we compare the interphase transport mechanism by incorporating nanodomains of different metals(Ag and Cu)into the Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)*** improved electrical conductivity obtained with Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)-Te nanocomposites is attributed to a charge flooding of the Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)*** contrast,excessive down-ward band-bending at the interphases of Ag/Cu metal-semiconductor drastically reduces the electrical ***,a weighted mobility(μw)analysis shows a dominant thermal activation of carri-ers in Cu_(12)Sb_(4)S_(13)-Te *** this material,a strong decrease in lattice thermal conductivity is also found,which is associated with a phonon-carrier scattering *** work shows the impor-tance of proper band-engineering in TE nanocomposites to decouple electrical and thermal transport to enhance TE performance,and the efficacy ofμw for electrical and thermal transport analysis.

关键词： Modulation doping Thermoelectric Interphase transport Charge flooding Phonon-carrier scattering

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